氟烷磺酰氟和全乙酰基保护的吡喃型半缩醛单糖的氟代反应

考察了5-氢-3-氧杂-1,1,2,2,4,4,5,5-八氟戊烷磺酰氟(HCF2CF2OCF2CF2SO2F)和全乙酰基保护的吡喃型半缩醛单糖在有机碱存在下的氟代反应.实验结果表明,氟烷基磺酰氟试剂HCF2CF2OCF2CF2SO2F能够诱导全乙酰基保护的吡喃型半缩醛单糖发生氟代反应而生成相应的氟代糖苷,得率44%～94%.该方法具有反应条件温和和后处理简便等优点,可作为一种有效的方法用于氟代糖苷的制备中.     

Direct Synthesis of Carbamoyl Fluorides by CO2 Deoxyfluorination

Herein, a new concept for the direct synthesis of carbamoyl fluoride derivatives is disclosed. The developed method makes use of CO₂ as an inexpensive and abundant C₁ source; a variety of amines were successfully converted in the presence of a deoxyfluorinating reagent. The corresponding products were often obtained in excellent yields under mild reaction conditions (1 atm and room temperature). The reaction was easily scaled up, demonstrating the efficiency of the developed process.     

Deoxyfluorination with CuF2: Enabled by Using a Lewis Base Activating Group

Deoxyfluorination is a primary method for the formation of C−F bonds. Bespoke reagents are commonly used because of issues associated with the low reactivity of metal fluorides. Reported here is the development of a simple strategy for deoxyfluorination, using first-row transition-metal fluorides, and it overcomes these limitations. Using CuF₂ as an exemplar, activation of an O-alkylisourea adduct, formed in situ, allows effective nucleophilic fluoride transfer to a range of primary and secondary alcohols. Spectroscopic investigations have been used to probe the origin of the enhanced reactivity of CuF₂. The utility of the process in enabling ¹⁸F-radiolabeling is also presented.     

Deoxyfluorination with CuF2: Enabled by Using a Lewis Base Activating Group

Deoxyfluorination is a primary method for the formation of C?F bonds. Bespoke reagents are commonly used because of issues associated with the low reactivity of metal fluorides. Reported here is the development of a simple strategy for deoxyfluorination, using first‐row transition‐metal fluorides, and it overcomes these limitations. Using CuF₂ as an exemplar, activation of an O‐alkylisourea adduct, formed in situ, allows effective nucleophilic fluoride transfer to a range of primary and secondary alcohols. Spectroscopic investigations have been used to probe the origin of the enhanced reactivity of CuF₂. The utility of the process in enabling ¹⁸F‐radiolabeling is also presented.     

The Effect of Deoxyfluorination on Intermolecular Interactions in the Crystal Structures of 1,6-Anhydro-2,3-epimino-hexopyranoses

The effect of substitution on intermolecular interactions was investigated in a series of 1,6-anhydro-2,3-epimino-hexopyranoses. The study focused on the qualitative evaluation of intermolecular interactions using DFT calculations and the comparison of molecular arrangements in the crystal lattice. Altogether, ten crystal structures were compared, including two structures of C4-deoxygenated, four C4-deoxyfluorinated and four parent epimino pyranoses. It was found that the substitution of the original hydroxy group by hydrogen or fluorine leads to a weakening of the intermolecular interaction by approximately 4 kcal/mol. The strength of the intermolecular interactions was found to be in the following descending order: hydrogen bonding of hydroxy groups, hydrogen bonding of the amino group, interactions with fluorine and weak electrostatic interactions. The intermolecular interactions that involved fluorine atom were rather weak; however, they were often supported by other weak interactions. The fluorine atom was not able to substitute the role of the hydroxy group in molecular packing and the fluorine atoms interacted only weakly with the hydrogen atoms located at electropositive regions of the carbohydrate molecules. However, the fluorine interaction was not restricted to a single molecule but was spread over at least three other molecules. This feature is a base for similar molecule arrangements in the structures of related compounds, as we found for the C4-F_ax and C4-F_eq epimines presented here.     

Rapid Deoxyfluorination of Alcohols with N-Tosyl-4-chlorobenzenesulfonimidoyl Fluoride (SulfoxFluor) at Room Temperature

The deoxyfluorination of alcohols is a fundamentally important approach to access alkyl fluorides, and thus the development of shelf-stable, easy-to-handle, fluorine-economical, and highly selective deoxyfluorination reagents is highly desired. This work describes the development of a crystalline compound, N-tosyl-4-chlorobenzenesulfonimidoyl fluoride (SulfoxFluor), as a novel deoxyfluorination reagent that possesses all of the aforementioned merits, which is rare in the arena of deoxyfluorination. Endowed by the multi-dimensional modulating ability of the sulfonimidoyl group, SulfoxFluor is superior to 2-pyridinesulfonyl fluoride (PyFluor) in fluorination rate, and is also superior to perfluorobutanesulfonyl fluoride (PBSF) in fluorine-economy. Its reaction with alcohols not only tolerates a wide range of functionalities including the more sterically hindered alcoholic hydroxyl groups, but also exhibits high fluorination/elimination selectivity. Because SulfoxFluor can be easily prepared from inexpensive materials and can be safely handled without special techniques, it promises to serve as a practical deoxyfluorination reagent for the synthesis of various alkyl fluorides.     

Light-Mediated Formal Radical Deoxyfluorination of Tertiary Alcohols through Selective Single-Electron Oxidation with TEDA2+.

The synthesis of tertiary alkyl fluorides through a formal radical deoxyfluorination process is described herein. This light-mediated, catalyst-free methodology is fast and broadly applicable allowing for the preparation of C−F bonds from (hetero)benzylic, propargylic, and non-activated tertiary alcohol derivatives. Preliminary mechanistic studies support that the key step of the reaction is the single-electron oxidation of cesium oxalates—which are readily available from the corresponding tertiary alcohols—with in situ generated TEDA^2+. (TEDA: N-(chloromethyl)triethylenediamine), a radical cation derived from Selectfluor®.     

Electrochemical oxidation of phenols

Electrochemical oxidation of chlorinated phenols was studied.     

Sterically hindered phenols

Summary In the bromination of 3,5-dialkyl-4-ethylphenols in aqueous acetic acid: at 0° p-quinobromides are formed; and at 40° the corresponding 3,5-dialkyl-4-hydroxyacetophenones are formed.The acetylation of sterically hindered 2,6-dialkylphenols leads to the formation of 3, 5-dialkyl-4-hydroxy-acetophenones in high yield.The author thanks N. M. Émanuél for his constant interest to the work.     

Silicon-mediated C-isoprenylation of phenols

C-isoprenylation of phenols has been effected using a combination of isoprene and in situ generated iodotrimethylsilane or hydrogen iodide.     

Enzymatic polymerization of phenols

The horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed oxidative polymerization of substituted phenols with the use of hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizer in an aqueous-organic medium has been studied. The presence of an aqueous buffer controlling activity of the catalyst is the necessary condition for this reaction. The rate of the process decreases with a reduction in the fraction of water in the reaction mixture. It has been shown that the oxidizer should be gradually added in portions to the reaction mixture. The resulting oligomers convert into high-molecular-mass crosslinked products under heating.     

Solid-phase extraction of phenols

Sample preparation for phenol analysis using solid-phase extraction (SPE) is reviewed. The scope of the review has been restricted to the literature dealing with the analysis of phenols as the main objective. The use, advantages and disadvantages of silica sorbents, polymeric, functionalized, carbon-based and mixed available sorbents, when applied to the separation and preconcentration of phenols, as well as the available experimental devices, are discussed. Other aspects such as phenol derivatisation prior to SPE, solid-phase microextraction, matrix effects and the storage of phenols in SPE cartridges, have been also discussed.     

Direct photolysis of phenols

Conclusions The photodissociation quantum yields were determined for a series of phenols in nonpolar media and the increase in quantum yield with increasing excitation energy was shown to be a function of competition of internal intercombinational conversion process.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2, pp. 438–441, February, 1987.     

Sterically hindered phenols

Summary When acid agents act on quinobromides, a bromine cation is liberated and alkylphenols are formed.The authors thank N. M. Émanuél' for his constant interest in this work.