Synthesis,structure, and spectroscopic characterization of a 2-D organic–inorganic hybrid CuII–ErIII heterometallic arsenotungstate

An organic–inorganic hybrid Cu^II–Er^III heterometallic arsenotungstate Na₃[Cu(en)₂(H₂O)][Cu(en)₂]_1.5[H₃Er(α-AsW₁₁O₃₉)₂]·4H₂O (1) (en = ethylenediamine) has been hydrothermally synthesized and structurally characterized by elemental analyses, IR and UV spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), cyclic voltammetry and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. 1 displays an organic–inorganic 2-D sheet structure constructed by sandwich-type [H₃Er(α-AsW₁₁O₃₉)₂]⁸⁻ fragments and [Cu(en)₂]²⁺ connectors. From the topological viewpoint, if the [H₃Er(α-AsW₁₁O₃₉)₂]⁸⁻ fragments are viewed as 3-connected nodes and [Cu(en)₂]²⁺ connectors are considered as linkers, the 2-D sheet can be simplified into a 2-D (6,3)-network topology.     

Synthesis,crystal structure and magnetic properties of new MnIII–CuII heterometallic aggregates based on multidentate Schiff-base ligands

Reaction of copper powder, manganese(II) nitrates and multidentate Schiff-base ligands in hot methanol solution led to the isolation of two new Mn^III–Cu^II heterometallic aggregates, [Mn₂ ^IIICu₂ ^II(H₂L)₄] · (NO₃)₂ · 2CH₃OH (1) (H₄L=2-[(2-hydroxy-benzylidene)-amino]-2-hydroxymethyl-proane-1,3-diol) and [Mn^IIICu^II ₃(sae)₄(MeOH)(H₂O)₃] · NO₃ · MeOH (2) (H₂sae = salicylidene-2-ethanolamine). Both compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, XPS, EPR, XRPD and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P 1 with a = 11.1268(4) Å, b = 11.6153(4) Å, c = 11.8129(5) Å, α = 88.435(10)°, β = 80.203(10)°, γ = 77.572(10)°, V = 1469.13(10) ų, Z = 1, R1(wR2) =0.0300(0.0771). Compound 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2₁/n with a = 18.1715(7), b = 12.9931(5), c = 19.5903(8) Å, β = 97.1980(10)°, V = 4588.9(3) ų, Z = 4, R1(wR2) = 0.0667 (0.1998). The magnetic susceptibilities of 1 and 2 display the antiferromagnetic interactions in both compounds.     

Liquid-crystalline CuII and PdII complexes with nonmesogenic ferrocene-containing β-aminovinyl ketone

New liquid-crystalline heteropolynuclear complexes L₂M (M=Cu²⁺ (2a), Pd²⁺ (2b)) were synthesized by the reactions of C₅H₅FeC₅H₄−C₆H₄NH−C₂H₂−(CO)−C₆H₄OC₁₂H₂₅ (1, LH) with copper(ii) and palladium(ii) acetates. Compound2b was found to possess monotropic nematic and smectic phases;2a exhibits the monotropic nematic phase and a phenomenon of “double melting”. The compositions and structures of compounds1 and2a,b were established by elemental analysis,¹H and¹³C NMR, ESR, and IR spectroscopy. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2, pp. 381–383, February, 1999.     

Enantio- and Site-Selective α-Fluorination of N-Acyl 3,5-Dimethylpyrazoles Catalyzed by Chiral π–CuII Complexes

Catalytic enantioselective α-fluorination reactions of carbonyl compounds are among the most powerful and efficient synthetic methods for constructing optically active α-fluorinated carbonyl compounds. Nevertheless, α-fluorination of α-nonbranched carboxylic acid derivatives is still a big challenge because of relatively high pK_a values of their α-hydrogen atoms and difficulty of subsequent synthetic transformation without epimerization. Herein we show that chiral copper(II) complexes of 3-(2-naphthyl)-l -alanine-derived amides are highly effective catalysts for the enantio- and site-selective α-fluorination of N-(α-arylacetyl) and N-(α-alkylacetyl) 3,5-dimethylpyrazoles. The substrate scope of the transformation is very broad (25 examples including a quaternary α-fluorinated α-amino acid derivative). α-Fluorinated products were converted into the corresponding esters, secondary amides, tertiary amides, ketones, and alcohols with almost no epimerization in high yield.     

Tetranuclear CuII Cluster as the Ten Node Building Unit for the Construction of a Metal–Organic Framework for Efficient C2H2/CO2 Separation

Rational design of high nuclear copper cluster-based metal–organic frameworks has not been established yet. Herein, we report a novel MOF ( FJU-112 ) with the ten-connected tetranuclear copper cluster [Cu₄(PO₃)₂(μ₂-H₂O)₂(CO₂)₄] as the node which was capped by the deprotonated organic ligand of H₄L (3,5-Dicarboxyphenylphosphonic acid). With BPE (1,2-Bis(4-pyridyl)ethane) as the pore partitioner, the pore spaces in the structure of FJU-112 were divided into several smaller cages and smaller windows for efficient gas adsorption and separation. FJU-112 exhibits a high separation performance for the C₂H₂/CO₂ separation, which were established by the temperature-dependent sorption isotherms and further confirmed by the lab-scale dynamic breakthrough experiments. The grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations (GCMC) studies show that its high C₂H₂/CO₂ separation performance is contributed to the strong π-complexation interactions between the C₂H₂ molecules and framework pore surfaces, leading to its more C₂H₂ uptakes over CO₂ molecules.     

��Jumping�� crystals: structures and properties of CuII complexes with N-methylimidazolyl- and N-methyltriazolyl-substituted nitronyl nitroxides

To find the factors favorable for the appearance of chemomechanical activity of heterospin crystals, a series of new heterospin complexes were synthesized and characterized. It includes [Cu(tfac)₂L^Im ₂]·2CH₂Cl₂, [Cu(tfac)₂L^Im ₂]·2EtOH, [[Cu(pfu)₂]₂L^Im ₃]·1/2CH₂Cl₂, [Cu(pfh)₂L^Im ₂]·1/2CH₂Cl₂, [Cu(piv)₂L^Im ₂]·2MeOH, [Co(piv)₂L^Im ₂], [ $ Cu(hfac)_2 L^{CD_3 } _2 $ ], [Cu(hfac)₂L^Tr]₂·CH₂Cl₂, and [Cu(hfac)₂L^Tr ₂] (L^Im, $ L^{CD_3 } $ , and L^Tr are N-methylimidazolyl-, N-trideuteriomethylimidazolyl-, and N-methyltriazolyl-substituted nitronyl nitroxides, respectively; tfac, hfac, pfu, pfh, and piv are the charged coordinated diamagnetic ligands 1,1,5,5-tetrafluoropentane-2,4-dionate, 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoropentane-2,4-dionate, 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,8,8,9,9,10,10,11,11,11-octadecafluoroundecane-5,7-dionate, 1,1,1,5,5,6,6,6-octafluorohexane-2,4-dionate, and 2,2-dimethylpropionate, respectively). The crystal and molecular structures of all compounds were determined. The results of the X-ray diffraction study of the complex [Ni(hfac)₂L^Im ₂] synthesized earlier are reported. In the solid state of the complexes [Cu(pfh)₂L^Im ₂] and [Co(piv)₂L^Im ₂], the paramagnetic ligands are cis-coordinated to the central atom in a monodentate fashion via the donor N atom of the imidazole ring. In the dinuclear complexes [[Cu(pfu)₂]₂L^Im ₃] and [Cu(hfac)₂L^Tr]₂, the paramagnetic ligands are also in cis positions but act as bridges through coordination of the donor N atoms of the azole ring and the O atom of the nitronyl nitroxide moiety to different Cu²⁺ ions. In the solid complexes $ Cu(hfac)_2 L^{CD_3 } _2 $ , [Cu(hfac)₂L^Tr ₂], [Cu(tfac)₂L^Im ₂]·2CH₂Cl₂, [Cu(tfac)₂L^Im ₂]·2EtOH, and [Cu(piv)₂L^Im ₂]·2MeOH, the nitronyl nitroxide radicals in the mononuclear heterospin molecules are in trans positions. The packing motif in the crystal structures of the complexes $ Cu(hfac)_2 L^{CD_3 } _2 $ , [Cu(tfac)₂L^Im ₂]·2CH₂Cl₂, and [Cu(tfac)₂L^Im ₂]·2EtOH is the same as that in the previously studied complexes [M(hfac)₂L^Im ₂] exhibiting chemomechanical activity. Among the complexes under consideration, only crystals of $ Cu(hfac)_2 L^{CD_3 } _2 $ can exhibit chemomechanical activity, that is to make jumps upon heating or irradiation. The results of the present study suggest that the packing of the solid-state structure plays a key role in the generation of mechanical activity of the crystals.     

How Does CuII Convert into CuI? An Unexpected Ring‐Mediated Single‐Electron Reduction

Cu(x)O (x=1,2) nanomaterials with tailored composition and properties-a hot topic in sustainable technologies-may be fabricated from molecular sources through bottom-up processes that involve unexpected changes in the metal oxidation state and open intriguing challenges on the copper redox chemistry. How copper(II) sources may lead to copper(I) species in spite of the absence of any explicit reducing agent, and even in the presence of oxygen, is one such question-to date unanswered. Herein, we study copper "reduction without reductants" within one molecule and reveal that the actual reducing agent is abstracted atomic hydrogen. By investigating the fragmentation of a copper(II) precursor for copper oxide nanostructures by combined ESI-MS with multiple collisional experiments (ESI/MS(n)) and theoretical calculations, we highlight a copper-promoted C-H bond activation, leading to reduction of the metal center and formation of a Cu(I)-C-NCCN six-membered ring. Such a novel ring system is the structural motif for a new family of cyclic copper(I) adducts, which show a bonding scheme, herein reported for the first time, that may shed unprecedented light on copper chemistry. Beyond the relevance for the preparation of copper oxide nanostructures, the hydrogen-abstraction/proton-delivery/electron-gain mechanism of copper(II) reduction disclosed herein appears to be a general property of copper and might help to understand its redox reactivity.     

A new tetrameric CuII cluster with square topology exhibiting ferro- and antiferromagnetic magnetic pathways : which is which?

[Cu(4)L(2)(bpy)(4)(H(2)O)(3)](ClO(4))(4).2.5H(2)O, 1, a new tetranuclear Cu(II) cluster showing square planar geometry, formed with aspartate bridging ligand (L) has been synthesized. The global magnetic coupling is ferromagnetic but theoretical DFT/B3LYP calculations are necessary to assign which Cu-L-Cu side is ferro or antiferromagnetically coupled.     

Electrochemical reactivity of Li–Mn–O and Li–Fe–Mn–O spinels

Electrochemical reductive dissolution of Li–Mn–O and Li–Fe–Mn–O spinels and Li⁺ extraction/insertion in these oxides were performed using voltammetry of microparticles. Both electrochemical reactions are sensitive to the Fe/(Fe+Mn) ratio, specific surface area, Li content in tetrahedral positions, and Mn valence, and can be used for electrochemical analysis of the homogeneity of the elemental and phase composition of synthetic samples. The peak potential (E _P) of the reductive dissolution of the Li–Mn–O spinel is directly proportional to the logarithm of the specific surface area. E _P of Li–Fe–Mn–O spinels is mainly controlled by the Fe/(Fe+Mn) ratio. Li⁺ insertion/extraction can be performed with Mn-rich Li–Fe–Mn–O spinels in aqueous solution under an ambient atmosphere and it is sensitive to the regularity of the spinel structure, in particularly to the amount of Li in tetrahedral positions and the Mn valence. Electronic Publication     

Bubble points of hydrogen chloride–water–isopropanol and hydrogen chloride–water–isopropanol–benzene systems and liquid–liquid equilibria of hydrogen chloride–water–benzene and hydrogen chloride–water–isopropanol–benzene systems

Bubble points of the HCl–water–isopropanol and the HCl–water–isopropanol–benzene systems and liquid–liquid equilibria (LLE) of the HCl–water–benzene and the HCl–water– isopropanol–benzene systems were measured at 25–85°C and 30–70°C, respectively. The electrolyte nonrandom two-liquid model proposed by Chen et al. [C.-C. Chen, H.I. Britt, J.F. Boston, L.B. Evans, AIChE J. 28 (1982) 588–596] can satisfactorily correlate bubble points and liquid–liquid equilibria of the present mixed-solvent electrolyte systems over the entire range of temperature and concentrations using only binary adjustable parameters.     

On hydrolysis of Ba–Bi–O and K–Ba–Bi–O oxide systems

Fundamentally different behavior of Ba–Bi–O (Ba : Bi = 11 : 4, 1 : 1, 2: 3, and 1 : 5 mol/mol) and K_nBa_mBi_m+nO_y (m = n = 1, 2,...; exhibiting superconducting properties with T_c = 28–32 K) oxides and BaO₂ in hydrolysis reactions has been revealed by means of potentiometry and chemical analysis. Products of the oxides treatment with water do not contain H₂O₂, evidencing the absence of peroxide ions in their structure. The perovskite-type barium-bismuth(III) oxides are completely hydrolyzed into Ba(OH)₂ and Bi₂O₃ at room temperature.     

Syntheses and X-ray Characterization of Novel [M4(H2O)2(XW9O34)2] n− (M=CuII, X=CuII; and M=FeIII, X=FeIII) Polyoxotungstates

Two novel examples of sandwich type heteropolyanions were synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystal structure and elemental analysis as well as infrared spectroscopy. Na₁₃[H₃Cu₄(H₂O)₂(CuW₉O₃₄)₂]39H₂O (1) and Na₉K[Fe₄(H₂O)₂(FeW₉O₃₄)₂]32H₂O (2) were prepared in aqueous solution by reaction of sodium tungstate with Fe^III and Cu^II cations, respectively. 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2₁/n (a=13.054(3) Å, b=17.729(4) Å, c=20.998(4) Å, =93.50(3)°), while 2 is triclinic, space group P¯1 (a=12.316(2) Å, b=13.716(3) Å, c=14.925(3) Å, =99.36(3)°, =104.21(3)°, =101.55(3)°). Each anion consists of two [XW₉O₃₄] ^n– moieties (X=Fe^III, n=11 (1) and Cu^II, n=12 (2)) which can be described as -B-isomers of the defect Keggin anion. These units are linked via a belt of four Fe^IIIO₆ or Cu^IIO₆ groups. Two transition metal atoms fill their octahedral coordination sphere with one additional water ligand.     

New Phase in the Bi–Sr–Ca–Cu–O System

Cooling a melt of a Bi–Sr–Ca–Cu–O system (Bi:Sr:Ca:Cu = 4:3:3:4 or 2:2:2:4) from 1000°C-1050°C yielded crystals of a new red-colored nonsuperconducting phase, accompanying the superconducting 2212 and 2201 phases. Based on the EPR spectra, it was concluded that copper is univalent in this compound. The new phase has a composition Bi_2.2Sr_1.6Ca_1.3Cu₂Ox. The X-ray diffraction pattern has been indexed, and the unit cell parameters of the phase have been determined: space group P2/m, a = 12.93, b = 4.55, c = 10.94 ; = 102.72°.     

BTATz–HNIW–CMDB propellants

The high nitrogen compound 3,6-bis(1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl-amino)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine and the high energy density material hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW), were used as substitute of hexogen (RDX) in the composite modified double base (CMDB) propellant formulations, the propellant samples were prepared, the thermal behaviors, nonisothermal reaction kinetics, and thermal safety were carried out, and the eight important parameters were calculated and obtained as the self-accelerating decomposition temperature (T _SADT), thermal ignition temperature (T _TIT), critical temperatures of thermal explosion (T _b), critical temperature of hot-spot initiation (T _cr,hot-spot), characteristic drop height of impact sensitivity (H ₅₀), critical thermal explosion ambient temperature (T _acr), safety degree (S _d), and thermal explosion probability (P _TE). It shows that the content of HNIW has a large effect on the decomposition reaction mechanism of the CMDB propellant, when the content of HNIW is 10 %, the decomposition reaction are controlled by the random nucleation and subsequent growth (n = l), and the reaction mechanism obeys Mampel law; but when the content of HNIW is 20 %, the decomposition reaction are controlled by the chemical reaction (n = 1/4). The mechanism can not be changed by the catalysts, and they just make the apparent activation energy change slightly. For the sample, from BC01 to BC04, the values of T _SADT and T _TIT making an upward tendency, show the resistivity to heat: BC04 > BC03 > BC02 > BC01; the values of T _acr and S _d, BC01 are the maximum and BC02 are the minimum, show the heat sensitivity: BC01 > BC03 > BC04 > BC02. For the same radius, the thermal safety of the sphere sample is greater than that of the infinite cylinder one.     

Mosaic CuI−CuII−InIII 2D Perovskites: Pressure-Dependence of the Intervalence Charge Transfer and a Mechanochemical Alloying Method

The perovskite (BA)₄[Cu^II(Cu^IIn^III)_0.5]Cl₈ ( 1_BA ; BA⁺=butylammonium) allows us to study the high-pressure structural, optical, and transport properties of a mixed-valence 2D perovskite. Compressing 1_BA reduces the onset energy of Cu^I/II intervalence charge transfer from 1.2 eV at ambient pressure to 0.2 eV at 21 GPa. The electronic conductivity of 1_BA increases by 4 orders of magnitude upon compression to 20 GPa, when the activation energy for conduction decreases to 0.16 eV. In contrast, Cu^II perovskites achieve similar conductivity at ≈50 GPa. The solution-state synthesis of these perovskites is complicated, with more undesirable side products likely from the precursor mixtures containing three different metal ions. To circumvent this problem, we demonstrate an efficient mechanochemical synthesis to expand this family of halide perovskites with complex composition by simply pulverizing together powders of 2D Cu^II single perovskites and Cu^IIn^III double perovskites.     

Thermal analysis of W-free Co–(Ni)–Al–Mo–Nb superalloys

CuAl layered double hydroxide (CuAl-LDH) was synthesized by co-precipitation. Sodium phenyl phosphate (SPP) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) are used to modify CuAl-LDH for preparing CuAl-(SPP)LDH and CuAl-(SDS)LDH, which were incorporated into epoxy resin (EP) to obtain EP/CuAl-(SPP)LDH and EP/CuAl-(SPP)LDH nanocomposites. The results indicate that SPP and SDS are intercalated into the interlayers of CuAl-LDH, and CuAl-(SPP)LDH has larger layer spacing than CuAl-(SDS)LDH. The thermal stability and flame-retardant performances of EP/CuAl-(SPP)LDH nanocomposites were better than those of EP/CuAl-(SDS)LDH composites. Compared with those of EP/4CuAl-(SDS)LDH nanocomposites, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) of EP/4CuAl-(SPP)LDH nanocomposites is reduced 25.8% and 55.6%, and peak smoke production rate (PSPR) value of EP/4CuAl-(SPP)LDH nanocomposites is reduced 27.6% and 46.2%, value of EP/4CuAl-(SPP)LDH nanocomposites is reduced 27.6% and 46.2%, respectively. The improved flame retardancy and smoke suppression performances of EP/CuAl-(SPP)LDH nanocomposites were attributed to the combination of copper compounds and SPP, promoting the formation of swollen, continuous and compact char layers on the surface of EP nanocomposites during combustion, eventually restraining the decomposition of EP nanocomposites.

     

Phase equilibria in the Sn–As–Ge and Sn–As–P systems

T–x diagrams of polythermal GeAs–SnAs, GeAs–Sn₄As₃ sections of the Sn–As–Ge system and Sn₄P₃–Sn₄As₃ section of the Sn–As–P system were constructed using the results of X-ray powder diffraction and differential thermal analyses. It was found that the section GeAs–Sn₄As₃ is not quasi-binary due to realization of four-phase peritectic transformation L + SnAs ? GeAs + Sn₄As₃ at the temperature of 834 K. The quasi-binary section GeAs–SnAs represents a phase diagram of the eutectic type with the following coordinates of eutectic reaction: temperature of the eutectic point is 840 K, and composition is 20 mol% GeAs. In the Sn–As–P system, the existence of the solid-solution range indicated as (Sn₄As₃) _x (Sn₄P₃)_1?x  was defined. The polythermal section Sn₄P₃–Sn₄As₃ is not quasi-binary due to the fact that in the composition range with a high content of tin arsenide discussed section intersects the peritectic part of the three-phase volume (L + SnAs + α) of the ternary diagram.     

FTIR study of the sol–gel synthesis of cementitious gels: C–S–H and N–A–S–H

The study explored the compatibility between the main product of Portland cement hydration and the main product of the alkali activation of fly ash: C–S–H and N–A–S–H gels, respectively. Both gels were synthesized with laboratory reagents at different pH values. Blends of the two were synthesized as well, using the sol–gel procedure. All the gels were characterized with Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR). The gels synthesized with this procedure were shown to precipitate together with a silica-rich gel. In addition, the pH level was found to play a determinant role in both C–S–H and N–A–S–H gel synthesis. The C–S–H gel is the major phase formed at pH > 11 and N–A–S–H gel for pH > 12. The results relating to the joint synthesis of the two (C–S–H and N–A–S–H) gels were not conclusive. Technique used for the characterization failed to differentiate between them in the blended material.

Spontaneous passivity of amorphous bulk Ni–Cr–Ta–Mo–Nb–P alloys in concentrated hydrochloric acids

Rod-shaped amorphous bulk Ni–Cr–Mo-22 at.%Ta-14 at.%Nb–P alloys resistant to concentrated hydrochloric acids were prepared by copper-mold casting. Alloys of amorphous single phase and mixture of nanocrystalline phases in the amorphous matrix were all spontaneously passive in 6 and 12 M HCl and were immune to corrosion in 6 M HCl, although the corrosion weight loss was detected for heterogeneous alloys in 12 M HCl. Spontaneous passivation is due to presence of stable air-formed films in which chromium was particularly concentrated in addition to enrichment of tantalum and niobium. The angle resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that chromium and molybdenum are rich in the inner part of the film. The major molybdenum species is in the tetravalent state, although penta- and hexavalent state molybdenum is also included. The high corrosion resistance was interpreted in terms of the high stability of the outer triple oxyhydroxide, Cr_1−x−yTa_xNb_yO_z(OH)_3+2x+2y−2z, and the effective diffusion barrier of the inner Mo⁴⁺ and Cr³⁺ oxide layer. Contribution to the Fall Meeting of the European Materials Research Society, Symposium D: 9th International Symposium on Electrochemical/Chemical Reactivity of Metastable Materials, Warsaw, 17th-21st September, 2007.     

Two new layered oxohalides in the system Cu–Yb–Te–O–Cl

Two complex lanthanide(III) transition metal(II) tellurium(IV) oxyhalides, Cu₃Yb₂(TeO₃)₄Cl₄ and Cu₃Yb₃(TeO₃)₄Cl₆ have been synthesized and the crystal structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Both compounds are layered with only weak connections in between the layers. The layers are made up of [YbO₈], [TeO₃] and [CuO_xCl_y] polyhedra. In both compounds the strong Lewis acid cations Yb³⁺ and Te⁴⁺ only form bonds to oxygen while Cu²⁺ form bonds to both oxygen and chlorine. This leads the Cl^? ions to be expelled from the bonding volumes of the crystal structures and protrude from the layers. Magnetic susceptibility measurements were performed on a powder sample of Cu₃Yb₂(TeO₃)₄Cl₄. The Curie–Weiss law found at low temperatures indicates a Curie–Weiss temperature of ca. ?5(1) K. However, indication for long-range magnetic ordering could not be observed down to 1.87 K. The two new phases are to the best of our knowledge the first containing all three of Cu, Yb and Te.