西藏札达盆地构造与沉积特征

札达盆地位于青藏高原南西部,是发育于喜马拉雅山内部的盆地。盆地北东侧以阿依拉日居断裂为边界,该断裂属逆冲性质。西北边界为曲松断裂,为一拆离断层。盆地西南主边界为藏南拆离系（STDS）,是盆地主控构造。盆地内部沉积了巨厚的第三纪地层,可以分为上下2个部分,即上部的湖相沉积和下部的河湖交互相沉积。湖相沉积是以泥岩为主的巨厚沉积;河湖交互相沉积以砾岩层的出现为标志,可分为3个沉积旋回。札达盆地的主控构造为伸展构造,但同时经受了垂直于造山带的挤压作用。     

Structural characteristics of middle and southern Xainza-Dinggye Normal Fault System and its relationship to Southern Tibetan Detachment System

The Xainza-Dinggye Normal Fault System (XDNFS) is a large-scale nearly-north-south trending extensional structure across central and southern Tibet. Its middle segment developed in Tethys Himalaya with features of earlier magmatic core complex and later normal faults dipping moderately to northwest-west. The magmatic core complex is made up by mylonitic leucogrante with a low-angle detachment fault on the top of it and overlain by lower-grade meta-sedimentary rocks. The structural pattern of the southern segment of XDNFS take the shape of a detachment fault dipping to southeast-east with the High-Himalayan rock series as the lower plate. The Southern Tibetan Detachment System (STDS) is expressed as a ductile shear zone composed of mylonitic leucogranite in the studied area of this note. STDS was cut by the later XDNFS, which presents that nearly-east-west striking STDS is not the controlling or adjusting structure of the nearly-north-south trending extensional structures. The origin of nearly-north-south trending extensional structures in Tibet may be the result of deform ational partition of north-south compression.     

Late Cenozoic high-resolution magnetostratigraphy in the Kunlun Pass Basin and its implications for the uplift of the northern Tibetan Plateau

The Kunlun Pass Basin, located in the middle of the eastern Kunlun Mountains, received relatively continuous late Cenozoic sediments from the surrounding mountains, archiving great information to understand the deformation and uplift histories of the northern Tibetan Plateau. The Kunlun-Yellow River Movement, identified from the tectonomorphologic and sedimentary evolution of the Kunlun Pass Basin by Cui Zhijiu et al. （1997, 1998）, is roughly coincident with many important global and Plateau climatic and environmental events, becoming a crucial time interval to understand tectonic-climatic interactions. However, the ages used to constrict the events remain great uncertainty. Here, we present the results of detailed magnetostratigraphy of the late Cenozoic sediments in the Kunlun Pass Basin, which show the basin sediments were formed between about 3.6 Ma and 0.5 Ma and the Kunlun-Yellow River Movement occurred at 1.2 to ～0.78 Ma. The lithology, sedimentary facies and lithofacies associations divide the basin into five stages of tectonosedimentary evolution, indicating the northern Tibetan Plateau having experienced five episodes of tectonic uplifts at ～3.6, 2.69-2.58, 1.77, 1.2, 0.87 and ～0.78 Ma since the Pliocene.     

Initial movement of the Karakorum Fault in western Tibet： constraints from SHRIMP U-Pb dating of zircons

The Karakorum Fault zone(KFZ)plays an important role in understanding the formation,evolvement and deformation of the Tibetan Plateau.The high-T dextral shearing metamorphic rocks,e.g.,mylonites or mylonitized gneisses-granites,locally crop out along the southeastern part of the KFZ in the Ayila Ri’gyüRange area.The SHRIMP U-Pb dating of the syn-kinematic crystallized zircons indicates that the initial age of the KFZ is~27 Ma,~10 Ma older than previous results.The extensive high-T dextral shearing along the KFZ started at least at 27-20 Ma,accompanied by the syn-kinematic emplacement of leuco-granites.Deformation and concomitant fluid circulation during shearing most likely occurred as early as at 25-13 Ma.The KFZ probably grew from southeast to northwest along the fault as a result of continuous convergence between the India plate and Eurasia plate.     

西藏喀喇昆仑断裂东南段晚第四纪活动的地质地貌特征

为了分析西藏喀喇昆仑断裂东段段第四纪活动地质地貌特征,通过对该段进行遥感影像、野外地质地貌调查、断错地貌测量等方法和手段,获得了该断裂晚第四纪活动的地质地貌特征。在扎西岗北东河流阶地中发现断裂切割全新世的阶地堆积物。同时,对断裂不同的地段进行断错测量,获得了定量的断层数据,反映了断层活动的幅度及期次。研究结果表明,该断裂东南段晚第四纪以来右旋走滑量介于2～220 m,具有多期次活动特征,活动方式以右旋走滑为主,兼具正断分量。     

Magnetostratigraphy of Late Tertiary sediments from the Chinese Loess Plateau and its paleoclimatic significance

The Late Tertiary red clay/bed sediments underlying the Quaternary loess-paleosol in the Chinese Loess Plateau possesses high-resolution paleoclimatic changes related to the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. Magnetostratigra-phy and susceptibility measurements are discussed in this paper. The paleomagnetic results show that the red clay/bed began to accumulate at about 8.1 Ma, which represents the oldest Late Tertiary deposit continuously in the central Loess Plateau. The magnetic susceptibility curves show stepwise increases since the initiation of red clay, superimposed on several peaks. Moreover, the magnetic susceptibility increased abruptly since 3.8 Ma, which probably indicates the inception of the modern East Asia monsoon system. Between 3.8 and 2.6 Ma, the stepwise increases of susceptibility may imply progressively intensified East Asia summer monsoon activity related with the stepwise uplift process of the Tibetan Plateau.     

Determination of the Altyn Tagh strike-slip fault basin and its relationship with mountains

A special extended basin topography is developed in the middle segment of the Altyn Tagh Fault Zone. The ratio of its length to width is over 50. The long boundaries at the two sides of the basin are controlled by the straight normal faults with strike-slip component. Within the basin, the Cenozoic strata are spread. The Altyn Tagh main fault goes through the basin, and a series of strike-slip topography was formed within the basin. The reverse thrust structures were formed at the two sides of the center of the basin, thus making the geological bodies composed of old metamorphic rocks at the two sides of the basin extrude vertically，and forming the extended massif (mountain) at the sides of the basin and parallel to the basin. This special topography was called the strike-slip fault basin. The giant extended strike-slip fault basin began to form during Pliocene, and its topography was basically formed during the late Pleistocene. It is the special topography formed during the strike-slip deformation process of the Altyn Tagh Fault Zone and under both transpression and uplifting.     

西藏羌塘盆地盐相关构造特征与油气聚集

羌塘盆地中侏罗统盐岩层系发育,并控制了盆地变形和圈闭样式,将盆地盐相关构造和圈闭类型分为盐上、盐层(盐间)和盐下3种型式.盐上构造包括盐上滚动背斜、断弯-断展背斜、背冲断块、逆冲断层遮挡构造和盐推覆构造等;盐层(盐间)构造包括盐窿、断褶构造、鱼尾构造和盐间双冲构造等;盐下构造主要有背冲断块、断弯-断展背斜和盐下双重构造.羌塘盆地盐相关构造形成于侏罗纪末并在新生代进一步定型.根据盆地盐岩层分布和构造特点,将盆地分为盐上、盐层和盐下3种油气成藏模式,其中盐层和盐下是有利的油气聚集场所.     

柴达木盆地阿尔金山前带油气勘探方向研究--来自洛杉矶盆地油气勘探实践的启发

柴达木盆地与洛杉矶盆地在构造特征和演化主控因素等方面具有很大的相似性,其中阿尔金断裂带和圣莫尼卡断裂带构造活动特征非常相似,两者山前地区的构造背景也具有可比性.洛杉矶盆地的勘探实践说明断层下盘圈闭有时也能含有很可观的储量.通过对比分析两者之间的相似性,认为柴达木盆地阿尔金山前带构造深部发育的逆冲断裂下盘也应该具有形成油气圈闭的条件.评价和预测此类圈闭的最关键因素是进行走向闭合分析和断层封闭性的评价.     

Ductile deformation within Upper Himalaya Crystalline Sequence and geological implications, in Nyalam area, Southern Tibet

The South Tibet Detachment System(STDS) is a flat normal fault that separates the Upper Himalaya Crystalline Sequence(UHCS) below from the Tethyan Sedimentary Sequence(TSS) above.Timing of deformations related to the STDS is critical to understand the mechanism and evolution of the Himalaya collision zone.The Nyalam detachment(ND)(～86°E) locates in the middle portion of STDS(81°-89°E).Dating of deformed leucocratic dykes that are most probably syntectonic at different depth beneath the ND,allow us to constrain the timing of deformation.(1) Dyke T11N37 located ～3500 m structurally below the ND emplaced at 27.4± 0.2 Ma;(2) Dyke T11N32 located ～1400 m structurally below the ND emplaced at 22.0±0.3 Ma;(3) T11N25 located within the top to the north STD shear zone,～150 m structurally below the ND,emplaced at 17.1±0.2 Ma.Combining ND footwall cooling history and T11N25 deformation temperature,we indicate a probable onset of top to the north deformation at ～16 Ma at this location.These results show an upward younging of the probable timing of onset of the deformation at different structural distance below the ND.We then propose a new model for deformation migration below the ND with deformation starting by pure shear deformation at depth prior to ～27.5 Ma that migrates upward at a rate of ～ 0.3 mm/a until ～18 Ma when deformation switches to top to the north shearing in the South Tibet Detachment shear zone(STDsz).As deformation on the ND stops at 14-13 Ma this would imply that significant top to the North motion would be limited to less than 5 Ma and would jeopardize the importance of lower channel flow.     

Timing and setting of Guanjiagou conglomerate in South Qinling and their tectonic implications

TheGuanjiagouFormationisafault-boundterranelocatedintheSouthQinlingMountains,centralChina.Theageandtectonicsettingoftheconglomerateinthisformation(Guanjiagouconglomerate,GC)havebeencontroversialsincethe1940s,withnumerousconflictinginterpretationsandcorrelationsproposedbydifferentworkers.Forexample,itwasinitiallydescribedbyYeetal.(1944)[1],whointerpretedtheGCasSinian(LatestNeo-proterozoic)tillites.However,Huang[2]regardedtheGC,plustheBikouSystem(composedoftheBikouvolcanicandtheHengdant…     

滇西龙川江盆地沉积体系特征及与砂岩铀矿成矿

龙川江盆地是滇西新生代造山带内部发育的小型山间断陷陆相沉积盆地.通过分析盆地内沉积体系类型、特征及空间展布模式,提出了初始成盆阶段主要发育冲积扇沉积体系,盆地扩张阶段则以发育冲积扇、扇三角洲、滨-浅湖沉积体系组合的观点.探讨了沉积体系对砂岩型铀矿的控制作用,认为铀矿床定位于冲积扇扇体上,冲积扇与扇三角洲沉积体系砂体是砂岩型铀矿赋存的主要场所.     

羌塘盆地那底岗日组火山岩地层时代及构造背景

野外地质调查发现,在羌塘盆地中央隆起带及其两侧的南、北羌塘拗陷中,那底岗日组及其同沉积地层之下广泛发育了一套古风化壳,古风化壳覆盖了石炭系、二叠系以及前人已确定的三叠系肖茶卡组,具有区域性展布的特点.结合在那底岗日组底部识别出来的底砾岩,证实了那底岗日组与下伏地层之间存在沉积间断.那底岗日组的沉积标志着新一轮盆地演化的开启.取自北羌塘中部胜利河地区英安岩SHRIMP 锆石U-Pb年龄为(217.1±4.9) Ma,北羌塘西部冈玛错地区辉绿岩角闪石的40Ar/39Ar坪年龄为(197±4) Ma.结合近年来在羌塘盆地东部以及西部地区获得的那底岗日组火山岩喷发年龄,表明羌塘盆地那底岗日组火山岩的喷发年龄为205～220 Ma,这一年龄也代表了羌塘中生代盆地的开启年龄.那底岗日组火山岩具有高的Nb/Zr(0.039～0.058),Ta/Hf(0.095～0.15)和Zr/Y(3.57～6.01)比值,在构造环境判别图(如Zr-Zr/Y和Th/Hf -Ta/Hf)上,那底岗日组火山岩大多位于板内玄武岩区.结合中生代盆地早期沉积演化特征,认为羌塘中生代盆地形成于伸展的构造环境.     

南秦岭前寒武纪岩浆构造事件与地壳生长

前寒武纪构造体制与地球动力学机制是当前南秦岭构造带研究的薄弱环节，利用南秦岭广泛分布的前寒武纪岩石地层、岩浆－构造事件，尤其是记录前寒武纪地壳生长、演化及其地幔动力学机制的岩浆构造事件，对南秦岭前寒武纪地质体、岩浆活动、构造事件的组成、特征与年代学进行了综合研究。结果表明：南秦岭太古代类似于华北太古代地幔的特征；元古代地幔则发生了先亏损后富集的演化；其中，8－9亿年南秦岭发生了急剧的地壳生长事件，并以垂向加积增生为主要机制。     

青藏高原形成演化有待深化研究的几个主要科学问题

 青藏高原是研究大陆-大陆碰撞、造山、地壳增厚机制等大陆动力学基本理论问题的理想实验场所。本文依据中国地质科学院执行的3大项目（中法合作、中美合作、亚东格尔木研究）及其他有关研究的成果,从15个方面（包括9个地壳上地幔相关及6个派生的矿产资源和地震问题）论述了研究进展和有待深化的科学问题。     

吉隆盆地构造、环境演化与青藏高原隆升

位于喜马拉雅北麓的晚新生代吉隆断陷盆地,在中新世晚期-上新世沉积了总厚约300m的河湖相地层。根据沉积学、碳氧同位素及控盆构造分析,结合已有的古生物学孢粉学资料,恢复了晚新生代盆地构造控制、沉积环境、气候变动及其演变过程;探讨了构造演化和气候变动两者之间的耦合关系;指出盆地由早期半封闭型断陷湖盆,中期开放型湖盆,向后期封闭型湖盆的演化。     

白云凹陷断裂特征及对构造与沉积控制的作用

南海北部珠江口盆地白云凹陷的地震资料分析显示,该区域自始新世以来断裂系统十分发育.断层表现出张性或张扭性特征并具有多期活动的特点.在平面上,断裂主要为NWW、近EW和 NE向.根据断层平面展布及组合形态,可将它们分为平行断层系、雁列断层系和树枝状断层系3种组合形式.根据断裂发育时间及规模,可将断裂的活动期次划分为以下几个阶段：剧烈活动期（Tg—T8）、较强中等活动期（T8—T6）、平静稳定期（T6—T2）、再度活化期（T2—T1）.断裂发育的时间及特点对凹陷的构造演化和沉积过程起着重要的控制作用.     

Food-Chain Model of Grassland Degradation and Its Restoration Process in Northern Tibet Plateau：A Case Study in Nierong County

Based on the model of grassland climate ecological productivity, the process of grassland degradation and its restoration mechanism in northern Tibetan Plateau were discussed by the model of food-chain in which the environmental and human factors were corrected. The results of case study in Nierong County showed that： ① the climate trend of becoming warmer, more droughts and gales were conflicted with the restoration of grassland degradation, even under level of perfect management the climate ecological productivity was declined from 89. 3 kg/m^2 of 1983 to 71.8 kg/m^2 of 2003; ② from 1983 to 2003, the population increased fast, while the variation of livestock on hand was little, and the cost of its maintaining is rapid grassland degradation; ③ on the present condition of overgrazing, the livestock on hand can be maintained on the level of theoretical carrying capacity in 2033 by applying the mechanism of food-chain in grassland ecological system controlled with expected coefficients, so that to realize the policy of determining the quantity of livestock according to grass growth.     

阿尔金断裂东端酒西盆地古近系物源分析及意义

探讨酒西盆地古近纪沉积与阿尔金左行走滑断裂的关系。通过对酒西盆地西部红柳峡剖面古近系火烧沟组、白杨河组进行系统的沉积学和年代学分析表明:火烧沟组的砾石成分主要以中-低级变质岩和沉积岩为主,到了白杨河组则转变为以岩浆岩为主;古水流方向主体来自西部-西北部;室内砂岩碎屑鉴定结果显示古近系砂岩的碎屑成分全部落入再旋回造山带物源区;碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄测定结果表现出新元古代和中元古代2个主要的年龄峰值。综合对比酒西盆地周缘的物源区,初步认为阿尔金地体为火烧沟组和白杨河组主要的物源供给区。结合前人对阿尔金左行走滑断裂的研究,表明自渐新世以后阿尔金地体才离开酒西盆地,进一步确定阿尔金断裂带最大左行走滑量450km。     

平庄盆地中低温对流型地热系统及勘查靶区研究

在对平庄盆地地质进行综合研究的基础上,从断层的切割深度、导水性及补给水源等方面论述了该盆地具有中低温对流型地热系统发育的良好条件;阐明了宁城热水热田的控热导水构造、补水水源及地温场特征;最后,根据地热地质条件、地球物理和地球化学信息,在该盆地北部确定了新的地热勘查靶区,并提出相关的勘查步骤、方法以及进一步研究的地热地质内容.