Synthesis and activity of macrocyclized chiral Mn(III)-Schiff-base epoxidation catalysts

A series of chiral macrocyclic Mn(III)Salen complexes has been prepared with two salicylidene moieties linked in their 3 and 3′ positions by aliphatic polyether bridges of variable lengths or by a more rigid aromatic junction arm. X-ray structures of ligand precursors and of complex 8 have been performed. All complexes have been used in the asymmetric epoxidation of 1,2-dihydronaphthalene with NaOCl as oxygen atom donor and exhibited modest enantiomeric excesses. Complex 10 was selected to be tested with two cis-disubstituted olefins and several oxidants, namely NaOCl, PhIO and n-Bu₄NHSO₅. 2,2′-Dimethylchromene oxide was obtained from 2,2′-dimethylchromene with ee values of 56% and 74% when using 10 and NaOCl and PhIO, respectively.     

Homogeneous and heterogeneous olefin epoxidation catalyzed by a binuclear Mn(II)Mn(III) complex

The synthesis and characterization of a binuclear carboxylated bridged manganese complex containing the heptadentate ligand N,N′-bis(2-hydroxybenzyl)-N,N′-bis(2-methylpyridyl)-2-ol-1,3-propanediamine (H₃bbppnol) is reported. This complex was characterized by elemental analysis; infrared, electronic (UV–vis) and EPR spectroscopy; and conductivity measurements. The complex was immobilized on silica by either adsorption or entrapment via a sol–gel route. The obtained solids were characterized by thermogravimetric analyses (TG and DSC), UV–vis and infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The catalytic performance of the binuclear manganese complex in epoxidation reactions was evaluated for both homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. The catalytic investigation revealed that the complex performs well as an epoxidation catalyst for the substrates cyclohexene (26–39%) and cyclooctene (29–74%). The solids containing the immobilized complex can be recovered from the reaction medium and reused, maintaining good catalytic activity.     

Mn(III) complexes with tridentate N,N,O-ligands as catalysts for the epoxidation of alkenes

Mn(III) complexes with tridentate Schiff bases have been prepared and applied as catalyst precursors in epoxidation of alkenes using iodosobenzene as an oxidant providing high conversions and high selectivities when cyclohexene derivatives were studied.     

Catalytic epoxidation of cyclohexene by covalently linked manganese porphyrin–viologen complex

When a viologen-linked Mn(III)porphyrin complex with a short methylene-chain, in which a viologen is covalently linked by the methylene-chain into one phenyl group of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinatomanganese(III)chloride (Mn(III)(tpp)Cl), was used as a catalyst for a monooxygenation of cyclohexene in an air-equilibrated acetonitrile solution containing insoluble zinc powder as a reductant, more cyclohexene oxide was obtained as a single product than when Mn(tpp)Cl was used as a catalyst. Benzoic acid as a cleaving reagent of the dioxygen double-bond and 1-methylimidazole as a ligand to Mn porphyrin were further contained in the reaction mixture. This result implies that the viologen moiety in the viologen-linked Mn(III)porphyrin acted effectively as a mediator for electron transfer from zinc powder to the Mn(III)porphyrin moiety in the epoxidation cycle activating molecular dioxygen reductively. Though Mn(tpp)Cl was remarkably demetallated by H⁺ ion from benzoic acid during the epoxidation reaction in the mixed system of Mn(III)(tpp)Cl and viologen, the demetallation of the viologen-linked Mn porphyrin with the short methylene-chain was partly prevented because the reduction of a Mn(II)porphyrin-dioxygen adduct was easily caused by fast intramolecular electron-transfer between the two moieties of the viologen and the Mn porphyrin, proceeding the epoxidation cycle smoothly.     

Cobalt complex in a room temperature ionic liquid: A convenient recyclable reagent for catalytic epoxidation of cyclic alkenes

Co-catalyzed epoxidation of cyclic alkenes proceeds in ionic liquid media (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate). Epoxidation of the alkenes to respective epoxides was greatly accelerated by the use of a cobalt-based catalyst in the presence of H₂O₂ as an oxidant. The catalyst in ionic liquid [Emim]PF₆ was recycled and reused for about seven times.     

Spectrometric,catalytic, and antimicrobial studies of mononuclear Ru(III) Schiff-base complexes

A series of air stable low spin Ru(III) complexes, [RuX₂(EPh₃)(L)] (where X = Cl or Br; E = P or As; L = monobasic tridentate Schiff-base ligand), have been synthesized by reacting [RuCl₃(PPh₃)₃], [RuCl₃(AsPh₃)₃], and [RuBr₃(PPh₃)₃] with the Schiff base in 1 : 1 molar ratio in benzene. These complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV-Vis, and EPR spectroscopy together with magnetic susceptibility. The redox behaviors of the complexes have been investigated by cyclic voltammetric technique. Catalytic efficiency of the ruthenium complexes was determined for aryl–aryl coupling and the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols into their corresponding aldehydes and ketones in the presence of molecular oxygen as co-oxidant. All complexes were screened for antibacterial activity.     

以Mo-EDTA为钼源直接水热合成Mo-MFI分子筛及其催化环己烯环氧化性能

环氧化物是一种重要的有机化工原料,广泛应用于合成化学、聚合物合成、食品化学、药物化学等领域中.烯烃催化环氧化反应是制备环氧化物的主要方法.一些均相钼配合物催化剂对烯烃环氧化反应表现出较好的催化性能.然而均相催化剂在实际生产中存在与产物分离困难、不易循环利用等问题.为解决上述问题,研究人员采用不同策略将各种钼配合物负载在固体载体上,制备出活性相对较高的多相钼配合物催化剂.然而,这类负载型钼配合物催化剂在以双氧水为氧化剂的反应体系中普遍存在活性组分易于流失的问题,导致催化剂的稳定性相对较差.因此,设计制备具有高活性和高稳定性的多相钼基烯烃环氧化催化剂具有重要的科学意义和实用价值.将过渡金属引入到具有MFI型拓扑结构的微孔分子筛的骨架上能够制备出具有高活性和高稳定性的杂原子分子筛催化剂.例如,采用直接水热法合成的钛硅分子筛(如TS-1)对以双氧水为氧化剂的小分子烯烃(如丙烯)环氧化反应表现出非常高的活性和稳定性.受这一研究结果启发,研究人员还开展了水热法合成Mo原子取代的MFI型分子筛(Mo-MFI).然而,由于Mo的离子半径较大(与Si相比),且合成体系中的Mo物种在碱性条件下易于发生沉淀,导致引入到分子筛骨架或孔道中的Mo含量极低.本文以Mo-EDTA配合物为钼源,四丙基氢氧化铵为模板剂,正硅酸乙酯为硅源,采用一步水热法合成了系列具有不同钼含量的Mo-MFI-n分子筛(n代表初始Si/Mo摩尔比).结合X-射线粉未衍射、红外光谱、紫外-可见吸收光谱、拉曼光谱、透射电子显微镜等表征技术对分子筛的结构、组成和Mo物种的状态进行了研究.结果表明,使用Mo-EDTA作为钼源有利于在分子筛骨架和孔道中引入更多的Mo物种;EDTA2?独特的配位能力使其在分子筛生长过程中能够有效调节Mo物种的释放率,并与硅物种缩合的速率匹配,从而使更多的Mo物种被引入到分子筛骨架中;同时也会有少量的Mo物种以骨架外Mo团簇的形式分布在分子筛的孔道内或孔口附近.通过以双氧水为氧化剂的环己烯环氧化反应考察了所制备的Mo-MFI-n催化剂的性能.经组分优化的Mo-MFI-50(初始Si/Mo摩尔比为50)催化剂能够在较温和的条件下有效地将环己烯转化为相应的环氧化物.在75℃下反应9 h后,环己烯转化率和环氧化物选择性分别高达93％和82％,性能明显优于传统水热法合成的Mo-MFI分子筛.此外,反应后的Mo-MFI-50分子筛催化剂通过简单的过滤而不需要焙烧处理就可多次重复利用,表现出较高的结构稳定性和循环性.     

Synthesis, characterization and crystal structures of new bidentate Schiff base ligand and its vanadium(IV) complex: The catalytic activity of vanadyl complex in epoxidation of alkenes

The Schiff base ligand N-salicylidin-2-bromoethylimine (L) and its vanadium(IV) complex, VOL₂ (1), were synthesized and characterized by using X-ray, CHN, ¹H NMR and FT-IR methods. X-ray analysis shows the Schiff base ligand L acts as a bidentate (O, N) chelating ligand and coordinates via imine nitrogen and phenolato oxygen atoms to the V(IV) center. The coordination geometry around the V(IV) center in 1 is approximately square pyramidal, as indicated by the unequal metal-ligand bond distances and angles, with the basal plane formed by the N₂O₂ donors of the two bidentate Schiff base ligands, the two phenolato O atoms and the two imine N atoms are in the trans position. The coordination sphere of the V(IV) is completed by one oxygen atom in apical position. In the Schiff base ligand, L, there are some classical intramolecular O1-H1?N1 and non-classical intermolecular C9-H9b?O1 hydrogen bonds, while in 1, there are two non-classical intermolecular C7-H7?O3 and C8-H8b?O3 hydrogen bonds. The catalytic activity of 1 in epoxidation of cyclooctene was investigated in different conditions to obtain optimum conditions. The effects of solvent, oxidant, catalyst concentration and alkene/oxidant ratio were studied and the results showed that in CCl₄ in the presence of tert-butylhydroperoxide in 1:3 alkene/oxidant ratio, high epoxide yield was obtained. The epoxidation of alkenes was also carried out in optimized conditions that high catalytic activity and selectivity were obtained.     

Microwave-assisted epoxidation of hindered homoallylic alcohols using VO(acac)2: application to polypropionate synthesis

The VO(acac)₂ catalyzed epoxidation of hindered homoallylic alcohols was conducted under microwave irradiation in an open vessel using toluene as solvent. The reaction time for the epoxidation of a series of cis- and trans-2-methyl-3-alkenols was dramatically reduced from 6 to 10 days to less than 3 h when compared to conventional heating. The cis alkenols exhibited very high diastereoselectivity. The more elaborated polypropionate precursors 12, 14 and 16 were epoxidized in good yield and excellent diastereoselectivities using the microwave-assisted epoxidation technique described here, which is safe and suitable for multi-gram scales.     

A mechanistic study on oxidation of benzylic alcohols with PPh4HSO5 catalysed by manganese(III) porphyrins in homogeneous solution

The oxidation of variously ring-substituted 1-phenylethanols with Ph₄PHSO₅ catalysed by Mn(TMP)Cl and Mn(TDCPP)Cl in the presence of 4-tert-butylpyridine was studied in 1,2-dichloroethane homogeneous solution. The process leads only to C–H bond cleavage products, namely acetophenones. The oxidation rates are independent of the substrate concentration and, when Mn(TMP)Cl is the catalyst, even of the substrate nature. By increasing the concentration of 4-tert-butylpyridine, which acts as an axial ligand of the catalyst, a bell-shaped curve for the rate constants trend is observed. Hammett plots obtained by changing the substituents on the phenyl ring of the benzylic alcohol give different ρ values depending on the technique employed for rate constants determination, i.e., individual or competitive experiment. The observations reported above, together with a KIE of 2.5 in 1- -1-phenylethanol oxidation measured by competitive experiment, are rationalised on the basis of a mechanistic scheme in which the oxo-manganese derivative is formed in the rate determining step of the catalytic process. Furthermore, it is suggested that alcohol dehydrogenation proceeds through a hydride abstraction involving an alcohol-oxo-porphyrinato complex.     

Studies of the catalytic activity of Fe(III)(salen) complexes as epoxidation catalysts

Two new Fe(III)(salen) complexes, FeL¹ClO₄·2H₂O (1) and FeL²ClO₄ (2) [L¹ = N,N′-ethylenebis(3-formyl-5-methylsalicylaldimine) and L² = N,N′-cyclohexenebis(3-formyl-5-methylsalicylaldimine)], have been synthesized and characterized. The catalytic activity of the complexes for epoxidation of alkenes has been investigated in the presence of two terminal oxidants PhIO and NaOCl, with two solvents CH₃CN and CH₂Cl₂. As alkenes styrene and (E)-stilbene have been chosen for investigation; styrene is a better substrate than electron-rich (E)-stilbene. The study also suggests that unlike their Mn(III) counterparts, 1 and 2 are poor epoxidation catalysts; catalysis proceeds with formation of one intermediate, rather than forming more than one intermediate depending on the terminal oxidant used. Use of exogenous neutral donor ligands such as Py, PyNO and 1-MePy is effective to improve catalytic behavior.     

咪唑基介孔有机硅材料固载磷钼酸催化剂的制备及烯烃环氧化性能

以含有咪唑阳离子的周期性介孔有机硅（PMO-ILs）材料为载体,制备了一类固载化磷钼酸（PMA）多相催化材料（PMA@PMO-ILs）,并采用N₂吸附-脱附实验、X射线衍射、原子吸收光谱、差热-热重分析、红外光谱、紫外光谱及固体核磁共振技术研究了材料的结构及物理化学性质. 结果表明,磷钼酸通过静电相互作用被成功固载到PMO-ILs载体表面和孔道中,且在制备过程中磷钼酸及载体基本结构均未发生变化. 反应结果表明,PMA@PMO-ILs材料在以叔丁基过氧化氢为氧化剂的环辛烯环氧化反应中表现出一定的催化活性和很高的选择性. 中断实验结果表明,催化剂的主要活性中心在反应过程中未发生明显流失,且催化剂经多次循环使用后活性及选择性基本保持不变. PMO-ILs中大量的咪唑阳离子能有效稳定磷钼酸阴离子,使该催化材料表现出良好的稳定性.     

Meso-tetracinnamylporphyrin: Synthesis,characterization and the catalytic activity of its Mn(III) complex in olefin epoxidation with tetra-n-butylammonium hydrogen monopersulfate

Meso-tetracinnamylporphyrin (H₂tcp) has been synthesized and characterized by UV–Vis, ¹H NMR and IR spectroscopies. Protonation of H₂tcp with HCl is accompanied by a blue shift (77 cm⁻¹) of the Q(0,0) band, probably indicating a decrease in the efficiency of the π-electron donation from the meso-substituents to the a_2u orbital in comparison with the corresponding dication of meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (H₂tpp). The unusual NH signal multiplicity observed in ¹H NMR spectrum of H₂tcp shows evidence of a long distance coupling between the vinyl protons and NH ones. This long range coupling can occur between the remote centers using the a_2u orbital as a connector. Mntcp(OAc) shows higher catalytic activity (ca. 1.2-fold higher) than Mntpp(OAc) in olefin epoxidation with tetra-n-butylammonium hydrogen monopersulfate (TBAO). The low ratio (∼1.5) of cis- to trans-stilbene oxide, in competitive oxidation of cis- and trans-stilbene with TBAO, strongly suggests the involvement a common high-valent manganese oxo complex as the reactive intermediate responsible for oxygen atom transfer.     

Highly selective olefin epoxidation with manganese triazacyclononane complexes: Impact of ligand substitution

Manganese complexes of 1,4,7-triazacyclononane with different substituents catalyze the selective epoxidation of a large number of olefins to epoxides with H₂O₂. The activities of complexes with methyl (L₁), 2-hydroxybutyl (L₂) and acetato (L₃) substituents are compared. The effects of solvent and temperature on the epoxide yield are very different for the three complexes. It is proposed that these differences are related to the binding of the pendant arms in Mn---L₂ and Mn---L₃ complexes. In general, acetone or methanol are preferred solvents. Variations of stereoretention are also observed: with Mn---L₁ in acetone, isomer scrambling occurs, while with Mn---L₁ in methanol, the epoxidation is almost stereospecific. UV-visible and electron spin resonance spectroscopy are used to characterize the state of manganese under oxidizing conditions.     

A novel supported Katsuki-type (salen)Mn complex for asymmetric epoxidation

We have successfully prepared an unsymmetrical analogue of a Katsuki-type salen ligand having a hydroxyalkyl group at the 6-position of just one of the binaphthyl units in the ligand, and also several Mn(III) complexes; these complexes have been attached to a polymer by an ester link and such polymer catalysts have been shown to be highly enantioselective and recoverable catalysts for the epoxidation of 1,2-dihydronaphthalene.     

双核烷基咪唑过氧磷钨酸盐相转移催化剂合成及催化烯烃环氧化性能

合成并表征了一类双核长链烷基咪唑阳离子修饰的过氧磷钨杂多酸盐催化剂[Dnmin]1.5PW4O24,考察了催化剂在过氧化氢为氧源的烯烃环氧化反应中的催化活性.研究表明,这类催化剂在反应过程中表现出相转移催化现象,并具有较高的催化活性和选择性.其中,双核十二烷基咪唑杂多酸盐催化剂[D12min]1.5PW4O24的活性最佳,其环己烯转化率和环氧环己烷选择性分别达到97.7%和96.3%.催化剂在经过简单离心分离后可重复使用,重复使用4次后环己烯转化率和环氧环己烷选择性仍可分别达到72.4%和97.2%.催化剂[D12min]1.5PW4O24在其它几种烯烃的环氧化反应中均表现出相转移催化特性,且具有较高的催化活性.     

溶剂热法合成UiO-66金属有机框架限域的钴取代磷钼酸及其催化烯烃环氧化性能

金属有机框架材料是一类新型晶体孔性材料,在气体储存、物质分离、非线性光学及催化等领域中具有潜在应用价值.其中,基于锆氧簇和有机配体构筑的锆基金属有机框架材料(ZrMOFs)因其具有更高的结构稳定性而备受关注.研究表明,将多金属氧酸盐(POM)负载在ZrMOFs载体上能够获得一类新型复合材料催化剂.这类材料具有可调控的酸性和氧化还原性,已在一些固体酸催化及选择氧化(包括烯烃环氧化)等反应中表现出优异的催化性能.多金属氧酸盐通常可以通过简单的浸渍法引入到ZrMOFs载体上,但这种方法制备的催化剂普遍存在活性组分分散不均匀且易于在液相催化反应过程中发生活性组分流失的问题.因此,当前的研究重点主要集中在如何通过简单有效的制备方法获得结构更加稳定、性能更加优异的复合材料催化剂.近期,国内外多个研究小组分别报道了采用溶剂热法能够一步合成出POM@ZrMOFs复合材料,这类材料的主要特点是POM团簇能够均匀的分散在ZrMOFs孔道中,从而使其在氧化脱硫及烯烃选择氧化等反应中表现出更高的稳定性.考虑到POMs及ZrMOFs种类和结构的多样性,可以预期这类复合材料的合成及催化性能研究仍有很大的发展空间.本文采用溶剂热法将磷钼酸(PMo12)及钴取代磷钼酸(PMo11Co)限域在一类ZrMOFs材料(UiO-66)的孔道中,得到了两种复合材料催化剂,分别记为PMo12@UiO-66和PMo11Co@UiO-66.通过以叔丁基过氧化氢(t-BuOOH)为氧化剂烯烃环氧化反应考察了其催化性能.相较于PMo12@UiO-66,含有钴取代磷钼酸的PMo11Co@UiO-66杂化材料表现出了更高的催化活性和稳定性.催化剂经简单的过滤和洗涤后即可循环使用多次,且催化性能基本保持不变.值得一提的是,PMo11Co@UiO-66对多种类型烯烃的环氧化反应均表现出较高的催化活性和环氧选择性.例如,在加入自由基抑制剂对二苯酚后,柠檬烯选择性氧化为柠檬烯-1,2-环氧化物的选择性可以达到91%,性能明显优于文献中报道的其它类型催化剂.此外,溶剂种类对PMo11Co@UiO-66的催化活性有着显著的影响,在极性相对较强的乙醇、乙腈等溶剂中,催化剂的活性较低;在极性较弱的甲苯、氯仿,四氯化碳等溶剂中,催化剂的活性则相对较高.溶剂极性的差异会影响反应物分子与催化剂活性中心的接触情况,继而对催化剂的活性产生较大影响.采用X射线衍射、氮吸附-脱附、X射线光电子能谱、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)等手段对催化反应前后的PMo11Co@UiO-66催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,在溶剂热法合成的杂化材料催化剂中,引入的POM团簇能够均匀的分散在UiO-66框架材料的孔道和笼中;催化剂反应前后的组成与结构没有发生明显的变化.结合相关文献报道的结果,可以认为杂原子Co的引入能够产生类似于Co–O–Mo的新的活性中心,从而使PMo11Co@UiO-66表现出更高的催化活性.催化剂的高稳定性应主要归因于UiO-66框架对PMo11Co团簇的空间限域作用.这种空间限域作用能够使PMo11Co团簇被封装在UiO-66的八面体笼中,且二者之间还存在着较强的金属-载体间相互作用.在后续的工作中,我们还将继续深入研究PMo11Co@UiO-66催化剂的活性中心性质及其对分子氧的活化能力,加深对催化作用机制等问题的理解,进一步扩大这类复合材料催化剂的应用范围.     

Highly efficient oxidation of alcohols using Oxone as oxidant catalyzed by ruthenium complex under mild reaction conditions

Aromatic and alkyl alcohols were oxidized to the corresponding aldehydes or ketones at room temperature with high conversion and selectivity using Oxone （2KHSOs-KHSO4.K2SO4） as oxidant catalyzed by ruthenium complex Quin-Ru-Quin （where Quin = 8-hydroxyquinoline）. The reaction time is very short and the preparation of complex is simple.     

Preparation and catalytic activity of a new dioxomolybdenum(VI) complex for olefin epoxidation

A novel dioxomolybdenum(VI) complex of ferrocenyliminoalcoholate was easily prepared by the reaction of the ferrocenyl-containing iminoalcohol and MoO₂Cl₂ (THF)₂ using THF as solvent. The sample was characterized by FT-IR, ¹ H NMR, elemental analysis and UV-Vis. The complex exhibited an efficient, selective catalytic performance for styrene and cyclohexene epoxidation.     

Highly efficient oxidation of alcohols using Oxone(R) as oxidant catalyzed by ruthenium complex under mild reaction conditions

Aromatic and alkyl alcohols were oxidized to the corresponding aldehydes or ketones at room temperature with high conversion and selectivity using Oxone (2KHSO5·KHSO4·K2SO4) as oxidant catalyzed by ruthenium complex Quin-Ru-Quin (where Quin = 8-hydroxyquinoline). The reaction time is very short and the preparation of complex is simple. 2008 Zi Qiang Lei. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society. All rights reserved.