高速列车车体长度对气动噪声影响的数值研究

高速列车具有细长形状,数值评估气动噪声往往需要巨大的计算量.目前对高速列车气动噪声的数值模拟大多基于对简化短编组列车的评估,而实际列车通常具有较长的8～16节编组.如何基于现有条件合理评价真实长度列车的气动噪声,是一个急需探讨的问题.本文应用非线性声学求解器(NLAS)和FW–H声学比拟法的混合算法,先求解噪声积分面上的声场脉动,再进行远场积分,引入多噪声面积分技术,通过对三种不同长度(3节、4节、6节)列车模型的气动性能和噪声数值模拟,分析了车体长度对列车气动噪声的影响.结果表明,同一列车模型的各节车厢具有相似的沿线噪声分布,其噪声曲线在量值上十分接近,只是主峰位置会随着车厢空间位置的不同而相应地发生偏移;不同长度编组列车对应部位之间的远场噪声特性具有较强的关联性,它们的远场噪声具有接近的总声压级和噪声频谱.通过利用短编组计算数据进行分解、平移和叠加,成功重构了4编组和6编组列车远场噪声特性,与直接计算结果相比误差在可接受范围内.由此发展了基于短编组列车噪声的数值结果,重构长编组列车沿线噪声的近似评估方法.     

考虑地面效应的高速列车远场气动噪声计算方法研究

为研究高速列车远场气动噪声的计算方法,根据高速列车近地面运行的实际情况,利用半自由空间的Green函数求解FW-H方程;建立考虑地面效应时的远场声学积分公式,并研究地面效应对高速列车远场气动噪声的影响.研究表明,由于存在地面效应,原来的自由声场变成了相当于真实列车声场与镜像列车声场的叠加,并且作用在镜像列车上的力源和法向运动速度与真实列车上的相同.当列车运动速度为350 km/h时,不考虑地面效应时,远场测点的等效连续A计权声压级的最大值为90.76 dB;考虑地面效应之后,远场测点的等效连续A计权声压级的最大值为94.72 dB.     

高速磁浮列车近场气动特性及其诱导噪声的数值仿真研究

磁浮列车具有高速性和非接触性,其噪声水平主要依赖于近场气动特性.本文中针对某型号三编组高速磁浮列车,基于Lighthill声学理论,应用大涡模拟法(LES)和FW-H声学模型,仿真分析了1:10列车缩比模型在600 km/h明线工况下的稳态气动特性及瞬态气动噪声激励源特性.结果表明：高速磁浮列车车头与车尾鼻尖位置呈现等压线密集、压力梯度大现象,且车头鼻尖处压力值明显高于车尾鼻尖;列车表面声功率级最高可达155 dB,主要噪声源产生在车头鼻尖区域、表面曲率发生较大变化位置;低频段下列车车头与车尾表面对应位置监测点的声压级分布规律相同,且车头鼻尖位置监测点声压级高于车尾鼻尖,车头与车尾向车身过渡位置两监测点声压级在低频段有明显波动.文中所得研究成果,可为高速磁浮列车车内噪声计算以及为后续低频噪声优化提供一定的科学依据和指导,实现乘客对乘坐舒适性要求.     

高速列车头型长细比对气动噪声的影响

高速列车的头尾车外形对气动噪声具有重要的影响.工程实践中随着车速的增加,车辆头部越来越细长,日本高速磁悬浮列车实践中甚至出现了具有极端长细比的头部形状.本文以讨论头型长细比对列车气动噪声的影响规律为出发点,应用非线性声学求解器(NLAS)和FW-H声学比拟法的混合算法,在3种运行速度下对基于CRH380A高速列车头型概化的4种不同头型长细比的模型车的气动噪声进行了数值模拟.给出了不同头型长细比列车的流场特征、气动阻力和气动噪声.结果表明,列车的气动总阻力随头型长细比的增大而减小,且头型长细比对列车总气动阻力的影响随运行速度的增加而增强.而头型长细比对气动噪声的影响呈现出较为复杂的影响,并不存在单调的影响关系;综合考虑气动阻力和气动噪声,长细比最大的头型综合性能较优,但差异并不显著,因此在不考虑微气压波等因素的条件下,简单增加车头长细比并不一定能带来明显的气动噪声性能提升.     

高速列车进隧道时编组长度对压力波最大值的影响研究

高速列车通过隧道时,隧道内空气会产生较大的压力波动,对列车行车安全、车辆结构以及乘客舒适度造成影响。为研究高速列车进隧道时压力波与列车编组长度的关系,开展了高速列车进隧道压力波特性的CFD仿真分析。采用求解低速流动的压力修正算法求解RANS方程,湍流模型采用可实现k-ε模型。首先,通过与动模型实验监测的压力波对比,验证了数值模型的准确性。随后,对高速列车不同编组进隧道的情况进行了仿真计算,通过监测隧道壁和车体表面压力波随时间的变化,得到压力波大小与编组长度之间的关系。计算结果表明,随着编组长度增大,压力波幅值也增大,且由车身与隧道内空气摩擦引起的压力波幅值增量与编组长度呈线性关系。在此基础上,改进了预测列车进隧道最大压力波的经验公式,考虑了编组长度对压力波的贡献,预测结果更加准确。     

开式转子噪声数值模拟与试验研究

为了研究开式转子在低速起飞工况下的噪声特性,运用计算流体力学(CFD)和计算气动声学(CAA)相结合的方法,对开式转子的离散噪声做了数值模拟。采用非线性谐波法(NLH)对开式转子的非定常流场进行计算,非定常分量和叶面定常载荷一同构建类比声源,最后使用FW-H积分法进行远场噪声辐射计算,获取远场多点的噪声频谱结果。搭建了开式转子试验台,使用0°～90°远场指向性阵列测试了指向角区间内的噪声特性结果,并与数值模拟结果进行对比。研究结果表明：干涉噪声是开式转子的主要噪声;关键频率处的数值模拟结果与试验结果趋势基本一致,误差在3 dB以内;所建立的非线性谐波法频域内展开求解非定常扰动量的气动噪声数值模拟方法,可以为开式转子噪声的快速准确预测提供一定的帮助。     

高速列车空气动力学研究技术综述

随着我国高速铁路的快速发展,高速列车运行速度越来越快,包括气动阻力、横风效应、会车效应、隧道效应和气动噪声等一系列空气动力学问题日益突出. 利用模型试验、实车测量和数值计算等不同的研究手段,开展全面的高速列车空气动力学研究显得十分重要. 本文比较全面和系统地介绍了国内外高速列车空气动力学研究在模型试验、实车测量、数值计算等方面的技术现状和进展情况,对今后的发展方向和内容进行了展望.     

基于Navier-Stokes／Kirchhoff方程的悬停旋翼跨声速气动声学计算

研究了Kirchhoff积分面是否有盖有底,以及是否计及旋翼网格上的流场值,这两个因素对噪声预测结果的影响.发展了一种基于重叠网格的计算悬停旋翼远场噪声的数值方法.数值计算过程分为流场模拟和声场模拟两部分.悬停旋翼流场的数值模拟是在两个相互重叠的网格上进行的:在高质量的旋翼网格上求解Navier-Stokes方程,用于模拟旋翼附近的粘性流动和近场尾涡的捕捉;在远离粘性区域处布置符合悬停流场物理特征的圆柱形背景网格,控制方程为Euler方程,用于远场尾涡的捕捉.计算得到的流场信息插值到用于声场计算的Kirchhoff积分面上.观测点处的噪声可以认为是由这个完全包含桨叶的Kirchhoff积分面上的面元(声源)发声得到.远场声波的传播由Kirchhoff积分公式描述.计算结果表明:采用有盖有底的Kirchhoff积分面并且同时计及旋翼网格流场值时,计算得到的HSI噪声与实验值吻合最好.     

高速列车转向架舱风洞试验研究

针对高速列车转向架舱的几何外形特点,提取5个设计变量,设计了6种方案,对1∶8比例3编组带路基、轨道及转向架舱的高速列车模型进行了0°及-19.8°侧偏角风洞试验研究,分析了转向架舱不同设计变量对应的高速列车气动阻力特性,得到了各设计参数的减阻效果。研究表明:转向架舱内顶面采用曲面过渡,前后壁面采用倾斜壁,裙板采用全包裙板,减小内壁纵向长度等措施,可以减小列车的气动阻力。通过不同设计变量对列车气动阻力的影响度分析,表明0°及-19.8°侧偏角2种情况下内顶面倒角及内壁纵向长度均对列车气动阻力有重要影响,上述研究结果对列车局部减阻及外形优化具有参考意义。     

高速列车服役模拟建模与计算方法研究

高速铁路的出现,使得轮轨交通技术达到更高的层次.速度提升不仅对列车的牵引动力与动力学性能提出更高要求.而且,列车与线路、气流等运行环境的耦合作用加剧,并直接影响到了列车的运行品质和安全性.在高速列车发展初期,研究关注的是如何保证高速列车能高速、平稳和安全运行.随着运行速度的提高,系统间耦合加强,服役模拟也越来越受到重视.而今天,高速列车的服役模拟、健康管理与故障预警成为研究热点,掌握系统全局动态行为、了解微观局部振动是车辆系统动力学研究的方向.本文以高速列车服役模拟为需求,提出基于循环变量法的长编组列车建模与计算方法,实现任意列车编组的仿真,得到不同编组位置车辆的服役状态;提出滑移窗口的轨道建模与车线耦合计算方法,得到列车在任意长线路上运行的服役状态;提出基于时变参数的长期服役计算方法,实现列车在不同服役状态与服役时间的服役模拟.因此,基于本文提出的模拟方法,能够实现列车在不同寿命阶段的服役模拟,而且还可以应用于高速磁浮列车,甚至未来超高速真空管道磁浮列车.     

A hybrid approach for nonlinear computational aeroacoustics predictions

In many aeroacoustics applications involving nonlinear waves and obstructions in the far-field, approaches based on the classical acoustic analogy theory or the linearised Euler equations are unable to fully characterise the acoustic field. Therefore, computational aeroacoustics hybrid methods that incorporate nonlinear wave propagation have to be constructed. In this study, a hybrid approach coupling Navier–Stokes equations in the acoustic source region with nonlinear Euler equations in the acoustic propagation region is introduced and tested. The full Navier–Stokes equations are solved in the source region to identify the acoustic sources. The flow variables of interest are then transferred from the source region to the acoustic propagation region, where the full nonlinear Euler equations with source terms are solved. The transition between the two regions is made through a buffer zone where the flow variables are penalised via a source term added to the Euler equations. Tests were conducted on simple acoustic and vorticity disturbances, two-dimensional jets (Mach 0.9 and 2), and a three-dimensional jet (Mach 1.5), impinging on a wall. The method is proven to be effective and accurate in predicting sound pressure levels associated with the propagation of linear and nonlinear waves in the near- and far-field regions.     

汽车液压阻尼器的四段线性化模型

通过对现有某车用液压阻尼器的实验研究和车辆悬架系统动力学仿真研究，发现这种阻尼器的动力学特性存在复杂的非线性行为。为准确描述这类阻尼器的动力学特性和进行汽车悬架系统的动力学仿真研究，本文根据阻尼器的实验数据，提出一种新型四段线性化阻尼器模型，并建立其相应的数学模型。通过汽车悬架系统的动力学仿真研究表明，采用四段线性化阻尼器模型，汽车悬架系统簧载质量在不同路面不平度函数作用下的加速度响应和均方根加速度响应随频率变化不会出现大的波动。与等效线性化阻尼器模型相比，四段线性化阻尼器模型，能较好降低汽车悬架系统簧载质量的加速度响应和均方根加速度响应，有利于提高汽车乘坐舒适性和行驶稳定性，并为新型阻尼器设计提供一个新的思路。     

A Three-Dimensional Hybrid LES-Acoustic Analogy Method for Predicting Open-Cavity Noise

A three-dimensional (3D) hybrid LES-acoustic analogy method for computational aeroacoustics (CAA) is presented for the prediction of open-cavity noise. The method uses large-eddy simulation (LES) to compute the acoustic source while the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) acoustic analogy is employed for the prediction of the far-field sound. As a comparison, a two-dimensional (2D) FW-H analogy is also included. The hybrid method has been assessed in an open-cavity flow at a Mach number of 0.85 and a Reynolds number of Re=1.36×10⁶, where some experimental data are available for comparison. The study has identified some important technical issues in the application of the FW-H acoustic analogy to cavity noise prediction and CAA in general, including the proper selection of the integration period and the modes of sound sources in the frequency domain. The different nature of 2D and 3D wave propagation is also highlighted, which calls for a matching acoustic solver for each problem. The developed hybrid method has shown promise to be a feasible, accurate and computationally affordable approach for CAA.     

长编组高速列车的列车风动模型实验研究

列车风是高速列车运行时诱导产生的气流流动, 是列车空气动力学重要的研究内容和保证列车运行安全的重要方面. 本文利用缩尺比例为1\bh8的八编组高速列车模型进行了列车风的动模型实验,测试了明线运行状态下列车周围的流动参数,突破了短编组列车风动模型测试所带来的局限性.列车风系综平均曲线和标准差曲线说明: 列车头部会引起稳定的列车风,在车身和车尾处的列车风具有非常明显的非定常特征.列车风所反映的车身周围的气流扰动在第二节车厢开始显现, 列车风速振荡上升,在第七节车厢达到局部最大值.转向架舱和车厢间风挡间隙的气流干扰并没有在列车风曲线上表现出来.利用本征正交分解法分析列车风尾迹区的实验结果,发现列车风的扰动能量集中于近尾迹区, 次之是车身发展区.以各次实验结果中列车风的峰值位置距离车尾远近为条件,对列车风实验结果进行条件平均分析,表明列车尾涡生成时与列车风探针间的相对位置关系会影响列车风尾迹区的峰值形态.      

Numerical study of the noninertial systems: application to train coupler systems

Car coupler forces have a significant effect on the longitudinal train dynamics and stability. Because the coupler inertia is relatively small in comparison with the car inertia; the high stiffness associated with the coupler components can lead to high frequencies that adversely impact the computational efficiency of train models. The objective of this investigation is to study the effect of the coupler inertia on the train dynamics and on the computational efficiency as measured by the simulation time. To this end, two different models are developed for the car couplers; one model, called the inertial coupler model, includes the effect of the coupler inertia, while in the other model, called the noninertial model, the effect of the coupler inertia is neglected. Both inertial and noninertial coupler models used in this investigation are assumed to have the same coupler kinematic degrees of freedom that capture geometric nonlinearities and allow for the relative translation of the draft gears and end of car cushioning (EOC) devices as well as the relative rotation of the coupler shank. In both models, the coupler kinematic equations are expressed in terms of the car body and coupler coordinates. Both the inertial and noninertial models used in this study lead to a system of differential and algebraic equations that are solved simultaneously in order to determine the coordinates of the cars and couplers. In the case of the inertial model, the coupler kinematics is described using the absolute Cartesian coordinates, and the algebraic equations describe the kinematic constraints imposed on the motion of the system. In this case of the inertial model, the constraint equations are satisfied at the position, velocity, and acceleration levels. In the case of the noninertial model, the equations of motion are developed using the relative joint coordinates, thereby eliminating systematically the algebraic equations that represent the kinematic constraints. A quasistatic force analysis is used to determine a set of coupler nonlinear force algebraic equations for a given car configuration. These nonlinear force algebraic equations are solved iteratively to determine the coupler noninertial coordinates which enter into the formulation of the equations of motion of the train cars. The results obtained in this study showed that the neglect of the coupler inertia eliminates high frequency oscillations that can negatively impact the computational efficiency. The effect of these high frequencies that are attributed to the coupler inertia on the simulation time is examined using frequency and eigenvalue analyses. While the neglect of the coupler inertia leads, as demonstrated in this investigation, to a much more efficient model, the results obtained using the inertial and noninertial coupler models show good agreement, demonstrating that the coupler inertia can be neglected without having an adverse effect on the accuracy of the solution.     

AERODYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION OF HIGH-SPEED TRAIN BASED ON RBF MESH DEFORMATION

基于局部型函数三维参数化方法、改进的蚁群算法和改进的克里金（Kriging）代理模型,开展了列车头型的三维气动减阻优化设计研究。为了避免复杂几何外形大变形情况下千万量级网格的重复生成,提高高速列车头型优化设计的效率,引入了缩减控制点的径向基函数网格变形技术。优化结果表明：径向基函数网格变形技术在不降低网格质量的情况下可以有效缩短网格变形的时间消耗,能够用于复杂几何外形的气动优化设计;在给定的设计空间内,控制鼻锥外形的6个关键设计参数对列车气动阻力的影响呈单调递增关系;优化后,在满足约束条件的情况下,简化外形列车的整车气动阻力减小5.41%,头尾车减阻效果明显,中间车气动阻力基本不变。     

Influences of marshalling length on the flow structure of a maglev train

In this paper, transient numerical simulations of maglev trains of different marshalling lengths (2, 4, and 8-car group trains) were conducted in the open air and without wind. This was done by solving the three-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations using an SST K-ω double-equation IDDES turbulence model. The results were compared with the results of wind tunnel experiments to verify the feasibility of numerical simulation. The results show an increase in the marshalling lengths of the train affects the flow above and below the train. With the increase of the marshalling length, the position of the flow separation in the tail car is advanced. The turbulence generated by the average shear on the x, y-plane and the x, z-plane as a component of the turbulence of the wake region increases. The region that produces non-vorticial vorticity in the main vortex becomes narrow and moves towards tail car. The structural analysis of the wake indicates that the wake structure of the 8-car group train is quite different from the other two groups. Both the time-averaged slipstream and the gust analysis show that the maximum expected slipstream velocity at the track-side increases as the train marshalling length increases. At the platform height, the change in vertical position of the wake vortex structure of the 2, 4, and 8-car group trains caused the difference of the shear flow regions. This is why the maximum expected slipstream velocity generated by the 4-car group train at this position is largest. As the marshalling length of the train increases, the time-average drag and lift force coefficient of the tail car have a significant negative correlation.     

秦沈客运专线高速列车构架蛇行波标准差的试验研究

国内外大多采用轨道横向不平顺作为列车—桥梁(轨道)时变系统横向振动的激振源。实际上，引起此系统横向振动的因素很多，诸如轨道横向不平顺、车轮踏面锥度、轮轨缺陷、车轮与钢轨的制造误差、车辆质量及其载重的偏心等。仅仅考虑轨道横向不平顺，会忽略其他很多因素的影响。相反，机车车辆构架蛇行波反映了引起此系统横向振动所有因素的影响，同时还反映了轮轨实际接触状态。研究证明，构架蛇行波标准差是输入此系统横向振动的能量，因此，有关它的研究十分重要。本文根据秦沈客运专线高速列车(中华之星)构架蛇行波现场测试结果，采用工程概率数值分析方法，对高速列车构架蛇行波标准差进行了统计分析，得出具有99％概率水平的高速列车构架蛇行波标准差与车速的关系曲线，为高速列车—桥梁(轨道)时变系统横向振动随机分析激振源的确定提供了基础资料；同时还列出了具有代表性的高速列车构架蛇行波实测波形图。     

有限差分法模拟单位冲激函数声波在钻柱中传播

为实现声波为载波,钻柱为信道传输井下信息的目的,了解声波在钻柱中的传输规律是必要的. 将钻柱简化为理想周期性管结构,利用有限差分方法,对单位冲激函数声信号在钻柱中传播进行了模拟,分析接收信号时域及频域分布得出：响应信号持续时间较长,信号随时间增长衰减,且最大幅值较输入信号小;钻柱结构的信道为梳状滤波器结构;通带存在谐振尖峰,尖峰数量与钻杆及接头数量有关. 模拟结果与同类研究成果有较好的一致性.