采用不同黏性处理方法的宽无叶扩压器不稳定流动研究

径向无叶扩压器的全局稳定性可能受到核心主流失稳,出口回流与壁面边界层分离等因素影响,对于宽无叶扩压器,无黏核心主流与壁面边界层流动对不稳定扰动诱发的作用机理是当前研究的重点.本文首先通过数值计算获得了大宽度比孤立无叶扩压器平均流动,然后基于小扰动理论和周向均质假设,分别对欧拉方程与Navier-Stokes方程进行线性化,建立了基于无黏核心流动的稳定性分析方法,以及基于涡黏性与分子黏性的混合稳定性分析方法;通过与实验结果的对比,验证了混合稳定性分析方法预测所得流动失稳频率和全局直接模态的准确性;最后基于伴随方法获得了特征值的结构敏感性,揭示了不同黏性处理条件下宽无叶扩压器内全局不失稳扰动的源发区域.在只考虑核心主流的无黏条件下,宽无叶扩压器内流动不稳定扰动来源于流场中部,为二维的离心失稳;在同时考虑核心主流与边界层的作用时,宽无叶扩压器不稳定扰动不仅来源于扩压器流场中部的核心主流,壁面回流对于不稳定扰动的产生了重要影响.     

超声速边界层/混合层组合流动的稳定性分析

利用可压缩线性稳定性理论研究了超声速混合层考虑壁面影响流动时的失稳特性. 基本流场选取了具有不同速度特征的2 股均匀来流,进入存在上下壁面的流道中. 混合层与边界层的距离为1~3 个边界层厚度,其中壁面取为绝热壁. 分析了该流动在超声速情况下的稳定性特征,同时还讨论了不同波角下的三维扰动波的演化特点,并与二维扰动波进行了比较和分析. 研究结果表明,在此流动情况下,边界层流动和混合层流动的稳定性特征同时存在,并互有影响,其流动稳定性特征既有别于单纯的平板边界层,也有别于单纯的平面混合层,呈现出了新的稳定性特征.      

超声速边界层/混合层组合流动的稳定性分析简

利用可压缩线性稳定性理论研究了超声速混合层考虑壁面影响流动时的失稳特性. 基本流场选取了具有不同速度特征的2 股均匀来流,进入存在上下壁面的流道中. 混合层与边界层的距离为1~3 个边界层厚度,其中壁面取为绝热壁. 分析了该流动在超声速情况下的稳定性特征,同时还讨论了不同波角下的三维扰动波的演化特点,并与二维扰动波进行了比较和分析. 研究结果表明,在此流动情况下,边界层流动和混合层流动的稳定性特征同时存在,并互有影响,其流动稳定性特征既有别于单纯的平板边界层,也有别于单纯的平面混合层,呈现出了新的稳定性特征.     

用平均速度剖面法测量壁湍流摩擦阻力

用IFA300恒温热线风速仪精细测量风洞中不同雷诺数流动条件下的平板湍流边界层近壁区域对数律平均速度剖面．利用平板湍流边界层近壁区域的对数律平均速度剖面与壁面摩擦速度、流体黏性系数等内尺度物理量的关系和壁面摩擦速度与壁面摩擦切应力的关系,在准确测量平板湍流边界层近壁区域对数律平均速度剖面的基础上,测量平板湍流边界层的壁面摩擦阻力．实现了平板湍流边界层壁面摩擦阻力的无干扰或微小干扰测量．该种方法操作简便,不需要在流场中安装测力天平、传感器等复杂的测量装置,不需要对湍流边界层的壁面进行破坏,不会影响湍流边界层壁面附近区域原有的流场条件,是一种切实可行的测量平板湍流边界层壁面摩擦阻力的简便方法．     

任意回转面上,可压缩流动轴流式叶栅最佳壁面速度分布的计算方法

本文在边界层理论分析和叶栅损失计算的基础上,通过近代应用数学“最优控制论”的工具,首先提供了一个二元、不可压、稳定流动叶栅壁面最佳速度分布的理论计算方法。又通过一些转换的方法把它推广到了可压缩流动和任意回转面上。同时证明了二元不可压稳定流动叶栅壁面最佳速度分布经推广到可压缩流动任意回转面上去后,仍然是后者叶栅壁面的最佳速度分布。并且可以推广到二元扩压器,喷管以及轴对称细长旋成体表面最佳速度分布的计算。      

超音速/高超音速三维边界层的层流控制基金项目

根据可压缩黏性稳定性理论研究了壁面冷却和抽吸对超音速、高超音速三维边界层的层流控制作用.数值结果证明壁面冷却对第一模式起稳定作用,对第二模式有不稳定作用;壁面抽吸对第一、二模式都起稳定作用;直到Me＝7,导致绝热壁边界层转捩的始终是第一模式,Me≥6的冷却壁边界层则是第二模式对转捩起主导作用.壁面冷却能够推迟边界层转捩,但是和二维边界层相比壁面冷却对高速三维边界层的层流控制作用是很有限的.     

超音速／高超音速三维边界层的层流控制

根据可压缩黏性稳定性理论研究了壁面冷却和抽吸对超音速、高超音速三维边界层的层流控制作用。数值结果证明：壁面冷却对第一模式起稳定作用,对第二模式有不稳定作用;壁面抽吸对第一、二模式都起稳定作用;直到Me=7,导致绝热壁边界层转捩的始终是第一模式,Me≥6的冷却壁边界层则是第二模式对转捩起主导作用。壁面冷却能够推迟边界层转捩,但是和二维边界层相比壁面冷却对高速三维边界层的层流控制作用是很有限的。     

应用遗传算法求解二维扩压器壁面速度最优分布

将遗传算法应用于求解透平机械中的二维扩压器壁面最优化速度分布，该方法可以容易的求解出既满足在扩压器出口流动速度极小又保证壁面边界层不发生分离的最优速度分布。用该方法求取著名的Ｓｔｒａｔｆｏｒｄ实验条件下的二维扩压器最优速度分布，所得结果与该实验吻合良好。     

哈特曼边界层的初级稳定性分析

导电流体在法向外置磁场的作用下,在贴近壁面处会形成哈特曼边界层.哈特曼边界层的稳定性研究对电磁冶金过程和热核聚变反应冷却系统等相关设备的设计和运行都有着十分重要的意义.本文采用非正则模态稳定性分析方法,对两无限大绝缘平行平板内导电流体流动的稳定性进行了研究.通过在时间上迭代求解扰动变量的控制方程组和伴随控制方程组,获得了在磁场作用下初级扰动的增长情况及其空间分布形式,分析了磁场强度对最优扰动增长倍数G_max、最优展向波数β_opt和最优时刻t_opt的影响,并考察了上下两个哈特曼边界层之间的相互作用.结果表明,最优初始扰动的空间分布形式为沿着流场方向的漩涡,关于法向方向对称或者反对称.当哈特曼数Ha较大时(Ha>10),对称漩涡和反对称漩涡形式的初始扰动增长倍数基本相等;上下两个哈特曼边界层可以认为是彼此独立的,不会相互影响,此时最优扰动增长倍数G_max与局部雷诺数R的平方成正比,相应的最优展向波数β_opt和最优时刻t_opt均正比于哈特曼数Ha.当哈特曼数Ha较小时(Ha<10),反对称漩涡形式的初始扰动更为不稳定,其增长倍数大于对称漩涡的增长倍数,且上下两个边界层之间存在着一定的相互作用,并对整个流场的稳定性产生一定的影响.      

流场非均匀性对非平面激波诱导的Richtmyer-Meshkov不稳定性影响的数值研究

基于Navier-Stokes方程组,采用可压缩多介质黏性流动和湍流大涡模拟程序MVFT (multi-viscousflow and turbulence),模拟了均匀流场与初始密度呈现高斯函数分布的非均匀流场中马赫数为1.25的非平面激波加载初始扰动air/SF6界面的Richtmyer-Meshkov (RM)不稳定性现象。数值模拟结果表明,初始流场非均匀性将会影响非平面激波诱导的RM不稳定性演化过程。反射激波加载前,非平面激波导致的界面扰动振幅随着流场非均匀性增强而增大;反射激波加载后,非均匀流场与均匀流场条件下的界面扰动振幅差异有所减小。进一步,定量分析流场中环量分布及脉动速度统计量揭示了前述规律的原因。此外,还与平面激波诱导的RM不稳定性进行了简单对比,发现由于非平面激波波阵面区域的涡量与激波冲击界面时产生的涡量的共同作用,使得非平面激波与平面激波诱导的界面失稳过程存在差异。     

Laminar boundary layer on an oscillating wedge

A study is made of the nonstationary laminar boundary layer on a sharp wedge over which a compressible perfect gas flows; the wedge executes slow harmonic oscillations about its front point. It is assumed that the perturbations due to the oscillations are small, and the problem is solved in the linear approximation. It is also assumed that the thickness of the boundary layer is small compared with the thickness of the complete perturbed region. Then in a first approximation the influence of the boundary layer on the exterior inviscid flow can be ignored, and the parameters on the outer boundary of the boundary layer can be taken equal to their values on the body for the case of inviscid flow over the wedge. They are determined from the solution to the inviscid problem that is exact in the framework of the linear formulation. The wall is assumed to be isothermal. The dependence of the viscosity on the temperature is linear. Under these assumptions, the problem of calculating the nonstationary perturbations in the boundary layer on the wedge is a self-similar problem.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 4, pp. 146–151, July–August, 1980.     

Turbulence measurements in the inlet plane of a centrifugal compressor vaneless diffuser

Detailed flow measurements at the inlet of a centrifugal compressor vaneless diffuser are presented. The mean 3-d velocities and six Reynolds stress components tensor are used to determine the turbulence production terms which lead to total pressure loss. High levels of turbulence kinetic energy were observed in both the blade and passage wakes, but these were only associated with high Reynolds stresses in the blade wakes. For this reason the blade wakes mixed out rapidly, whereas the passage wake maintained its size, but was redistributed across the full length of the shroud wall. Peak levels of Reynolds stress occurred in regions of high velocity shear and streamline curvature which would tend to destabilize the shear gradient. Four regions in the flow are identified as potential sources of loss - the blade wake, the shear layers between passage wake and jet, the thickened hub boundary layer and the interaction region between the secondary flow within the blade wake and the passage vortex. The blade wakes generate most turbulence, with smaller contributions from the hub boundary layer and secondary flows, but no significant contribution is apparent from the passage wake shear layers.     

Velocity field and parametric analysis of a subsonic,medium-Reynolds number cavity flow

Cavity flows are a class of flows bounded by material structures, where a recirculation region is present, and they are found in many practical applications. In the present study, the interaction between a boundary layer and an open parallelepipedic cavity develops a Kelvin–Helmholtz-like instability coupled with the cavity recirculation. PIV measurements of the flow are carried out in two orthogonal planes inside the cavity, for different aspect ratios, incompressible flow conditions, and Reynolds numbers in the range 1,900–12,000. Mean velocity and second-order moments of velocity fluctuations reveal the flow morphology. For particular conditions, centrifugal instabilities appear that are induced by flow curvature due to wall confinement. The use of an identification criterion indicates the presence of pairs of counter-rotating vortices winded around the recirculation. A parametric analysis is conducted, and the inviscid Rayleigh discriminant provides the potentially unstable flow regions inside the cavity. Finally, a stability parameter considering the ratio between centrifugal destabilizing effects and stabilizing viscous effects is carried out and gives thresholds for the emergence of the centrifugal instability. The study draws to an end with a comparison with a well-documented lid-driven cavity flow.     

Investigation of the flows in axisymmetric and plane divergent channels with preseparation boundary layers on their walls

The method of matched asymptotic expansions is used to develop a procedure for constructing separationless plane and axisymmetric diffusers for incompressible high-Reynolds-number flows with a given pressure distribution over the diffuser surface and minimum friction losses. The problem for the region of interaction between the boundary layer and the inviscid outer flow is numerically solved and the effect of variation of the on-design flow parameters in the entry section on the diffuser flow parameters is studied.     

含尘离心风机中边界层对叶轮侵蚀的影响

本文采用二维可压缩紊流边界层计算模型,计算了离心风机内考虑边界层影响后的粒子轨迹和粒子与叶片表面的碰撞角、碰撞速度、磨损率沿叶片(相对弧长)的变化规律,计算结果表明:对于小直径的粒子,无粘流动假设是不合适的,计及边界层的影响,对于准确预测风机内的粒子轨迹和磨损是必不可少的。     

Measurements in the vaneless diffuser of a radial flow compressor

Results from an experimental study of flow behaviour at the inlet of a vaneless diffuser of a centrifugal compressor are presented. Measurements from a crossed hot-wire probe are given for operating points having inlet flow coefficients ranging from 0.006 to 0.019 at different Reynolds numbers. Instantaneous, time-averaged, and phase-averaged absolute velocity and flow angle at the diffuser inlet are deduced from the hot-wire signals after correction for mean density variations. These results show how flow behaviour varies in stable, rotating stall and surge regimes of compressor operation     

Absolute and Convective Instabilities in the Compressible Boundary Layer on a Rotating Disk

A numerical study has been undertaken to investigate the nature of inviscid instability of the three-dimensional compressible boundary layer flow due to a rotating disk. The compressible Rayleigh equation is integrated using a spectral Chebyshev-collocation method together with a fourth-order Runge–Kutta integrator. In the context of spatio-temporal stability analysis, the singularities of the resulting dispersion relation are determined and the ones that satisfy the Briggs–Bers pinching criterion have been selected. In certain finite parameter regions of eigenvalues (wave numbers and wave angles, for instance) it is found that by varying the Mach number, absolute instability occurs in the compressible boundary layer on a rotating disk. The range corresponding to the incompressible flow case given in Lingwood (1995) (ε between 14.615° and 38.114°) is verified. The results of Cole (1995) are also verified. The overall effect of compressibility is to reduce the extent of absolute instability at higher Mach numbers. The effect of heating the wall is to enhance the absolute instability properties, however, cooling the wall is found to decrease greatly the region of absolute instability regime for the range of Mach numbers studied. It is also shown in this study that for non-insulated walls a direct spatial resonance of the eigenmodes is possible and this raises the possibility of large local algebraic growth of perturbations being important in some instances. Received 15 October 1999 and accepted 10 December 1999     

Viscous and Inviscid Instabilities of Flow Along a Streamwise Corner

Here we consider the stability of flow along a streamwise corner formed by the intersection of two large flat plates held perpendicular to each other. Self-similar solutions for the steady laminar mean flow in the corner region have been obtained by solving the boundary layer equations for zero and nonzero streamwise pressure gradients. The stability of the mean flow is investigated using linear stability analysis. An eigensolver has been developed to solve the resulting linear eigenvalue problem either in a global mode to obtain an approximation to all the dominant eigenmodes or in a local mode to refine a particular eigenmode. The stability results indicate that the entire spectrum of two-dimensional and oblique viscous modes of a two-dimensional Blasius boundary layer is active in the case of a corner layer as well, but away from the cornerline. In a corner region of finite spanwise extent, the continuous spectrum of oblique modes degenerates to a discrete spectrum of modes of increasing spanwise wave number. The effect of the corner on the two-dimensional viscous instability is small and decreases the growth rate. The growth rate of outgoing oblique disturbances is observed to decrease, while the growth rate of incoming oblique disturbances is enhanced by the corner. This asymmetry between the outgoing and incoming viscous modes increases with increasing obliqueness of the disturbance. The instability of a zero pressure gradient corner layer is dominated by the viscous modes; however, an inviscid corner mode is also observed. The critical Reynolds number of the inviscid mode rapidly decreases with even a small adverse streamwise pressure gradient and the inviscid mode becomes the dominant one. Received 17 March 1998 and accepted 28 April 1999     

离心叶轮正冲角流场计算的边界层方法

本文使用stanitz快速分析法计算主流,用积分法计算带旋转和曲率的二维不可压湍流边界层.通过流量方程将两者紧密联系起来、同时求解,能够连续计算至分离区.可方便快速地用于估算离心叶轮在正冲角工况下的流场.     

On Tollmien–Schlichting-like waves in streaky boundary layers

The linear stability of the boundary layer developing on a flat plate in the presence of finite-amplitude, steady and spanwise periodic streamwise streaks is investigated. The streak amplitudes considered here are below the threshold for onset of the inviscid inflectional instability of sinuous perturbations. It is found that, as the amplitude of the streaks is increased, the most unstable viscous waves evolve from two-dimensional Tollmien–Schlichting waves into three-dimensional varicose fundamental modes which compare well with early experimental findings. The analysis of the growth rates of these modes confirms the stabilising effect of the streaks on the viscous instability and that this stabilising effect increases with the streak amplitude. Varicose subharmonic modes are also found to be unstable but they have growth rates which typically are an order of magnitude lower than those of fundamental modes. The perturbation kinetic energy production associated with the spanwise shear of the streaky flow is found to play an essential role in the observed stabilisation. The possible relevance of the streak stabilising role for applications in boundary layer transition delay is discussed.