硅酸锶粉体的溶胶-凝胶制备工艺及机理

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)和Sr(NO3)2为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备出高纯度的不规则形状硅酸锶粉体。利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜和差热-热重分析仪等研究了锶盐种类、水硅比和pH值对硅酸锶粉体的相结构、形貌和纯度的影响,探讨了溶胶-凝胶法制备硅酸锶粉体的反应过程与机理。结果表明:溶胶-凝胶法制备Sr2S iO4粉体的最佳工艺条件为:锶盐选择Sr(NO3)2,n(H2O)∶n(TEOS)∶n(EtOH)为24∶1∶5,pH值为3~4,煅烧温度为800℃。与传统高温固相反应法相比,该方法大幅度降低了煅烧温度,提高了粉体的纯度,同时能够减小最终获得的硅酸锶粉体粒径。     

莫来石陶瓷超滤膜的制备与表征

以正硅酸乙脂(TEOS)和Al(NO_3)_3·9H_2O为主要原料,聚乙烯醇(PVA)和甘油为添加剂,通过溶胶-凝胶法和浸渍涂覆法在管状α-Al_2O_3支撑体上制备莫来石陶瓷超滤膜.采用XRD、SEM、N2吸附法、渗透通量和截留分子量测定等方法对制备的超滤膜进行了结构和性能表征.结果表明,莫来石单相溶胶浓度为0.28 mol/L、pH=2.0、PVA和甘油加入量分别为1.5 wt;和6 wt;时,经三次涂覆和1200 ℃保温2 h烧成后,可获得表面结构均匀平整、不开裂的莫来石超滤膜;制备的莫来石超滤膜平均孔径为8.4 nm,厚度约1.8 nm,其平均纯净水渗透通量和聚乙二醇(PEG)截留分子量分别为46.8 L·m~(-2)·h~(-1)·(10~5 Pa)~(-1) 和9 kDa.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备CaCO3/SiO2复合粒子

采用复分解法制得纺锤形CaCO3,以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源,通过溶胶-凝胶法对其进行SiO2包覆改性,制备出CaCO3/SiO2复合粒子.通过改变反应温度、氨水用量和TEOS用量,探究了包覆改性的最佳工艺条件.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对样品的形貌、结构、物相、化学组成和包覆性质进行了分析和表征.结果表明:当温度为45℃,氨水用量为10 mL,TEOS用量为3 mL时,制备的复合粒子耐酸性最好.SiO2包覆不会改变CaCO3形貌与结构.在包覆界面处,SiO2通过形成Ca-O-Si化学键包覆于CaCO3表面.     

In2O3纳米粉体的制备及其气敏性能研究

以In(NO3)3·4.5H2O为原料,采用室温固相合成法、化学共沉淀法、均匀沉淀法、溶胶-凝胶法、微乳液法、水热法等六种不同方法制备In2O3纳米粉体.通过XRD、SEM、TEM等手段对粉体的物相、形貌、粒度等进行表征.结果表明,室温固相合成法、化学共沉淀法和水热法制备的粉体形貌为棒状,微乳液法、溶胶-凝胶法和均匀沉淀法制备的粉体形貌为粒径非常小的颗粒状.均匀沉淀法制备的In2O3气敏元件对Cl2具有最高的灵敏度,110 ℃工作温度下对100 ppm Cl2的灵敏度高达1175,且具有选择性好,响应-恢复时间短等特性.     

溶胶凝胶法陶瓷结合堆积磨料的制备与性能研究

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了球形陶瓷堆积600#SiC磨料,利用Zeta电位、SEM和FTIR等方法对样品进行分析表征.结果表明:600#SiC表面电荷大于240#SiC,说明前者具有更好的亲水性;酸性硅溶胶加入到铝溶胶中并没有引起聚沉;H3BO3对铝溶胶丁达尔现象影响较小;NaNO3、Zn(NO3)2、LiNO3会造成铝溶胶胶粒的长大,混合溶胶液粒径为545.4 nm;结合剂量为4wt;时,溶胶凝胶法低于干粉法陶瓷堆积磨料磨削粗糙度,Ra达到0.35 μm.     

非水解和水解溶胶-凝胶法制备TiO2薄膜的对比研究

分别采用非水解和水解溶胶-凝胶法制备TiO2薄膜,利用FTIR、TG-DSC和XRD等手段研究了薄膜形成过程中的溶胶-凝胶转变过程和相变化过程,并探讨了非水解和水解溶胶-凝胶法的微观反应机制.研究表明:非水解溶胶-凝胶法与水解溶胶-凝胶法制备TiO2薄膜的微观反应机制不同,水解溶胶-凝胶法是钛酸丁酯的Ti-O键合(TiOR)断裂形成水解产物Ti-OH,再经失水缩聚或是失醇缩聚反应形成Ti-O-Ti键合.而非水解溶胶-凝胶法是在不生成Ti-OH的情况下,利用Ti-Cl与Ti-OR通过亲核反应直接缩聚反应产生Ti-O-Ti键合.非水解溶胶-凝胶法制备的TiO2薄膜开始出现金红石相的温度为750℃,明显高于水解溶胶-凝胶法制备的TiO2薄膜.     

单分散二氧化硅微球的制备及表面化学修饰

采用St(o)ber法在醇-水混合体系中,以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)作为硅源,在氨水催化作用下制备SiO2纳米微球,分析了不同浓度的氨水、TEOS、乙醇和温度对SiO2微球形貌及粒径的影响,并利用透射电镜对其形貌和粒径进行表征.最后引入具有疏水基团的十六烷基三甲氧基硅烷对SiO2微球表面进行修饰,并采用FT-IR和测量接触角对修饰的SiO2微球进行分析.结果表明:SiO2微球粒径随氨水浓度的增加而增大;随TEOS、乙醇浓度和温度的升高先增大后减小;并通过FT-IR和测量接触角证明疏水基团成功接枝到SiO2微球表面.     

WO3-TiO2-ZnO溶胶的制备及其光致变色性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法分别制备了WO3,TiO2和ZnO溶胶,在此基础上以一定比例混合后形成WO3-TiO2-ZnO和WO3-TiO2溶胶.利用透射电镜和紫外-可见分光光度计对其进行了表征.结果表明,WO3-TiO2-ZnO溶胶粒子尺寸分布在10～25 nm范围,WO3-TiO2-ZnO溶胶比WO3溶胶和WO3-TiO2溶胶具有更好的光致变色性能.用500 w汞灯照射80s后,WO3-TiO2-ZnO溶胶由无色变为蓝色,变色后的溶胶在无光照6h左右后由蓝色恢复到无色,具有很好的光致变色行为的可逆性.     

多孔BaTiO3的制备及多孔BaTiO3/PVDF复合材料性能研究

采用溶胶凝胶法,以聚环氧乙烷-聚环氧丙烷-聚环氧乙烷三嵌段共聚物(P123)为模板剂,经80℃反应制备了BaTiO3溶胶,向溶胶中加入100 nm实心BaTiO3得到多孔BaTiO3前驱体,经550℃煅烧得到多孔BaTiO3,用偶联剂改性多孔BaTiO3;用溶液浇铸法制备BaTiO3/PVDF复合材料.采用TEM、氮吸附比表面测试仪、精密阻抗分析仪和超高压耐压测试仪表征粉体形貌及复合材料性能.实验结果表明:多孔BaTiO3颗粒直径为120 nm,比表面积46 m2·g-1,当多孔BaTiO3添加量10vol;时,复合材料介电常数达到21.4,场强达到261 kV/mm,该复合材料在高储能电容器材料具有应用潜力.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备Nd:GGG透明陶瓷纳米粉体

溶胶-凝胶法制备出Nd3+∶Gd3Ga5O12(Nd:GGG)透明陶瓷纳米粉体.以TG-DTA、红外光谱、XRD、TEM、电子衍射和电子能谱等测试手段,对前驱体及烧成粉体的结构和形貌进行了研究.结果表明,Nd∶GGG超细粉体的最佳烧成温度为1000℃,粉体样品粒度小、粒径均匀,在70～100nm之间.     

Triethyl ammonium salt of O,O′-bis(p-tolyl)dithiophosphate, [Et3NH]+[(4-MeC6H4O)2PS2]−

Triethyl ammonium Salt of O,O′-bis(p-tolyl)dithiophosphate and O,O′-bis(m-tolyl)dithiophosphate have been obtained by reaction of p- and m-cresol, respectively with P₂S₅ in toluene and have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR, ¹H and ³¹P NMR spectroscopy. The molecular structure of O,O′-bis(p-tolyl)dithiophosphate has been determined. Crystal data: [Et₃NH]⁺[(4-MeC₆H₄O)₂PS₂]⁻: Monoclinic, P2₁/c, a=15.2441(9) ?, b=10.415(2) ?, c=3.9726(9) ?, β=91.709(7)°, V=2217.5(1) ?⁻³, Z=4.Supplementary materials Additional material available from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC no. 600927 for [Et₃NH]⁺[(4-MeC₆H₄O)₂PS₂]⁻ comprises the final atomic coordinates for all atoms, thermal parameters, and a complete listing of bond distances and angles. Copies of this information may be obtained free of charge on application to The Director, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 2EZ, UK (fax: +44-1223-336033; email: deposit@ccdc.cam.ac.uk or www:http://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk).     

First-principles coexistence simulations of supercooled liquid silicon

We perform first-principles coexistence simulations of the low-density and the high-density phases of supercooled liquid silicon and find a negative slope for the coexisting line in the temperature-pressure plane. Electron density maps and electron-localization function plots of the two phases of silicon show marked differences. The calculated differences suggest more localized electrons in the low-density liquid compared to the high-density liquid, coming from an increased population of covalent bonds, which further explain the calculated negative slope in the two phase coexistence regime. This is consistent with the presence of a pseudo-gap in low-density liquid silicon, absent in the high-density liquid which shows a metallic behavior.     

Crystal structures of thecis andtrans isomers of dithiahexahydro[3.3]metacyclophane

Structures of both thecis andtrans isomers of dithiahexahydro[3.3]metacyclophane, ?C₆H₄?CH₂SCH₂?C₆H₁₀?CH₂SCH₂?, have been determined, wherecis andtrans refer to the attachments to the cyclohexane ring. Thecis form crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupP2₁/c witha=8.4299(11)Å,b=21.772(2)Å,c=8.9724(13)Å, β=116.574(11)^o, andZ=4. Thetrans isomer packs into the monoclinic space groupP2₁ witha=8.159(16)Å,b=10.185(5)Å,c=9.558(2)Å, β=112.435(18)^o, andZ=2. The cyclohexane ring of thecis isomer is in the chair conformation, while the cyclohexane of thetrans isomer is found in a twisted boat conformation.     

CTAB与SDBS对碳酸锶粒子生长形态调控及机理研究

以表面活性剂CTAB和SDBS为化学添加剂,采用化学共沉淀法对碳酸锶晶体的生长形态进行调控,成功地制备出了实心的树枝状和花瓣为空心的花状碳酸锶粉体,并用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)等分析手段对样品进行了表征;最后重点对化学添加剂可能产生的影响机理进行了初步的探讨.结果表明,CTAB和SDBS在晶体生长的过程中能起到显著的影响作用,两者对粒子分散性能的作用效果相反,而且后者对晶体(013)和(213)晶面表面能降低的贡献明显大于前者.     

Crystal structure of Zn4Na(OH)6SO4Cl·6H2O

The structure of Zn₄Na(OH)₆SO₄Cl·6H₂O, a secondary mineral from Hettstedt, Germany, was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystals are hexagonal,a=8.413(8),c=13.095(24) Å, space group $P\bar 3$ , Z=2. The structure was refined to R=0.0554 and R_w=0.0903 for 970 reflections with I≥3σ(I). The structure can be described as zinc hydroxide layers perpendicular toc, from which sulfates and chlorides extend. The layers are held together by a system of hydrogen bonds involving hexaaquo Na⁺ ions which occupy the interlayer space.     

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of 5-[2-(6-bromonaphthalenyloxymethyl)]-3-(4-morpholinomethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3<Emphasis Type="Italic">H</Emphasis>)-thione

Abstract  The title compound, C₁₈H₁₈BrN₃O₃S, a derivative of 1,3,4-oxadiazole, crystallizes in the triclinic space group P-1 with unit cell parameters a = 6.8731(3), b = 8.9994(4), c = 15.7099(6) ?, α = 92.779(3)°, β = 130.575(3)°, γ = 107.868(4)°, Z = 2. The dihedral angle between the mean planes of the planar naphthyl and morpholine (chair) rings with the planar oxadiazol ring is 50.1(8) and 76.8(6)°, respectively. The planar naphthyl ring is twisted 52.2(5)° with the mean plane of the morpholine ring. A group of four intermolecular close contacts are observed between a bromine atom and hydrogen atoms from the closely packed naphthyl, morpholine and oxy–methyl groups in the unit cell. These molecular interactions in concert with an additional series of π–π stacking interactions that occur between the center of gravity of the two 6-membered rings of the naphthalene group influence the twist angles of each of these three groups. A MOPAC AM1 calculation of the conformation energy of the crystal structure [226.0128(9) kcal] compared to that of the minimum energy structure after geometry optimization [29.9744(1) kcal] reveals a significantly reduced value. The twist angles of the three groups above also change after the AM1 calculation giving support to the influence of both intermolecular C–H···Br short-range interactions and Cg π–π stacking interactions on these angles which therefore play a role in stabilizing crystal packing. Graphical Abstract  Crystal structure of 5-{[(6-bromonaphthalen-2-yl)oxy]methyl}-3-(morpholin-4-ylmethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thione, C₁₈H₁₈BrN₃O₃S, is reported and its geometric and packing parameters described and compared to a MOPAC computational calculation. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Crystal structure of irisolidone from the flowers of Pueraia lobata

Irisolidone (5,7-dihydroxy-6,4′-dimethoxyisoflavone) was isolated from the flowers of Pueraia lobata and its crystal structure was examined by X-ray single crystal diffraction. The crystal structure of irisolidone is monoclinic, space group P2₁/c with a = 15.491(9) ?, b = 7.895(4) ?, c = 13.321(7) ?, β = 110.546(9)° and Z = 4. Hydrogen bonding and aromatic π–π stacking assemble the title compound into a three-dimensional networking structure.     

Synthesis of spinacine and spinacine derivatives: crystal and molecular structures of Nπ-hydroxymethyl spinacine and Nα-methyl spinaceamine

The natural amino acid L-Spinacine (4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine-6-carboxylic acid) has been synthesized following a new pathway which gives a chemically and optically pure product with an excellent yield. The crystal structures of a synthetic intermediate, N^π-hydroxymethyl-spinacine, and a spinacine derivative, N^α-methyl-spinaceamine, have been investigated through X-ray diffraction: Spi(πMeOH)·H₂O, monoclinicP2 _i,a=8.571(1),b=6.682(1),c=8.588(1) Å, and β=94.67(1)^o. Spm(αMe)·2HCl·H₂O, triclinicP l,a=7.492(4),b=10.799(3),c=7.040(2) Å, α=91.88(2), β=98.36(3) and γ=73.34(3)^o. Spi(πMeOH) crystallizes with a water molecule and displays a zwitterionic character. The carboxylate group is in equatorial position and forms a short electrostatic interaction of 2.618(2) Å between one of its oxygens and the protonated nitrogen of the tetrahydropyridine ring. The crystal packing is assured by strong O?H???O, O?H???N, N?H???N intermolecular hydrogen bonds and C?H???O close contacts. The biprotonated compounds Spm(αMe) crystallizes with two Cl^? anions and a water molecule. The positive charge on the imidazole ring is delocalized on the conjugated moiety N=C?N. The crystal is built up by clusters formed by two biprotonated Spm(αMe) molecules, four Cl^? anions and two water molecules linked together by hydrogen bonds.