γ-射线辐射活性自由基聚合研究

本文对γ- 射线辐射条件下的活性自由基聚合反应研究及进展进行了综述。虽然γ- 射线辐射引发聚合反应通常是不可控的,但在有机硫化物,如二硫代羧酸酯或三硫代碳酸酯存在下,则成功地实现了可控/活性自由基聚合。聚合过程中聚合物分子量随单体转化率线性增长,不但可控,且分布窄,也可以用于合成嵌段共聚物。有机硫化物对聚合反应控制起着关键性作用,硫化物的结构对于γ- 射线辐射活性自由基聚合行为的影响显著。γ- 射线辐射聚合的突出优点是可在室温或更低的温度下实施,且不需要加入引发剂。在环硫化合物存在下,获得了环形聚合物;而且使热和光敏感的叠氮类单体实现了活性聚合。     

可逆加成-断裂链转移自由基聚合研究进展

RAFT(Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer,可逆加成-断裂链转移)自由基存在链增长自由基与链转移剂(RAFT试剂)之间的可逆蜕化转移,现已广泛应用于聚合物分子结构设计及众多功能高分子材料的合成,受到众多高分子研究者的关注,是一种发展较快的可控/活性聚合技术.本文在简要介绍了RAFT聚合发展历程基础上,综述了RAFT聚合反应机理,RAFT试剂的结构及其对聚合性能的影响,RAFT试剂与单体的匹配性,RAFT聚合实施方法等.同时也对RAFT聚合反应的发展进行了展望.     

紫外光引发聚乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯的RAFT交联聚合研究

合成了S-1-十二烷基-S′-(α,α′-二甲基-α″-乙酸)三硫代碳酸酯(TTC),以此为链转移剂,采用光差动热分析仪(DPC)和动态力学分析(DMA)方法研究了室温条件下紫外光引发的聚乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯(PEGDMA)的可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)自由基聚合行为.发现RAFT光聚合反应的反应速率小于常规自由基聚合,因为体系由扩散控制,反应中自加速趋势减缓.探讨了双键之间聚乙二醇链段长度对于聚合速率和最终转化率的影响.结果发现,随着中间聚乙二醇链段的增加,聚合速率先变小再变大,最终转化率缓慢变大.RAFT光交联产物的交联密度随中间链段长度的增加而下降,交联均匀性提高.     

可见光诱导苯乙烯的常温快速可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合

以商用蓝光发光二极管(LED)为可见光光源,十二烷基-S'-(α,α'-二甲基-α″-乙酸)三硫代碳酸酯(DDMAT)为可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合(RAFT)试剂,不加光引发剂或光催化剂,实现了可见光诱导苯乙烯(St)的常温快速RAFT聚合.研究结果表明,该聚合具有活性聚合的特征;当光源关闭时,聚合停止,当光源开启时,聚合进行,且光的开关循环对聚合的活性没有影响.通过原位核磁的方法对DDMAT的光致断裂和光致降解行为进行了研究,该结果有助于进一步了解可见光诱导St的常温快速聚合的化学过程.     

β-CD存在下MMA细乳液体系的RAFT聚合

近年来，活性自由基聚合已成为高分子合成领域中的一个热门课题．Rizzardo研究小组提出了一种新型活性自由基聚合反应，即RAFT(Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer)聚合．RAFT反应在传统的自由基聚合中加入了具有高链转移常数和特定结构的链转移剂——双硫酯类化合物．当链转移剂的浓度足够大时，链转移反应由不可逆变为可逆，聚合反应也随之发生质的变化，由不可控     

N-咔唑-二硫代甲酸-4-苯乙烯基甲酯的合成、晶体结构及热稳定性

近年来,可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合(Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization) :RAFT聚合这一"活性"/可控自由基聚合方式成为高分子化学研究的热点之一[1-2],并被应用于纳米材料[3]、生物医药[4]等领域.研究RAFT聚合的首要问题是合成高活性的RAFT试剂,最常用的RAFT试剂是具有二硫代酯结构的化合物[Z-C(S)-S-R].     

可逆加成-断裂链转移自由基共聚合研究进展

与其它可控/活性自由基聚合相比,可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)自由基聚合具有适用单体范围广、反应条件温和、不受聚合实施方法的限制等优点,因此成为目前高分子合成研究最为活跃的领域之一.通过它不但实现了广泛单体的可控/活性聚合,还合成了嵌段、接枝、梳型、星型、无规及梯度等结构的聚合物.本文综述了RAFT自由基共聚合领域的研究进展,内容主要包括已报道的RAFT自由基共聚合反应体系和RAFT过程对共聚产物组成的影响.     

RAFT聚合法合成PDMAEMA-b-PAAAB嵌段共聚物的研究

以甲基丙烯酸二甲氨基乙酯(DMAEMA)为单体、二硫代苯甲酸异丙苯酯(CDB)为链转移剂、偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,利用RAFT聚合法合成了聚甲基丙烯酸二甲氨基乙酯(PDMAEMA)。以所得PDMAEMA为大分子链转移剂,丙烯酰胺基偶氮苯(AAAB)为单体,AIBN为引发剂,采用RAFT聚合法合成了PDMAEMA-b-PAAAB共聚物,并考察了AAAB的RAFT聚合反应动力学,利用FT-IR、1 H-NMR、GPC和TG对聚合物的结构和热性能进行了表征。结果表明,PDMAEMA的分子量随聚合反应时间的增加而增加,且分子量分布较窄;PDMAEMA-b-PAAAB嵌段共聚物的分子量随着AAAB单体转化率的升高而线性增加,且分子量分布较窄(PDI1.3),聚合反应动力学曲线呈良好的线性关系,且具有较好的热稳定性。     

水相光引发聚合诱导自组装制备CO_2响应性聚合物囊泡

本文以聚甲基丙烯酸甘油酯(PGMA)作为大分子RAFT试剂,甲基丙烯酸羟丙酯(HPMA)和甲基丙烯酸-2-(二甲氨基)乙酯(DMAEMA)作为单体,在室温下通过水相光引发聚合诱导自组装制备CO2响应聚合物囊泡。动力学研究表明聚合在可见光(405nm,0.5 mW/cm2)照射10min后,转化率可以达到100%。文中还探讨了DMAEMA对于聚合反应的影响。通过视觉观察、透射电子显微镜(TEM)以及核磁共振(NMR)对聚合物囊泡的二氧化碳响应特性进行了研究。     

可控自由基聚合系列实验教学中的一些尝试与经验*

设计了基于可控自由基聚合的系列实验教学,包括:单体和引发剂精制、RAFT试剂合成、不同单体的RAFT/ATRP聚合、RAFT聚合制备嵌段聚合物、ATRP制备嵌段聚合物等。这些实验环环相扣,互相支撑,又有着明显的对比效果。这种尝试有效改进和扩充了常规高分子合成教学中的自由基聚合部分,有效激发了学生的主动性,提高了其分析问题、解决问题的能力。     

Highly efficient and well‐controlled ambient temperature RAFT polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate under visible light radiation

A range of well‐defined poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) polymers and their corresponding block copolymers were synthesized via 2‐cyanoprop‐2‐yl(4‐fluoro) dithiobenzoate or CPFDB‐mediated ambient temperature reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer radical polymerization or RAFT polymerization under environmentally friendly visible light radiation (λ = 405–577 nm), using a (2,4,6‐trimethylbenzoyl) diphenylphosphine oxide photoinitiator. As comparison, CPFDB‐mediated ambient temperature RAFT polymerizations of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) under both full‐wave radiation (λ = 254–577 nm) and long‐wave radiation (λ = 365–577 nm) were also studied in this article. The results indicated that CPFDB moieties were significantly photolyzed under either full‐wave radiation or long‐wave radiation, thus undermining the controlled behavior of these RAFT processes. Whereas this photolysis was significantly suppressed under visible light radiation, thus CPFDB functionalities exerted well control over RAFT process, leading to a remarkably living behavior up to 90% GMA monomer conversions. This strategy facilitates the facile synthesis of well‐defined PGMA polymers. More importantly, under visible light radiation, a relatively high initial molar ratio of GMA to CPFDB and TPO led to shortening initialization period of RAFT process and accelerating overall polymerization rate. These effects are remarkably in favor of the facile synthesis of well‐defined PGMA polymers and PGMA‐based copolymers with high molecular weights. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5091–5102, 2007     

Highly Efficient and Well‐Controlled Ambient Temperature RAFT Polymerization under Solar Radiation

Highly efficient and well‐controlled ambient temperature reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization is readily carried out under environmentally friendly mild solar radiation. This discovery has significantly extended studies from man‐made separated‐spectroscopic‐emission UV‐vis radiation (Macromolecules 2006 , 39, 3770) to natural continuous‐spectroscopic‐emission solar radiation for ambient temperature RAFT polymerization.

     

Initiator and Photocatalyst‐Free Visible Light Induced One‐Pot Reaction: Concurrent RAFT Polymerization and CuAAC Click Reaction

A new, visible light‐catalyzed, one‐pot and one‐step reaction is successfully employed to design well‐controlled side‐chain functionalized polymers, by the combination of ambient temperature revisible addtion‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and click chemistry. Polymerizations are well controlled in a living way under the irradiation of visible light‐emitting diode (LED) light without photocatalyst and initiator, using the trithiocarbonate agent as iniferter (initiator‐transfer agent‐terminator) agent at ambient temperature. Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), NMR, and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF‐MS) data confirm the successful one‐pot reaction. Compared to the reported zero‐valent metal‐catalyzed one‐pot reaction, the polymerization rate is much faster than that of the click reaction, and the visible light‐catalyzed one‐pot reaction can be freely and easily regulated by turning on and off the light.

     

Heteroatom‐Doped Carbon Dots (CDs) as a Class of Metal‐Free Photocatalysts for PET‐RAFT Polymerization under Visible Light and Sunlight

A key challenge of photoregulated living radical polymerization is developing efficient and robust photocatalysts. Now carbon dots (CDs) have been exploited for the first time as metal‐free photocatalysts for visible‐light‐regulated reversible addition–fragmentation chain‐transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Screening of diverse heteroatom‐doped CDs suggested that the P‐ and S‐doped CDs were effective photocatalysts for RAFT polymerization under mild visible light following a photoinduced electron transfer (PET) involved oxidative quenching mechanism. PET‐RAFT polymerization of various monomers with temporal control, narrow dispersity (?≈1.04), and chain‐end fidelity was achieved. Besides, it was demonstrated that the CD‐catalyzed PET‐RAFT polymerization was effectively performed under natural solar irradiation.     

Porphyrinic covalent organic framework designed by molecular engineering as heterogeneous photocatalyst for aerobic mediated RAFT polymerization

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have gained increasing attention as heterogeneous materials for their prominent applications in photocatalytic processes. The already tailored structure endows COFs with ordered dimensional channels for the separation and migration of the electro-hole pairs and improves their photocatalytic properties. In this contribution, oxygen-mediated RAFT polymerization was achieved by using M-TCPP-DHTA-COFs (M = H₂ or Zn) as photocatalysts with the assistance of TEA as co-catalyst producing polymers with accurate molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution under visible light irradiation. The control experiments revealed excellent dual control behavior of light and gas toward polymerization processes. Notably, porphyrinic COFs can be straightforwardly separated and recycled for recycling experiments and exhibit remarkable compatibility features of controllable polymerization for functional monomers under aerobic conditions. This study offers a promising pathway for the construction of an efficient heterogeneous catalyst of oxygen-mediated RAFT polymerization and extends the novel applications of porphyrin-based COF materials.     

The doubly thermo-responsive triblock copolymer nanoparticles prepared through seeded RAFT polymerization

The doubly thermo-responsive triblock copolymer nanoparticles of polystyrene-block-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-block-poly[N,N-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate] (PS-b-PNIPAM-b-PDMAEMA) are successfully prepared through the seeded RAFT polymerization in situ by using the PS-b-PNIPAM-TTC diblock copolymer nanoparticles as the seed. The seeded RAFT polymerization undergoes a pseudo-first-order kinetics procedure, and the molecular weight increases with the monomer conversion linearly. The hydrodynamic diameter (D _h) of the triblock copolymer nanoparticles increases with the extension of the PDMAEMA block. In addition, the double thermo-response behavior of the PS-b-PNIPAM-b-PDMAEMA nanoparticles is detected by turbidity analysis, temperature-dependent 1H-NMR analysis, and DLS analysis. The seeded RAFT polymerization is believed as a valid method to prepare triblock copolymer nanoparticles containing two thermo-responsive blocks.     

碳纳米管的聚合物功能化与结构控制:聚合物接枝碳纳米管

碳纳米管高分子化是发展高性能的聚合物基纳米功能材料的重要研究方向,本文从"grafting-to"和"grafting-from"两种方式对聚合物接枝碳纳米管的最新进展进行了系统综述。"Grafting-to"方法主要包括羧基衍生反应(酰化、酯化)、加成反应(大分子自由基加成、叠氮环加成)和硫醇偶联反应。"Grafting-from"方法包括普通自由基聚合、可控/活性自由基聚合、离子聚合、开环聚合和逐步聚合反应,其中碳纳米管表面引发活性自由基聚合进一步分为原子转移自由基聚合、氮氧稳定自由基聚合和可逆加成-断链转移聚合。此外,本文还简述了碳纳米管自身的聚合反应,并探讨了目前聚合物修饰碳纳米管所面临的问题和今后的发展方向。     

Perylene as a visible light photoredox catalyst for photoinduced electron transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization of MMA

Abstract

The organic photocatalyst, perylene, was used to mediate photoinduced electron transfer (PET) reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) of methyl methhacrylate (MMA) under light irradiation in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) at 25°C with 4-cyanopentanoic acid dithiobenzoate (CPADB) as chain transfer agent (CTA). Kinetic studies confirmed that the polymerization obeyed the first order kinetic m'odel. The production of PMMAs with a good control of molecular weights (M_n,GPC) and narrow polymer molecular weight distribution (M_w/M_n) were obtained. It is found that well-controlled PET RAFT polymerization of MMA can be manipulated even with the amount of perylene decreasing to ppm level. No polymer was obtained in the absence of light irradiation, implying that the model of PET RAFT polymerization of MMA is an ideal light “on”-“off” switchable system. Furthermore, the speed of PET RAFT polymerization of MMA was also finely tunable by the external light irradiation intensity. The resultant PMMA macro-CTA was characterized by ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (¹H NMR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The accessibility of the high end group fidelity was further demonstrated by chain extension experiments.     

Well‐controlled RAFT polymerization initiated by recyclable surface‐modified Nb(OH)5 nanoparticles under visible light irradiation

A recyclable solid‐state photoinitiator based on the surface modified niobium hydroxide is prepared and successfully introduces into reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization under visible light illumination. It is revealed by gel permeation chromatography analysis that well‐defined polymers with controlled molecular weight and narrow polydispersity index can be achieved when the feed ratio of photoinitiator to the RAFT agent was controlled properly. It is also found that the polymerization is highly responsive to external stimulus and when light is removed from the system polymerization stops almost immediately. In addition, the photoinitiator can be recycled and reused to initiate the polymerization for many times without significant decrease of initiation efficiency. At last, the mechanism for the light initiated polymerization is proposed to illuminate how the initiation and chain propagation proceed. This facile, green and visible light initiation methodology could attract more and more applications in polymer science with the depletion of fossil energy. A recyclable solid‐state photoinitiator based on the surface modified niobium hydroxide was prepared and successfully introduced into reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization under visible light illumination. It is revealed that well‐defined polymers with controlled molecular weight and narrow polydispersity index (PDI) can be achieved when the feed ratio of photoinitiator to the RAFT agent was controlled properly. It is also found that the polymerization is highly responsive to light initiation. In addition, the photoinitiator can be recycled and reused to initiate the polymerization for many times without significant decrease of initiation efficiency. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014 , 52, 2715–2724     

Light‐Regulated Polymerization under Near‐Infrared/Far‐Red Irradiation Catalyzed by Bacteriochlorophyll a

Photoregulated polymerizations are typically conducted using high‐energy (UV and blue) light, which may lead to undesired side reactions. Furthermore, as the penetration of visible light is rather limited, the range of applications with such wavelengths is likewise limited. We herein report the first living radical polymerization that can be activated and deactivated by irradiation with near‐infrared (NIR) and far‐red light. Bacteriochlorophyll a (Bachl a) was employed as a photoredox catalyst for photoinduced electron transfer/reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (PET‐RAFT) polymerization. Well‐defined polymers were thus synthesized within a few hours under NIR (λ=850 nm) and far‐red (λ=780 nm) irradiation with excellent control over the molecular weight (M_n/M_w<1.25). Taking advantage of the good penetration of NIR light, we showed that the polymerization also proceeded smoothly when a translucent barrier was placed between light source and reaction vessel.