Stress and strain distributions beyond general yield in the Charpy V-notched specimen

The visioplasticity method has been used to obtain the stress and strain distributions during planestrain bending in a standard Charpy V-notched specimen of low carbon steel. The specimen was slit longitudinally through the notch with a square grid inscribed on the interface. The instantaneous grid distortion was obtained during a three-point incremental bending test. A computer program was developed for the calculation of the instantaneous stress and strain distributions using the experimentally determined displacement field and the true stress-strain curve of the steel.     

基于BP神经网络与小冲杆试验确定在役管道钢弹塑性性能方法研究

为了能够在不停输油气工况下获得在役管道材料的弹塑性力学性能, 提出了一种人工智能BP (back-propagation)神经网络、小冲杆试验与有限元模拟相结合,通过确定材料真应力-应变曲线从而获得材料弹塑性力学性能的方法. 首先,通过系统改变Hollomon公式中的参数$K$, $n$值,获得457组具有不同弹塑性力学性能的假想材料本构关系, 其次,将得到的本构关系代入经试验验证的含有Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman(GTN)损伤参数的小冲杆试验二维轴对称有限元模型,通过有限元计算得到了与真应力-应变曲线一一对应的457条不同假想材料的载荷-位移曲线,最终将两组数据作为数据库输入BP神经网络进行训练,建立了同种材料小冲杆试验载荷-位移曲线与真应力-应变曲线之间的关联关系.通过此关联关系,可利用试验得到的小冲杆载荷-位移曲线获取在役管道钢的真应力-应变曲线,从而确定其弹塑性力学性能.通过对比BP神经网络得到的X80管道钢真应力-应变曲线与单轴拉伸试验的结果以及引用现有文献中不同材料的试验数据对此关系进行验证,证明了该方法的准确性与广泛适用性.      

A Finite Element Analysis of a Tapered Flat Sheet Tensile Specimen

A uniaxial tension sheet metal coupon with a tapered instead of a straight gage section has been used for centering the location of diffuse neck and for measuring sheet stretchability in a non-uniform strain field. A finite element analysis of such a tensile coupon made of automotive steel sheet metals has been carried out to assess the effect of the tapered gage section geometry and material plastic strain hardening characteristics on the development of local plastic deformation pattern and local stress state, especially beyond the onset of diffuse necking but before localized necking. In particular, the finite element analysis was used in this study to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of an experimental data analysis method for estimating the post-necking effective plastic stress-strain curve based on the direct local surface axial plastic strain measurements for base metal, heat-affected zone, and weld metals of a dual-phase steel DP600. It is concluded that the estimated lower and upper bounds of the effective stress-strain curve at large strains are not satisfactory for low strain-hardening materials such as heat-affected zone and weld metals with the tapered tension coupons. A simple correction method utilizing only the additional local surface strain measurement in the transverse direction is proposed and it is shown to be effective in correcting the estimated effective stress-strain curve of dual-phase steel weld metals obtained for two tapered gage section geometries.     

图像相关法在高分子材料拉伸性能研究中的应用

本文对聚碳酸酯(PC)和丙烯腈丁二烯苯乙烯(ABS)的合金(PC/ABS)高分子材料不同环境温度下的拉伸性能进行了试验研究。根据图像相关分析法编制了图像法位移测量分析软件,并对该分析软件的适用性进行了分析。系统研究了PC/ABS高分子材料拉伸试验时三个方向的位移场和应变场。根据测得的位移场研究了该高分子材料拉伸过程中应变和应变率的变化以及应力应变变化规律,并对试验结果进行了详细分析。结果表明,文中采用的图像法位移测量系统具有较高的测试精度;拉伸过程中,试件厚度方向的收缩变形大于宽度方向的收缩变形;颈缩过程区具有非常高的应变率,颈缩后的平直颈缩区的应变率快速下降到一个很低的应变率继续缓慢变形;尽管载荷位移曲线出现了较大的载荷下降现象,PC/ABS拉伸时的真应力应变曲线没有明显的应力下降现象出现,因此,载荷下降现象主要由颈缩时的截面减小引起;高分子材料PC/ABS的屈服应力随环境温度的升高而降低。     

Application of digital image correlation to the study of planar anisotropy of sheet metals at large strains

The aim of this work is to measure and model the planar anisotropy of thin steel sheets. The experimental data have been collected using the digital image correlation technique. This is a powerful tool to measure the strain field on differently shaped specimens subjected to large plastic deformations. In this manner, it is possible to observe the material behaviour under different stress-strain states, from small to large deformation conditions, on the entire specimen surface. The experimental results on smooth and notched samples have been used to characterize the flow stress curve after necking and a nonassociated plastic flow rule is proposed to describe the anisotropic behaviour of the material. To compare the experimental data with the predictions of the adopted constitutive model, a novel method, based on the image correlation results, has been implemented.     

Thermo-mechanical measurement of elasto-plastic transitions during cyclic loading

The surface temperature of stainless steel SS304 low cycle fatigue specimens subjected to cyclic loading was studied using infrared thermography technique. The thermal data mapped onto the various stages of cyclic stress-strain curve shows the ability of these measurements to identify the yield points in both the compression and tension loading. Based on the results of this study, it is possible to identify the state of stress for materials such as elastic tension, plastic tension, elastic compression, plastic compression during cyclic loading using infrared thermographic data. The thermo-elastic slope and thermo-plastic slope was observed to be dependent on the prior loading cycles.     

韧性材料颈缩主应力面上应变分布假定的研究

为了深入研究韧性材料主应力面的应变分布情况,讨论Bridgman关于主应力面上应变均布假定的精度．本文首先结合断口学基本理论与在室温条件下拉伸断裂的Q235钢、40Cr钢和45#钢断口电子显微镜扫描结果,从微观角度分析其韧窝分布后发现应变均布假定存在一定的误差;然后基于体积守恒和Aramis三维应变观测系统测得的试验结果,将计算值和试验值进行对比分析发现,三种材料中除含碳量较高的45#钢外,应变均布假定并不适用于分析颈缩主应力面上应变分布．本文的研究成果可为进一步研究韧性材料颈缩大塑性阶段的应力、应变本构关系提供一定的参考．     

Numerically predicting ductile material behavior from tensile specimen response

Direct measurement of uniaxial true stress-strain behavior for ductile engineering materials is not possible when necking occurs in standard tensile test specimens. A procedure is presented which converts standard specimen test data to a true stress-strain relation postulated as valid for higher strains. A series of finite element test specimen simulations demonstrates the correction algorithm rationale for HY-100 steel. Predicted specimen behavior was in close agreement with reported experimental data.The combined influence of specimen boundary conditions and material stress-strain behavior is discussed. Results suggest that specimen behavior may be modeled correctly without the use of auxiliary conditions, such as geometric imperfections or material instability, to trigger specimen necking.     

中子辐照金属材料的脆化模型研究

金属材料的辐照脆化问题一直以来都是核能安全领域亟待解决的关键问题之一.为了更准确地预测金属材料的辐照脆化行为,基于Johnson-Cook本构模型,将未辐照金属材料的断裂真应力取作辐照材料的断裂真应力,建立了通过辐照退火态金属材料屈服强度就能够预测其整个真应力$\!$-$\!$-$\!$应变曲线,以及断裂真应变的辐照脆化模型.实验研究了不同中子剂量辐照退火态高纯铝的准静态拉伸真应力$\!$-$\!$-$\!$应变曲线、断裂真应力和断裂真应变随辐照剂量的变化规律.结果表明,辐照剂量越高,高纯铝的屈服强度越高,断裂真应变越低,但断裂真应力几乎不变.通过TEM显微分析获得了高纯铝内部辐照缺陷的尺寸和数密度随辐照剂量的变化规律,结果表明,辐照剂量越高,孔洞的尺寸和数密度越高,但位错环尺寸和数密度始终很小,难以准确统计.由辐照高纯铝实验数据拟合得到了辐照脆化模型所需参数,并检验了该模型的预测效果.结果表明,无论是通过实验还是显微分析得到辐照高纯铝的屈服强度,模型的预测结果均能够与实验结果较好地吻合,且模型对退火态高纯铝临界中子剂量的预测值也与文献结果一致.      

TC25钛合金低周疲劳特性与断口分析

对TC25钛合金进行不同应力幅值下的低周疲劳试验,测试钛合金的低周疲劳寿命.在分析钛合金的低周疲劳应力应变迟滞回线的基础上,利用试验特性和应力应变本构关系,推导简化的Manson-Coffin公式,获取钛合金的应力-寿命曲线.最后,应用SEM对钛合金试样断口进行形貌观测,分析低周疲劳的断裂机理.结果表明,TC25钛合金的低周疲劳塑性变形,主要产生在加速断裂阶段.钛合金试样断面存在多处剪切唇,瞬时断裂由剪应力主导.钛合金的低周疲劳断裂以解理形核形成疲劳源,裂纹扩展存在多种模式,瞬断为准脆性断裂.     

A Transparent Indenter Measurement Method for Mechanical Property Evaluation

An optical Transparent Indenter Measurement (TIM) method was developed for measurement of material surface mechanical properties. During the spherical indentation test, in-situ measurements of indentation-induced surface out-of-plane displacements were obtained using an integrated phase-shifting Twyman-Green interferometer. Based on elastic recovery theory and 2D finite element analyses, a procedure was developed to determine the material Young's modulus using the measured surface out-of-plane displacements. During the spherical indentation test, contact radii were also measured and used to estimate the material post-yielding true stress-strain curve using Tabor's empirical relation. An experimental TIM apparatus was assembled to test on two engineering alloys and the results showed good agreement with known material properties.     

Mechanical behavior of metals under tension- compression loading at high strain rate

By using a new technique based on a split Hopkinson pressure bar method, a sequenced reverse test (quasi-static tensile prestress, followed by dynamic compression and then followed by dynamic tension) at high strain rate was performed and tension-compression stress-strain relations were derived by using one-dimensional stress wave analysis. Three materials, 2017 aluminium alloy, 0.45% carbon steel, and pure aluminium, were investigated at low and high strain rates, and the strain rate effect on the reverse loading stress-strain curves was compared to that on the loading stress-strain curves. It was found that reduction of yield stress is always associated with load reversals, and the strain rate effect on the reverse loading (tension) is almost the same as that during loading (compression) at higher values of reverse deformation.     

Lüders front propagation in low carbon steels

T characteristics of Lüders front propagation in low carbon steel wire and thin sheet specimens have been investigated by tensile straining at constant extension rates at room temperature. The specimen variables of grain size and matrix structure were both shown to be important in determining the Lüders front velocity. The testing variables which affected the velocity were the specimen extension rate and the number of fronts but not the specimen strain rate. The unique relationship obtained between the Lüders stress and Lüders strain for a particular steel is a consequence of the strain hardening behaviour of the steel in that, for each Lüders stress, the associated Lüders strain will be dictated by a homogeneous stress-strain relationship.     

基于试验与有限元耦合技术的延性材料全程单轴本构关系获取方法

摘 要: 材料拉伸直至断裂的全程单轴本构关系对材料大变形和断裂机理研究具有重要意义。传统拉伸试验获取的材料真应力-真应变曲线在试样颈缩后不可测。借助可以精确测量三维变形的DIC(Digital image correlate) 技术和有限元分析技术(Finite element analysis),本文提出了基于漏斗试样拉伸试验获取材料全程单轴本构关系的新方法,即TF(Test and FEA)方法。该方法将TF方法获取的材料全程单轴应力应变关系曲线作为有限元软件中的材料本构关系对漏斗试样拉伸变形过程进行模拟,其模拟载荷-位移曲线、漏斗根部直径-位移曲线和漏斗变形轮廓线等均与试验结果吻合良好,试样表面模拟应变也与DIC测试结果吻合, 根据不同半径漏斗试样模拟获得的全程真应力-真应变曲线保持良好一致性。最后,还对试样颈缩断面的力学行为进行了讨论,并给出了304不锈钢、汽轮机叶片材料2Cr12Ni4Mo3VNBN和 1Gr12Ni3Mo2VN、汽轮机转子材料30Cr2Ni4MoV的全程单轴本构关系模型参数、破断应力和破断应变。     

20^#碳钢表面室温电解渗硫层的减摩性能

采用MPX-200型摩擦摩损试验机考察了碳氮共渗及室温电解硫化处理后20^#碳钢的摩擦学性能,探讨了在干摩擦条件下载荷、渗硫处理时间和滑动摩擦时间对渗硫层摩擦系数的影响。结果表明：室温电解渗硫层具有明显的减摩作用,并在一定程度上提高了材料表面的抗磨性能。表面层的X射线光电子能谱分析结果表明,其主要成分为硫化铁（FeS）。     

Brittle fracture of precompressed steel as affected by hydrostatic pressure,temperature and strain concentration

Highly precompressed 1020 HR steel, 0.65 prestrain at 400°F (204°C), tested in nominally uniform tension at ?80°F (?62°C) fractures at about 110,000 psi (760 MN/m²) with less than 0.02 plastic strain. Yet the addition of a hydrostatic pressure of less than 7000 psi (48 MN/m²) converts this visually brittle fracture to a ductile one with appreciable necking. The explanation of this surprising experimental result is shown to follow directly and simply from the combination of a tensile stress criterion of fracture, strain concentration and the low tangent modulus of the stress-strain curve in tension beyond the Bauschinger transition region of a few percent of plastic strain. Temperature dependence and strain-rate dependence of brittle fracture similarly are predictable in an almost trivial manner from the appropriate stress-strain curves for different amounts of precompression. So also is the amazingly high ductility or fracture toughness of the most complex of perforated or notched statically loaded structures of mild steel in an undamaged or fully annealed state.     

三维DIC在GFRP锚杆拉伸力学性能测试中的应用

随着玻璃纤维增强塑料(GFRP)广泛运用于轨道交通及边坡加固中,其力学性能的测试显得尤为重要。基于三维数字图像相关(DIC)方法,研究了三种不同加载速率下GFRP锚杆的拉伸力学性能,分别得到了应力-应变曲线及弹性模量、抗拉强度、最大力总延伸率等参数。实验结果表明,螺旋状变截面锚杆的轴向应变呈非均匀分布,由三维DIC得到的锚杆弹性模量结果一致性优于传统的接触式引伸计方法,GFRP锚杆几乎呈线性分布的应力-应变曲线表明该材料为典型的脆性材料。     

球形金属表面球磨制备石墨烯薄膜摩擦特性研究

采用球磨的方法实现了在钢球表面制备大面积连续的石墨烯薄膜,考察其随球磨时间变化,石墨烯薄膜在钢球表面的包裹程度、形貌变化、结构演变过程、结合性能及摩擦学性能. 研究表明:随着球磨时间的增加,石墨烯在钢球表面团聚减少,包裹更加均一,结构趋于有序;当球磨时间达到50 h时,在钢球表面形成分布均匀且大面积连续的石墨烯薄膜,使与含氢类金刚石碳薄膜组成配伍的平均摩擦系数从裸钢球的0.043降至0.022,磨痕深度和宽度都显著降低. 经胶带粘取100次或乙醇中超声清洗30 min后球磨制备石墨烯薄膜仍然粘附于钢球表面,在氩气环境下石墨烯薄膜表现出优于钢球的摩擦磨损性能.      

转移膜的形成对含氢碳膜超低摩擦性能的影响

含氢非晶碳膜在惰性气氛下展现了超低摩擦性能,摩擦系数可达到10~(–3)数量级.本文中通过试验设计验证了转移膜的形成是碳膜超低摩擦性能获得的必要条件.采用含氢非晶碳膜(a-C:H)与钢作为摩擦配副,球盘接触旋转运动,更换接触方式:一种是钢球与镀a-C:H薄膜的钢平板对摩,另一种是镀a-C:H薄膜钢球与钢平板对摩.保持配副材料不变,利用接触方式的差异,来改变转移膜形成的难易程度.第一种方式下,a-C:H可以转移到对偶形成均匀的转移膜,具有超低摩擦性能;在第二种方式下,a-C:H不能转移到对偶形成转移膜,摩擦系数高.而该转移膜是一种含氢的,以sp~2杂化为主的碳结构.氢能够参与钝化碳悬键,从而保证低化学作用活性,sp~2平面分子结构可以具有较低的剪切强度.因此,转移膜的形成和氢的钝化作用对a-C:H薄膜超低摩擦机理均具有重要的贡献.     

Photoelasto-plastic analysis of notched-bar configuration subjected to bending

Knowledge of the three-dimensional stress distribution near a notch for a strain-hardening material in an elasto-plastic state is limited, to say the least. This experimental investigation is concerned with obtaining some insight concerning the three0dimensional elastoplastic stress distributions and the associated plastic-zone sizes. A notched-bar configuration (scaled-up Charpy specimen) subjected to flexure was selected for this purpose. The three-dimensional elasto-plastic stress distributions were determined along the plane of symmetry adjacent to the notch for two levels of applied bending moment. The experimental-stress-analysis method utilizes the creep and frozen-stress characteristics of an epoxy resin when subjected to a thermal cycle whose maximum temperature is significantly less than the critical temperature of the model material. The resulting frozenstress-strain behavior is characterized by the generation of a nonlinear effective stress-strain curve. This effective stress-strain curve was generated by subjecting uniaxial tensile specimens to constant stress and the appropriate thermal cycle. Also, an effective birefringence-stress curve was obtained from these tensile specimens (calibration). Then the notched-bar configuration was subjected to the thermal cycle and an applied bending moment which would develop a plastic zone (determined by using a distortion-energy-yield criteria). The stress distributions were determined from photomechanical analysis of the slices removed from the model.