浅谈静电火灾的成因

 任何物体内部都带有电荷,一般状态下,其正、负电荷数量相等,对外不显出带电现象,但当两种不同物体接触或摩擦时,物体中的电子会越过界面,进入另一种物体内,产生静电。因它们所带电荷发生积聚时产生了很高静电压,当带有不同电荷的两个物体分离或接触时出现电火花,这就是静电放电现象。静电火灾是由静电放电而形成的,静电火灾成因非常复杂,给预防静电火灾发生带来了困难;但如明确其产生的条件,对静电火灾的防止具有一定的意义。静电火灾的形成主要由于同时具备以下条件而引起。一、产生静电的条件静电起电是物质在相互接触过程中电荷的分离和转移造成的。     

静电放电电磁脉冲的实验研究

 利用单极子天线对静电放电产生的电磁脉冲进行了实验研究。测量表明, 静电放电电磁脉冲辐射场为脉冲持续时间百纳秒的窄脉冲,但在距离放电源几米以内,其场强很大,典型值可达千伏每米量级, 其频谱主要分布在几十到几百兆赫,典型的频谱上限值可以达到几个吉赫。     

静电放电电磁脉冲的实验研究

利用单极子天线对静电放电产生的电磁脉冲进行了实验研究。测量表明, 静电放电电磁脉冲辐射场为脉冲持续时间百纳秒的窄脉冲,但在距离放电源几米以内,其场强很大,典型值可达千伏每米量级, 其频谱主要分布在几十到几百兆赫,典型的频谱上限值可以达到几个吉赫。     

火花点燃式发动机内燃烧不稳定性研究

为了发展高效、清洁的汽车发动机,需要进一步增大缸内压缩比。而压缩比的提高,使得敲缸现象无法规避。对于火花点火发动机,敲缸机理解释普遍接受的观点是末端混气自燃,但这种自燃如何能产生敲缸的机理尚不十分明确。为此,本研究以形成敲缸现象的最基本要素,即中心火花引燃的火焰面、末端壁面高压高温自燃区、两侧可反射压力波的壁面为物理模型,并基于详细化学反应机理和一维可压缩反应流模型,分别在热壁提前点火和末端混合气自燃模式下模拟得到氧燃料火花点燃式发动机的敲缸现象。本文分析了两种不同模式产生初始压力波的不同物理机制,并发现导致初始压力波被放大继而产生强敲缸现象的压力波和火焰的耦合作用机理。这样的耦合作用,使得火焰传播由扩散控制,转变为在敲缸发生时由扩散和压力波共同控制。     

气体火花开关初始放电等离子体演化过程

气体火花开关的初始放电过程对研究其工作状态有着非常重要的影响,通过基于网格粒子法-直接蒙特卡罗法(PIC-DSMC)耦合算法模拟了气体火花开关从放电开始到等离子体通道初步形成的完整过程,得到了电子和离子的数密度时空分布变化,分析了间隙中电场分布随时间变化规律,完整清晰地揭示了气体火花开关从放电初始到等离子体通道初步形成的物理过程,并初步开展了气体火花开关击穿过程的光学诊断实验,为进一步深入研究气体火花开关的物理机理打下了基础。     

火花离子源脉冲工作瞬间的放电行为

火花离子源是一种强流单次脉冲真空型离子源，它具有结构紧凑、工作压强低、束流大和可以随时立即工作等优点。火花离子源的工作物质以固体形式存在于离子源电极当中，在未工作时处于高真空状态，当放电开始时，在脉冲高压作用下，离子源电极之间发生火花放电并形成等离子体，同时得到相应的金属离子或者所吸留的气体元素离子。     

静电防护研究与进展

文章综述了形成静电危害的基本条件和静电放电作用机理、静电测试技术、静电放电理论模型与散电放电模拟技术及静电防护理论与技术等方面的研究现状和该领域当前研究的热点与进展。     

辉光放电触发赝火花开关实验研究

设计了一种辉光放电触发赝火花开关,进行了He气介质下的放电实验研究。测得了耐受电压和气压关系,结果表明：随着气压的升高,开关耐受电压减小;开关电极孔径为3 mm、电极间距为4 mm时的耐受电压约是电极孔径和电极间距均为3 mm时的85%。在电极孔径和电极间距均为3 mm时,研究了辉光放电电流、气压、触发电压等参数对开关时延、抖动的影响。结果显示：当辉光放电电流大于0.45 mA、气压为7～30 Pa、触发电压达到一定值,开关就能比较稳定地触发,时延短、抖动小。在辉光放电触发下,实现了开关耐受30.5 kV、时延223.2 ns的输出,并实现了开关抖动小于1 ns的稳定输出。     

辉光放电触发赝火花开关实验研究

设计了一种辉光放电触发赝火花开关,进行了He气介质下的放电实验研究。测得了耐受电压和气压关系,结果表明:随着气压的升高,开关耐受电压减小;开关电极孔径为3mm、电极间距为4mm时的耐受电压约是电极孔径和电极间距均为3mm时的85%。在电极孔径和电极间距均为3mm时,研究了辉光放电电流、气压、触发电压等参数对开关时延、抖动的影响。结果显示:当辉光放电电流大于0.45mA、气压为7～30Pa、触发电压达到一定值,开关就能比较稳定地触发,时延短、抖动小。在辉光放电触发下,实现了开关耐受30.5kV、时延223.2ns的输出,并实现了开关抖动小于1ns的稳定输出。     

适用于深亚微米NMOSFET ESD效应的非本地传输模型

分析了深亚微米NMOSFET在ESD应力下的非本地传输特性，分析说明了速度过冲效应可以增大漏端电流，改变器件特性. NMOSFET能量弛豫时间与器件中该点的电场、载流子速度和载流子能量密切相关，从而不能再近似为一个常数.利用蒙特卡罗仿真方法得到电子能量弛豫时间和电子高场迁移率与电子能量的关系表达式，并使用上述模型进行了ESD器件仿真，与实验结果的对比显示，使用该能量弛豫时间模型和高场迁移率模型可以得到准确的器件I-V曲线. 关键词： 静电放电 速度过冲 能量弛豫时间     

Simulations and experiments on the ignition probability in turbulent premixed bluff-body flames

The ignition characteristics of a premixed bluff-body burner under lean conditions were investigated experimentally and numerically with a physical model focusing on ignition probability. Visualisation of the flame with a 5 kHz OH* chemiluminescence camera confirmed that successful ignitions were those associated with the movement of the kernel upstream, consistent with previous work on non-premixed systems. Performing many separate ignition trials at the same spark position and flow conditions resulted in a quantification of the ignition probability P_ign, which was found to decrease with increasing distance downstream of the bluff body and a decrease in equivalence ratio. Flows corresponding to flames close to the blow-off limit could not be ignited, although such flames were stable if reached from a richer already ignited condition. A detailed comparison with the local Karlovitz number and the mean velocity showed that regions of high P_ign are associated with low Ka and negative bulk velocity (i.e. towards the bluff body), although a direct correlation was not possible. A modelling effort that takes convection and localised flame quenching into account by tracking stochastic virtual flame particles, previously validated for non-premixed and spray ignition, was used to estimate the ignition probability. The applicability of this approach to premixed flows was first evaluated by investigating the model's flame propagation mechanism in a uniform turbulence field, which showed that the model reproduces the bending behaviour of the S_T-versus-u′ curve. Then ignition simulations of the bluff-body burner were carried out. The ignition probability map was computed and it was found that the model reproduces all main trends found in the experimental study.     

高浓度氩气稀释对C2H2-2.5O2气体直接起爆临界能量影响的实验研究

 采用高压电点火进行直接起爆,通过放电过程中电流的输出信号确定起爆能量,实验测定了C₂H₂-2.5O₂气体和加入摩尔浓度为70%氩气的C₂H₂-2.5O₂混合气体直接起爆的临界起爆能量,研究了高浓度氩气稀释对C₂H₂-2.5O₂混合物临界起爆能量的影响。实验测得的混合物临界起爆能量实验值与Lee等人的表面积能量理论值基本吻合。研究表明：C₂H₂-2.5O₂气体和加入摩尔浓度为70%氩气的C₂H₂-2.5O₂混合气体的临界起爆能量均依赖于初始压力,并呈反相关指数关系;在相同实验条件下,高浓度氩气稀释极大提高了混合气体直接起爆的临界起爆能量。分析认为,由于临界起爆能量正比于诱导区长度的3次方,因此在相同初始压力下,高浓度氩气的稀释增加了C₂H₂-2.5O₂混合气体爆轰诱导区长度,并最终导致其临界起爆能量的显著上升。     

Electric ignition energy evaluation and the energy distribution structure of energy released in electrostatic discharge process

Ignition energy is one of the important parameters of flammable materials, and evaluating ignition energy precisely is essential to the safety of process industry and combustion science and technology. By using electric spark discharge test system, a series of electric spark discharge experiments were conducted with the capacitor-stored energy in the range of 10 J, 100 J, and 1000 J, respectively. The evaluation method for energy consumed by electric spark, wire, and switch during capacitor discharge process has been studied respectively. The resistance of wire, switch, and plasma between electrodes has been evaluated by different methods and an optimized evaluation method has been obtained. The electric energy consumed by wire, electric switch, and electric spark-induced plasma between electrodes were obtained and the energy structure of capacitor-released energy was analyzed. The dynamic process and the characteristic parameters(the maximum power, duration of discharge process) of electric spark discharge process have been analyzed. Experimental results showed that, electric spark-consumed energy only accounts for 8%–14% of the capacitor-released energy. With the increase of capacitor-released energy, the duration of discharge process becomes longer, and the energy of plasma accounts for more in the capacitor-released energy. The power of electric spark varies with time as a damped sinusoids function and the period and the maximum value increase with the capacitor-released energy.     

Spatial characterization of laser-induced sparks in air

Images and emission spectra of sparks produced by laser-induced breakdown in air were investigated as functions of the laser energy and optical configuration. The laser-induced breakdown was generated by focusing a 532-nm nanosecond pulse from a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The data were collected using an intensified CCD camera and a Cassegrain optics system coupled to an ICCD spectrometer. The results provided information about the first stages of laser-induced spark breakdown. Good reproducibility of the plasma location and shape was observed; these parameters depended largely on the optical configuration and plasma energy absorption rate. The high spatial resolution of the Cassegrain optics system was used to observe different ionization levels in the plasma kernel, which confirmed the electron cascade mechanism for plasma formation. The different ionization levels partially explained the asymmetry of the ignition induced by the plasma generation in gaseous mixture. Backward propagation of the plasma along the laser path was observed using the high spatial and temporal resolution of the experimental apparatus. The propagation was largely due to the thickness of the plasma relative to the laser wavelength, which created different ionization levels and energy absorption rates throughout the plasma. This observation was correlated with images obtained using the ICCD camera.     

静电放电火花产生的电磁场特征分析

静电放电(ESD)产生的电磁脉冲(EMP)会对电子系统的正常工作造成严重的干扰,甚至造成系统的损伤.故提出了一种修正的ESD火花电偶极子模型,并用此模型定性地分析了ESD火花产生的电磁场的特征,得出的-些结论对进一步研究ESD的电磁防护措施提供了有益指导.     

High efficiency and enhanced ESD properties of UV LEDs by inserting p-GaN/p-AlGaN superlattice

Significantly improved electrostatic discharge(ESD)properties of InGaN/GaN-based UV light-emitting diode(LED)with inserting p-GaN/p-AlGaN superlattice(p-SLs)layers(instead of p-AlGaN single layer)between multiple quantum wells and Mg-doped GaN layer are reported.The pass yield of the LEDs increased from 73.53%to 93.81%under negative 2000 V ESD pulses.In addition,the light output power(LOP)and efficiency droop at high injection current were also improved.The mechanism of the enhanced ESD properties was then investigated.After excluding the effect of capacitance modulation,high-resolution X-ray diffraction(XRD)and atomic force microscope(AFM)measurements demonstrated that the dominant mechanism of the enhanced ESD properties is the material quality improved by p-SLs,which indicated less leakage paths,rather than the current spreading improved by p-SLs.     

粉尘云电火花最小点火能的统计分析

基于统计分析的Logistic回归模型,应用以概率表示粉尘云最小点火能的计算方法,在容积为1.28L的Mike 3管内对不同浓度的烟酸粉尘-空气混合物进行了最小点火能测试实验,利用SPSS软件计算得到了各浓度下烟酸粉尘云点火成功概率为10%和50%时的最小点火能。结果表明,烟酸粉尘云最小点火能随浓度的增大呈现先减小后增大的趋势,最后保持在一定的能量范围内。与其他标准的计算结果相比,这种方法给出的结果更符合实际情况,也能满足不同生产环境对安全控制的需要。     

ESD qualification data used as the basis for building electrostatic discharge protected areas

ESD control programs that are based on the standards IEC61340-5-1 and ANSI/ESD S20.20 are targeted to provide safer handling of electronic parts now susceptible to damage by electrostatic discharge. However, ESD failures have occurred in EPA even when all standard control methods are met. To further improve EPAs, ESD control programs should be updated to cover all known common discharge scenarios, and multiple parallel ESD source parameters should be used to assess the level of ESD risks. In addition, a reliable ESD risk assessment should be based on discharge source circuit analysis and product sensitivity tests using the real discharge waveforms found in EPA.     

Characterization of a spark discharge for dust cloud ignition

Spark discharges are widely used to ignite flammable gases, liquids, or dust. For a better understanding of the interaction between the spark discharge and the ignited media (gas, liquid, or dust), it is necessary to measure some key parameters of the spark, especially the space‐time variation of its temperature. Determination of temperature gradients would allow a more precise and realistic simulation of the ignition process. In fact, electrons and particles in the discharge zone get their energy with increasing temperature before interacting with particles of the media to ignite the flame. In this study, optical emission spectroscopy of the spark discharge between two tungsten electrodes was performed. Assuming excitation balance between the WI lines, a Boltzmann plot after an Abel inversion gives the excitation temperature and its space‐time variation. For a 100‐μs time discharge, at 80‐μs delay, we measured 7,000 K at the centre of the column zone, 4,100 K at the centre of the cathode zone, and 3,600 K at the centre of the anode zone. Assuming a singly ionized tungsten plasma and excitation equilibrium, we used also the Saha–Boltzmann equation to calculate the plasma composition. The electron density at the column zone was about 3 × 10¹⁷ cm^?3, which is two orders of magnitude higher than in the rest of the spark.