同位素稀释-高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱法测定大气中多溴联苯醚和多溴联苯153

针对环境监测的特点和要求,建立了同位素稀释-高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱测定大气中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)和多溴联苯153(BB153)的方法。采用正己烷/二氯甲烷(1:1, v/v)及正己烷分别对PBDEs和BB153进行快速溶剂萃取,并通过复合硅胶柱净化。在校准曲线最高浓度的10%和90%加标水平下得到的天然内标的平均回收率分别为100%和104%,平均相对标准偏差(n=7)分别为5%和6%;二至十溴代联苯醚和BB153相应的¹³C同位素标准物质回收率在36.5%~133%之间;而一溴代联苯醚¹³C同位素标准物质回收率较差,可能是由于物化性质与其他化合物不同。在实际采样体积为300 m³的情况下,未发生污染物穿透现象;分析物检出限低于2×10^-4 ng/Nm³,提取内标回收率在56%~126%之间(一溴代联苯醚除外)。实验结果表明该方法能对化合物准确定量,适用于大气中二至十溴代联苯醚和BB153的分析。     

大流量采样高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱法测定大气中的多氯联苯和多溴联苯醚

建立了大流量空气采样高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱(HRGC/HRMS)同时分析测定大气样品中多氯联苯(PCBs)和多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的分析方法。结果表明在采样过程中污染物没有发生穿透。通过添加 13C同位素标准物质进行评价,PCBs和PBDEs的加标回收率分别为60.7%～121.4%和69.9%～140.4%,均符合美国环保署相关方法的要求。PCBs和PBDEs的方法检出限分别低于0.019 pg/m3和0.189 pg/m3;色谱分离效果良好,可以满足大气样品中PCBs和PBDEs的监测需要。     

加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取-层析柱净化法同时测定沉积物中多氯联苯、多溴二苯醚和有机磷阻燃剂

建立并优化了对沉积物中多氯联苯(PCBs)、多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)和有机磷酸酯阻燃剂(OPFRs)3种有机污染物同时测定的分析方法.采用加速溶剂萃取(ASE)法对沉积物样品进行萃取,并通过固相萃取与层析柱串联方法对样品进行净化.在优化的分析条件下,PCBs的平均加标回收率为104.1％ ～121.7％,PBDEs的平...     

气相色谱质谱法分析土壤中多溴联苯和多溴联苯醚类化合物

建立了气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)分析土壤中的18种多溴联苯(PBBs)和多溴联苯醚类(PBDEs)化合物的方法.利用快速溶剂萃取(ASE)技术和凝胶净化系统(GPC)进行土壤样品的前处理,(13)C标记物作为进样内标和替代标,采用电子轰击源气相色谱质谱法(GC-EI/MS )分析-溴至七溴代PBBs和PBDEs,负...     

高效液相色谱法测定电子电气产品中多溴联苯和多溴联苯醚

提出了高效液相色谱法测定电子电气产品中多溴联苯和多溴联苯醚含量的方法。普通塑料样品采用正己烷-丙酮(1+1)混合溶液作为提取溶剂进行微波萃取,含金属的塑料样品采用乙酸乙酯作为提取溶剂进行超声波萃取,提取液采用NUCLEODUR Sphinx RP C18色谱柱为分离柱分离,以不同体积比混合的水和乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,检测波长为226nm。多溴联苯和多溴联苯醚的质量浓度在0.2～50mg.L-1范围内与峰面积呈线性关系,测定下限(10S/N)在2.3～5.0mg.kg-1之间。     

高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱测定活性污泥中的多溴联苯醚

建立了利用高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱定量测定多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的方法,参与了测定PBDEs的国际比对实验,实验结果表明该法是可行的。对不同地区（北京、山东临沂、上海）的3个污水处理厂的活性污泥进行了索氏提取、多层复合硅胶柱分离,然后用所建立的方法测定了19种多溴联苯醚单体的含量。结果表明,北京某污水处理厂的活性污泥中PBDEs的总量高于其他两者。     

多溴联苯醚光化学降解

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是一类全球性的有机污染物,近年来由于其持久性、毒性和潜在的生物蓄积性而备受关注.光化学降解是环境中多溴联苯醚的重要归趋之一.本文综述了有机溶剂、水相和固相等不同介质中人工紫外光源和太阳光下PBDEs的光降解研究成果,不仅介绍了光源、反应介质、溴取代数目和取代型式对PBDEs光解速率和光解产物的影响,也包括了基于PBDEs光解的定量结构-性质关系,并展望了环境中PBDEs光化学行为的研究前景.     

贵阳市红枫湖底栖生物体中多溴联苯醚的初步研究

为了研究贵阳市红枫湖底栖生物体中多溴联苯醚(polybrominateddiphenyl ethers,PBDEs)的污染情况,通过索氏抽提、凝胶色谱柱和多层硅胶/氧化铝层析柱净化,对红枫湖底栖生物体中PBDEs的含量、分布模式、来源进行分析。结果表明,红枫湖样品中Σ18PBDEs为105.71～43902.73 pg/g(干重),各单体含量为1.05～20045.38 pg/g。红枫湖底栖生物体中PBDEs的污染尚处于较低水平。     

气相色谱法测定牡蛎中多溴联苯醚

利用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD),建立了牡蛎中11种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)同时测定方法。优化了气相法与质谱联用法仪器条件,考察了不同提取溶液、固相萃取柱、净化方式等前处理条件对提取和净化效果的影响。结果表明,GC-ECD对高溴组分更灵敏;牡蛎加标样品经正己烷-二氯甲烷(1:1,V/V)提取,弗洛里硅土柱-浓硫酸净化,GC-ECD测定,PBDEs各组分标准曲线线性良好(r 0. 998),二至九溴联苯醚和十溴联苯醚方法检出限分别为0. 05 ng/g和0. 1 ng/g,回收率范围为80. 3%～104%,相对标准偏差范围为3. 0%～12%。方法可用于牡蛎中二至十溴联苯醚同时检测。     

新型污染物多溴联苯醚和氰尿酸的光化学降解

由于在环境中的广泛分布和难降解特性,多澳联苯醚和氰尿酸这两种环境污染物近年来得到了广泛的关注.光化学方法能够成功降解这两种新型污染物.本文综述了使用光化学方法降解多溴联苯醚和氰尿酸的最新研究进展.介绍了在有机溶剂中和颗粒物表面多澳联苯醚的光化学分解,重点对二氧化钛光催化还原降解多溴联苯醚的反应途径及其机理,以及二氧化钛光催化分解氰尿酸的研究进行了总结,最后对光化学降解多溴联苯醚和氰尿酸的发展方向进行了展望.     

HRGC-LRMS测定垃圾焚烧炉布袋飞灰中的二噁英类物质

利用高分辨气相色谱-低分辨质谱(HRGC-LRMS)测定了某垃圾焚烧厂布袋飞灰中的二(口恶)英类物质,结果表明对于测定二(口恶)英类浓度相对较高的垃圾飞灰而言,采用HRGC-LRMS是一种可行的方法,回收率在74％～114％之间。该飞灰样品中以二(口恶)英为主,呋喃的含量相对较低,二(口恶)英／呋喃值为4.6,二(口恶)英类物质总量为211.7ng／g,折算到毒性当量为0.69ngI-TEQ／g。     

同位素稀释-HRGC-LRMS法测定环境样品中二噁英类多氯联苯

多氯联苯(PCBS)是一类具有209种同类物的高毒性、难降解、强脂溶性和生物累积性的持久性有机污染物,自从1966年Jensen首次在鹰和鲱鱼中发现PCBs后,现在已在世界各地不同的环境介质中都发现有PCBs的存在。早在20世纪70～80年代国际上就开发了一些环境样品中PCBs的分析方法。但这些方法基本上基于某一种或几种商业PCBs混合物来对环境中多氯联苯类物质进行评价的,由于该商业PCBs是数十种或上百种PCBs的混合物,所评价的对象中PCBs的结果并不能准确反映其环境危害性。另一     

土壤中PCDD/Fs、PBDD/Fs、PCBs与PBDEs同步分离测试方法的研究

建立了土壤样品中氯代二英、溴代二英、多氯联苯和多溴联苯醚四类化合物的同步分离前处理方法。应用硝酸银复合硅胶柱将四类化合物分成含氯(PCBs和PCDD/Fs)和含溴(PBDEs和PBDD/Fs)两大类,再用弗罗里硅土柱分别对PCBs和PCDD/Fs、PBDEs和PBDD/Fs进行两两分离,最终实现四类结构、性质相近化合物的完全分离。该方法的回收率和相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为PCDD/Fs:61%~83%,1.4%~14.2%;PBDD/Fs:71%~110%,2.8%~14.9%;PCBs:68%~92%,3.6%~15.2%;PBDEs:81%~87%,10.9%~17.4%。方法应用于土壤样品中四类化合物的同步分析,并与目前常用的分析方法进行比对,两者间的分析结果相差不大于12.5%,验证了方法的准确性和可靠性。     

Simultaneous determination of PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs and PBDEs in food

Established and comprehensively validated methodology for the analysis of PCDDs, PCDFs and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in food, animal feed and other matrices is presented. The method achieves the analytical standards of EU protocols (2002/69/EC and 2002/70/EC) that are used to determine the compliance of food and animal feed to maximum permissible levels of chlorinated dioxins in these commodities. The methodology provides WHO–TEQ data for dioxins and PCBs as well as individual concentrations for toxic PCDD/F congeners and >50 commonly occurring PCBs. In addition, the methodology allows the simultaneous determination of individual polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE) congeners. A wide range of ¹³Carbon-labelled surrogates allow accurate internal standardisation, and measurements are carried out using high resolution GC coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry except for mono-, tetra, ortho-substituted PCBs where unit resolution mass spectrometry can be used instead. Evidence of internal as well as external validation through the frequent use of reference materials, and successful participation in international inter-comparison exercises over many years is presented. A large number of different food types have been analysed for dioxins and PCBs using this methodology over several years and typical congener profiles for various food matrices are discussed.     

Determination of polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) in biological tissues with special emphasis on QC/QA measures

This paper gives an overview on the determination of PBDEs in biological tissues, such as human blood and milk, cow’s milk and fish with special emphasis on quality control and assurance measures which are mandatory and a prerequisite for a reliable determination of environmental pollutants at trace levels. First experiences in the determination of PBDEs have been gained nearly 20 years ago. Due to great progress in the development of analytical instrumentation, the applied GC/MS methods resulted in very low detection limits. Furthermore, because of unexpected findings in biological tissues, the determination of PBDEs became of growing importance in the past few years. The analysis of hundreds of samples demonstrated the need for extensive quality control/quality assurance (QC/QA) measures which will be reported in detail in the following.     

PVC化学链燃烧过程中二噁英生成研究

制备了负载硅溶胶的CaSO₄载氧体,并对其与CH₄、CO和H₂的反应特性进行了研究表征。采用管式炉实验系统,对PVC在基于CaSO₄载氧体的化学链燃烧和空气燃烧两种方式下,二噁英的生成特性进行了实验研究。结果表明,负载了硅溶胶的CaSO₄载氧体与CH₄、CO和H₂反应均接近完全转化,其中,与CH₄和H₂的反应时间显著短于CO。采用化学链燃烧方式可有效抑制PVC燃烧过程二噁英的生成,其生成量和毒性当量分别由空气燃烧中的34 172.5 pg/g及732.8 pg(I-TEQ)/g降到化学链燃烧的2 270.9 pg/g及290.2 pg(I-TEQ)/g,这主要是因为化学链燃烧过程中燃料与O₂不直接接触,显著减少了大分子碳结构的氧化断裂以及HCl向Cl₂的转化,从而抑制了二噁英的低温从头合成反应和前驱物生成反应。     

大气样品中氯代和溴代二噁英/呋喃同位素稀释分析方法的建立及应用

本研究结合已有的多氯代二噁英/呋喃(PCDD/Fs)分析方法,建立了多溴代二噁英/呋喃(PBDD/Fs)和PCDD/Fs的同位素稀释高分辨气相色谱-质谱联用(HRGC-HRMS)分析方法。样品抽提液经酸性硅胶床、多段硅胶柱、Florisil柱净化后,分别对其中8种2,3,7,8-PBDD/Fs和17种2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs进行测定。PBDD/Fs仪器分析条件:EI 模式,选择性离子监测,分辨率10000以上,电子发射能50 eV,灯丝电流0.75 mA;DB-5 MS柱(60 m×0.25 mm i.d.,0.25μm);进样口、离子源及传输线温度分别为250℃、250℃和305℃;载气,He(1.0 mL/min)。结果表明:平行标准样品分析相对标准偏差(RSD)≤10.3%;PBDD/Fs和PCDD/Fs回收率在73%~112%之间;标准参考样品测定平均值与标准值基本符合,平行样RSD≤12.0%。方法检出限:TBDF,0.25 pg/μL;TBDD,0.3 pg/μL;PeBDFs,0.5 pg/μL;PeBDDs,1.0 pg/μL;HxBDD/Fs,1.5 pg/μL;TCDD/Fs,0.5 pg/μL;PeCDD/Fs和HxCDD/Fs,2.5 pg/μL;HpCDD/Fs以及OCDD/Fs,5 pg/μL。测定某地区大气样品颗粒相中PBDD/Fs和PCDD/Fs浓度分别在1.01~2.43 pg/m3和6.19~10.8 pg/m3之间;气相中的浓度为0.036~0.801 pg/m3和1.37~12.1 pg/m3。     

Quantification of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in small amounts of human serum using the sensitive H1L7.5c1 mouse hepatoma cell line: optimization and analysis of human serum samples from adolescents of the Flemish human biomonitoring program FLEHS II

Since the CALUX (Chemically Activated LUciferase gene eXpression) bioassay is a fast and inexpensive tool for the throughput analysis of dioxin-like compounds in a large number of samples and requires only small sample volumes, the use of this technique in human biomonitoring programs provides a good alternative to GC-HRMS. In this study, a method for the separate analysis of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs) in human serum with the new sensitive H1L7.5c1 mouse hepatoma cell line was optimized.Sample dilution factors of 5 and 2.4 were selected for routine analysis of respectively the PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs. The validation studies showed that repeatability and within-lab reproducibility for the quality control (QC) standard were within the in-house criteria. A long-term within-lab reproducibility of 25% for the PCDD/F fraction and 41% for the dl-PCB fraction for the analysis of pooled serum samples, expressed as pg BEQ/g fat, was determined. CALUX recoveries of the spiked procedural blanks were within the acceptable in-house limits of 80-120% for both fractions and the LOQ was 30.3 pg BEQ/g fat for the PCDD/Fs and 14.5 pg BEQ/g fat for the dl-PCBs. The GC-HRMS recovery of a C13-spiked pooled serum sample was between 60 and 90% for all PCDD/F congeners and between 67 and 82% for the non-ortho PCBs. An adequate separation between both fractions was found. The CALUX/GC-HRMS ratio for a pooled serum sample was respectively 2.0 and 1.4 for the PCDD/Fs and the dl-PCBs, indicating the presence of additional AhR active compounds. As expected, a correlation was found between human serum samples analyzed with both the new H1L7.5c1 cell line and the more established H1L6.1c3 cell line. The geometric mean CALUX-BEQ values, reported for the adolescents of the second Flemish Environment and Health Study (FLEHS II) recruited in 2009-2010, were 108 (95% CI: 101-114) pg CALUX-BEQ/g fat for the PCDD/Fs and 32.1 (30.1-34.2) pg CALUX-BEQ/g fat for the dioxin-like PCBs.     

烟气中二噁英的催化降解*

催化降解是一种工业烟气的末端处理技术,该技术基于催化氧化还原反应能够实现烟气中二噁英（PCDD/Fs）在温和条件下的有效去除。目前研究较多的催化剂主要有两类：一类是Pt、Pd、Lr等贵金属型催化剂,另一类是V、Cr、W等过渡金属氧化物型催化剂。在实际应用方面,选择性催化还原（SCR）是目前最具有代表性的技术,采用V₂O₅/W(Mo)O₃-TiO₂催化剂能够同时脱除烟气中的PCDD/Fs和NO_x。本文阐述了贵金属和金属氧化物两种催化剂在温和条件下降解烟气中PCDD/Fs的反应机理和研究进展,并着重介绍了负载型V基催化剂降解PCDD/Fs的配方优化研究和影响因素,最后评述了SCR的应用情况和应用条件,以及在应用过程中催化剂的失活和中毒情况,并对该技术发展方向加以展望。