沉积方向和粒径组成对砂土力学特性的影响

运用砂土毛细效应所形成的假凝聚力制备具有不同沉积方向的试样,开展三轴固结排水剪切试验,研究粒径组成对初始各向异性砂土力学特性的影响,分析了粒径组成、沉积方向、强度特性和体积变化之间的相互关系.研究结论表明,试样剪切带的形成受到颗粒级配的影响,它是应力应变关系中陡降阶段的产生原因.沉积方向对粗砂和细砂的偏应力峰值强度均有...     

INFLUENCE OF SEDIMENTARY DIRECTION ON SHEAR STRENGTH OF SATURATED DENSE SAND IN CONSOLIDATED DRAINED TRIAXIAL TEST1)

基于砂土颗粒的毛细效应制备具有不同沉积方向的密砂试样,通过三轴固结排水剪切试验研究沉积方向对试样强度和体变特性的影响,建立沉积方向和峰值强度的拟合公式。研究结论表明,在0°~90°范围内,沉积方向对峰值强度和变形的影响比较显著,对残余强度的影响较弱。当沉积方向与破坏面方向(45°+ϕ/2)接近时,试样更容易达到破坏状态,所对应的峰值强度更低。拟合公式能够反映沉积方向和峰值强度的关系,围压对该关系有显著的影响,同时,公式能够预测最不利沉积方向的大小。     

散粒体卸载特性的三轴伸长试验研究

根据岩土体的加卸载变形过程和应力状态,卸载曲线分为弹性卸载段和卸载伸长段.采用三种不同粒径的玻璃珠和标准丰浦砂散粒材料进行了三轴伸长卸载试验,对比分析了不同材料、初始偏应力和不同围压下散粒体的卸载特性.研究表明散粒体的单向伸长卸载强度主要取决于与卸载方向垂直的围压和颗粒的内摩擦,且与围压成线性关系,初始偏应力状态及各向异性对于散粒体的伸长强度无影响,但影响其破坏发展形态.此外,材料特性包括表面粗糙度和级配、孔隙率等对内摩擦及伸长卸载特性均有影响.     

石英砂粒径对水合物沉积物力学性质的影响

利用自主研发的水合物沉积物原位合成与力学性质测试的高压低温三轴仪,通过多级加荷的试验方法,以不同粒径的砂粒作为沉积物骨架进行三轴压缩试验,得到了剪切过程的应力-应变关系曲线,以及不同粒径尺寸沉积物的强度,还有剪切过程中的体积变化关系。结果表明:含水合物沉积物强度随着沉积物粒径尺寸的增大而增强;在降压剪切过程中,所有粒径的水合物沉积物式样均有明显的剪缩现象。     

Three-dimensional constitutive relations for granular materials based on the dilatant double shearing mechanism and the concept of fabric

An extension of a three-dimensional model proposed by Anand and Gu (2000) for amorphous granular materials to include the effects of initial and induced anisotropy is presented in this paper. The proposed model can also be considered as a three-dimensional generalization of a model recently developed by Zhu et al. (2005) for the planar deformation of granular materials. The main ingredients of the model include the dilatant double shearing mechanism (Spencer, 1964, Mehrabadi and Cowin, 1978), the concept of fabric (Oda, 1972), and an extension of the Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion (Shield, 1955, Spencer, 1982) to three dimensions.The constitutive equations are implemented in the finite element program ABAQUS/Explicit (ABAQUS, 2001) by developing a user-material subroutine to conduct numerical triaxial compression tests for samples of granular materials with different initial anisotropy. The numerical results agree with the observed behavior and show that the extended constitutive model is capable of capturing the strength anisotropy of granular materials. Employing the anisotropic model developed here, we have also repeated the numerical simulation of the stress state in a static conical sand pile conducted earlier by Anand and Gu (2000). We find that fabric has little or no influence on the vertical stress distribution except at the base of the sand pile where the peak value of this stress is slightly higher than that predicted by the model of Anand and Gu (2000) which does not include the effects of fabric. We also find that the direction of the principal compressive stress changes from vertical at points away from the center of the pile to almost horizontal at points close to the center of the pile. This result provides a possible explanation for the observed dip in the vertical stress distribution in sand piles.     

Micromechanical modeling for behavior of silty sand with influence of fine content

Silty sand is a soil mixture with coarse grains and fine grains. Experimental observations have shown that small amount of fines may reduce the undrained shear strength significantly. The purpose of this paper is to propose a micromechanical model for the stress–strain behavior of silty sand influenced by fines under drained and undrained conditions. The micromechanical stress–strain model accounts for the influence of fines on the density state of the soil mixture, thus consequently affect the critical state friction angle and the amount of sliding between particles. The present model is examined by simulating typical drained and undrained tests in conventional triaxial conditions. The simulated stress–strain curves are compared with the measured results on samples made of Ottawa sand and Foundry sand with various amounts of fines. The predictive ability of the present model for simulating the behavior of silty sand is discussed.     

Experimental Investigation on Mechanical Behavior of Coarse Marble Under Six Different Loading Paths

A series of triaxial compression experiments were preformed for the coarse marble samples under different loading paths by the rock mechanics servo-controlled testing system. Based on the experimental results of complete stress-strain curves, the influence of loading path on the strength and deformation failure behavior of coarse marble is made a detailed analysis. Three loading paths (Paths I–III) are put forward to confirm the strength parameters (cohesion and internal friction angle) of coarse marble in accordance with linear Mohr-Coulomb criterion. Compared among the strength parameters, two loading paths (i.e. Path II by stepping up the confining pressure and Path III by reducing the confining pressure after peak strength) are suggested to confirm the triaxial strengths of rock under different confining pressures by only one sample, which is very applicable for a kind of rock that has obvious plastic and ductile deformation behavior (e.g. marble, chalk, mudstone, etc.). In order to investigate re-fracture mechanical behavior of rock material, three loading paths (Paths IV–VI) are also put forward for flawed coarse marble. The peak strength and deformation failure mode of flawed coarse marble are found depending on the loading paths (Paths IV–VI). Under lower confining pressures, the peak strength and Young’s modulus of damage sample (compressed until post-peak stress under higher confining pressure) are all lower compared with that of flawed sample; moreover mechanical parameter of damage sample is lower for the larger compressed post-peak plastic deformation of coarse marble. However under higher confining pressures (e.g. σ ₃?=?30 MPa), the axial supporting capacity and elastic modulus of damage coarse marble (compressed until post-peak stress under lower confining pressure) is not related to the loading path, while the deformation modulus and peak strain of damage sample depend on the difference of initial confining pressure and post-peak plastic deformation. The friction among crystal grains determines the strength behavior of flawed coarse marble under various loading paths. In the end, the effect of loading path on failure mode of intact and flawed coarse marble is also investigated. The present research provides increased understanding of the fundamental nature of rock failure under different loading paths.     

基于临界状态的砂土本构模型研究

砂土孔隙比及所受压力是其力学特性的重要影响因素. 本文基于砂土临界状态线特性分析,采用以e-(p/p_a)ξ平面内的线性关系描述其等向压缩线. 通过对比分析两种不同压缩线函数 与临界状态线函数之间的关系提出更适合描述砂土在等向压缩下的参考压缩线,并给出了基于参考压缩线的等向硬化规律. 建议了适用于 描述砂土剪切特性的屈服面函数,并给出利用等向压缩和等p路径确定屈服面形状参数μ的方法. 将不同应力比对应的压缩线作为砂土状态参量参考线,以获取潜在强度M_f与特征状态应力比M_c,进而描述砂土压缩与剪切特性;基于等向压缩与等p路径建立了当前应力比与状态参量参考线之间的相关关系,从而实现了砂土状 态参量参考线由参考压缩线向临界状态线平稳过渡. 建立的砂土本构模型共11个参数,均能够通过常规土工试验或经验获取. 基于模型预测与Toyoura砂的等向压缩、三轴不排水剪切试验及排水剪切试验的对比结果,本文建立的砂土本构模型很好地描述了Toyoura 砂在不同孔隙比和不同压力下的压缩与剪切特性.      

DEM investigation on the effect of sample preparation on the shear behavior of granular soil

The effect of initial fabric anisotropy produced by sample preparation on the shear behavior of granular soil is investigated by performing discrete element method (DEM) simulations of fourteen biaxial tests in drained conditions. Numerical test specimens are prepared by three means: gravitational deposition, multi-layer compression, and isotropic compression, such that different initial inherent soil fabrics are created. The DEM simulation results show that initial fabric anisotropy exerts a considerable effect on the shear behavior of granular soil, and that the peak stress ratio and peak dilatancy increase with an increase in the fabric index a_n that is estimated from the contact orientations. The stress–dilatancy relationship is found to be independent of the initial fabric anisotropy. The anisotropy related to the contact orientation and contact normal force accounts for the main contribution to the mobilized friction angle. Also, the occurrence of contractive shear response in an initial shearing stage is accompanied by the most intense particle rearrangement and microstructural reorganization, regardless of the sample preparation method. Furthermore, the uniqueness of the critical state line in e–log p′ and q–p′ plots is observed, suggesting that the influence of initial fabric anisotropy is erased at large shear strains.     

Elasto-plastic stress-strain theory for cohesionless soil with curved yield surfaces

An elasto-plastic stress-strain theory for cohesionless soil with curved yield surfaces is developed on the basis of soil behavior observed in laboratory tests. This theory is applicable to general three-dimensional stress conditions, but the parameters required to characterize the soil behavior can be derived entirely from results of isotropic compression and conventional drained triaxial compression tests. The theory is shown to predict soil behavior under various loading conditions with good accuracy. Of special interest is its capability of predicting soil behavior under drained as well as undrained conditions over a range of confining pressures where the behavior changes from that typical of dense sand to that typical of loose sand. Work-hardening as well as work-softening is incorporated in the theory.     

Erratum to: Experimental Investigation on Mechanical Behavior of Coarse Marble Under Six Different Loading Paths

A series of triaxial compression experiments were preformed for the coarse marble samples under different loading paths by the rock mechanics servo-controlled testing system. Based on the experimental results of complete stress-strain curves, the influence of loading path on the strength and deformation failure behavior of coarse marble is made a detailed analysis. Three loading paths (Paths I–III) are put forward to confirm the strength parameters (cohesion and internal friction angle) of coarse marble in accordance with linear Mohr-Coulomb criterion. Compared among the strength parameters, two loading paths (i.e. Path II by stepping up the confining pressure and Path III by reducing the confining pressure after peak strength) are suggested to confirm the triaxial strengths of rock under different confining pressures by only one sample, which is very applicable for a kind of rock that has obvious plastic and ductile deformation behavior (e.g. marble, chalk, mudstone, etc.). In order to investigate re-fracture mechanical behavior of rock material, three loading paths (Paths IV–VI) are also put forward for flawed coarse marble. The peak strength and deformation failure mode of flawed coarse marble are found depending on the loading paths (Paths IV–VI). Under lower confining pressures, the peak strength and Young’s modulus of damage sample (compressed until post-peak stress under higher confining pressure) are all lower compared with that of flawed sample; moreover mechanical parameter of damage sample is lower for the larger compressed post-peak plastic deformation of coarse marble. However under higher confining pressures (e.g. σ ₃ = 30 MPa), the axial supporting capacity and elastic modulus of damage coarse marble (compressed until post-peak stress under lower confining pressure) is not related to the loading path, while the deformation modulus and peak strain of damage sample depend on the difference of initial confining pressure and post-peak plastic deformation. The friction among crystal grains determines the strength behavior of flawed coarse marble under various loading paths. In the end, the effect of loading path on failure mode of intact and flawed coarse marble is also investigated. The present research provides increased understanding of the fundamental nature of rock failure under different loading paths.     

岩土力学试验中的两个问题讨论及其应用

本文根据实验和理论分析, 提出一种单轴、三轴压缩试验的新的破坏判据, 分析其机理是体积或密度连续原则的破坏。指出这一判据有可能应用在这种试验的自动控制上。     

轴、侧向同卸荷下砂岩力学特性影响的试验研究

本文以实际岩体工程为背景,利用WDT-1500 仪器开展了轴向、侧向同时卸荷条件下砂岩的三轴试验. 结果表明:轴、侧向同卸荷这种卸荷路径下,砂岩试样破坏时并没有出现应力峰值,为了定义试样的破坏强度,将最大与最小主应力差随最小主应力的变化关系曲线上应力跌落的拐点处的应力值定义为破坏强度. 砂岩变形初始段发生应力跌落和轴向应变回弹,破坏前无明显的弹性和屈服阶段;试验的过程中,砂岩的侧向变形明显大于轴向变形,其体积应变一直处于膨胀状态;相对于砂岩的常规三轴试验结果,试样破坏时的强度在轴向、侧向同时卸荷条件下有所降低. 初始轴压和初始围压对试样的力学特征有十分显著的影响,但围压的卸荷速率却并不显著. 砂岩的破坏特征主要是以张-拉为主的混合张剪的破坏.      

高能材料动态力学性能的研究

采用自制的高能材料动静态变温三轴、单轴压缩试验装置、在熔点以下温度，以及在中等应变速率（２～４／ｓ）和准静态（３１０￣（－３）／ｓ）条件下测试了ＴＮＴ材料三轴、单轴压缩力学性能参数。试验结果表明，ＴＮＴ材料具有明显的应变率相关和热软化效应。在单轴压缩条件下，ＴＮＴ材料是脆性破坏，断裂强度小于屈服极限；在三轴压缩条件下，试件有较大的塑性变形。根据试验结果拟合了ＴＮＴ材料随着加载速率和环境温度变化的本构关系，分析表明该本构关系可以很好地描述材料的应变率、温度效应。     

制样含水量对软黏土力学特性影响的试验研究

为分析制样含水量对重塑软黏土的力学特性影响,用单向固结仪和三轴仪分别对不同泥浆含水量固结而成的重塑样开展了单向压缩试验和固结不排水剪切三轴试验。试验结果表明,重塑样的初始孔隙比随制样含水量的增大而增大,从而引起压缩曲线的上移以及压缩指数的增大,土体的抗剪强度减小,孔隙水压力增大;但初始含水量对土体的有效应力比和临界状态影响不大;制样含水量对重塑样力学特性的影响的界限含水量约为2.0倍液限含水量。最后,用孔隙指数对试验结果归一化,得到不同初始孔隙比重塑样的压缩曲线和剪切强度可基本归一化为土的固有压缩曲线和固有强度曲线。     

常德-张家界高速公路某大桥桥基砂土液化评价

结合常德—张家界高速公路某大桥桥基工程,在DSD—160型电磁式振动三轴试验仪上,通过往返加荷三轴试验,对饱和砂土进行了液化试验研究,探讨了基于动三轴液化试验结果判断饱和砂土液化的方法。并尝试了这种室内研究—反应分析的液化可能性估计方法与地震剪应力时程相结合的综合判断方法。在该高速公路大桥桥基的饱和砂土液化评价中,采用这种综合判断方法,对大桥桥基砂土液化进行了判断。在判断场地是否液化后,对其液化危害程度进行了等级划分,给出了该工程场地在未来遭受到不同超越概率下的地震作用时发生液化的危害程度,得到了一些有工程实用意义的结果。     

Experimental investigation on strength and failure behavior of pre-cracked marble under conventional triaxial compression

Fractures in natural rocks have an important effect on the strength and failure behavior of rock mass, which are often evaluated in rock engineering practice. The theoretical evaluation of mechanical behavior of fractured rock mass has no satisfactory answer due to the role of confining pressure and crack geometry. Therefore, in this paper, conventional triaxial compression experiments were carried out to study the strength and failure behavior of marble samples with two pre-existing closed cracks in non-overlapping geometry. Based on the experimental results of a number of triaxial compression tests, the effect of crack coalescence on the axial supporting capacity and deformation property were investigated with different confining pressures. The results show that intact samples and flawed samples (marble with pre-existing cracks) have different deformation properties after peak stress, which change from brittleness to plasticity and ductility with the increase of confining pressure. The peak strength and failure mode are found depending not only on the geometry of flaw, but also on the confining pressure. The strength of flawed samples shows distinct non-linear behavior, which is in a better agreement with non-linear Hoek–Brown criterion than linear Mohr–Coulomb criterion. For a kind of rock that has been evaluated as a Hoek–Brown material, a new evaluation criterion is put forward by adopting optimal approximation polynomial theory, which can be used to confirm more precisely the strength parameters (cohesion and internal friction angle) of flawed samples. For intact samples, the marble leads to typical shear failure mode with a single fracture surface under different confining pressures, while for flawed samples, under uniaxial compression and a lower confining pressure (σ₃ = 10 MPa), tests for coarse and medium marble (the coarse and medium refer to the grain size) exhibit three basic failure modes, i.e., tensile mode, shear mode, and mixed mode (tensile and shear). Shear mode is associated with lower strength behavior. However, under higher confining pressures (σ₃ = 30 MPa), for coarse marble, the axial supporting capacity is not related to the geometry of flaw. The friction among crystal grains determines the strength behavior of coarse marble. For medium marble, the failure mode and deformation behavior are dependent on the crack coalescence in the sample. The present research provides increased understanding of the fundamental nature of rock failure under conventional triaxial compression.     

毛乌素沙漠风积砂力学特性室内试验研究

在对毛乌素沙漠风积砂物理特性进行试验研究的基础上,通过室内击试验、压缩试验及三轴剪切试验,对毛乌素沙漠风积砂的力学特性进行了初步研究。结果表明:毛乌素沙漠风积砂击实特性与粉、黏性土有较大的差异,在干燥和最佳含水率状态下易于击实,击实曲线呈双峰形态; 压缩试验表明毛乌素沙漠风积砂一般属于低压缩性土,其压缩特性与试样初始密度、含水率、荷载级别及加载条件有关; 三轴剪切试验表明毛乌素沙漠风积砂抗剪强度指标受试样密度的影响较大,虽然含水率对抗剪强度指标有一定影响且具有一定规律性,但影响程度并不明显。本文相关成果为解决该区风积砂相关岩土工程问题和工程地质问题提供了可靠的试验依据。