羟基硅铝交联粘土的合成和热稳定性研究

羟基硅铝交联粘土的合成和热稳定性研究孙来生，李栋藩，陶龙骧（中国科学院大连化学物理研究所，大连１１６０２３）关键词蒙脱土，硅铝柱，热稳定性，~（２７）Ａｌ　ＮＭＲ交联粘土作为一种新型催化材料出现以来，其热稳定性一直是重要研究课题，对影响交联粘土热稳定?..     

表面活性剂改性的铝交联累托土的表征及催化性能

用ＸＲＤ，低温Ｎ２吸附／脱附，骨架振动红外光谱等手段对以聚乙烯醇为支撑前体合成的一类新型的表面活性剂改性的铝交联累托土进行了表征，同时对它们进行了柴油催化转化为汽油的微反活性测试，结果表明其热稳定性与催化活性比以传统制备方法合成的铝交联累托土都有明显提高。     

交联蒙脱土负载型Cu催化剂用于CH4燃烧反应的研究

在蒙脱土原粉中引入Al-、AlZr-、AlCe-交联剂，分别制备交联蒙脱土。测试表明：与蒙脱土原粉相比，Al-、AlZr-、AlCe-交联蒙脱土的底面间距明显增大，热稳定性显著提高；AlZr-、AlCe-交联蒙脱土的底面间距比Al-交联蒙脱土更大，热稳定性更高。以交联蒙脱土为载体，制得负载型Cu催化剂，考察了它们对甲烷燃烧反应的催化活性。结果表明：AlZr-、AlCe-交联蒙脱土催化剂活性明显高于Al-交联蒙脱土催化剂，反应温度为550 ℃时，甲烷在AlZr-、AlCe-交联蒙脱土催化剂上的转化率约90%。     

含环氧基的丙烯酸酯弹性体的合成及其对聚氯乙烯改性研究

以丙烯酸丁酯（ＢＡ），甲基丙烯酸甲酯（ＭＭＡ）和甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯（ＧＭＡ）为原料，通过分段乳液聚合，合成了一系列具有不同组成结构的三元共聚物—Ｐ（Ｂ—Ｍ—Ｇ）弹性体，并对此弹性体改性的ＰＶＣ的抗冲击性能进行了系统研究．结果表明：改性剂组成结构的变化对改性体系的冲击性能有较大影响，改性ＰＶＣ的冲击性能最高可达７９ｋＪ／ｍ２．动态力学及ＳＥＭ实验表明，ＰＶＣ与改性体系系部分相容的共混体系，其断裂行为是明显的韧性断裂特征．本文还对改性体系的力学性能进行了研究．     

介孔固体超强酸催化剂的制备与结构表征

以累托土为基质,采用硅锆双组分交联剂和SO₄^2-改性的方法,研制交联粘土介孔固体超强酸(SO₄^2-/SiZrR),借助XRD, BET法,FT-IR, Hammett指示剂法,NH₃-TPD, Py-IR和DTA等现代分析测试方法,表征其结构.实验结果表明:500℃焙烧后,SO₄^2-/SiZrR的Hammett酸度函数H_o＜-11.93,最可几孔径分布在2.3 nm左右,具有超强酸性和介孔结构;其超强酸中心属于L酸中心,是主要的催化活性中心;硅锆双组分交联柱能使交联粘土的热稳定性提高,以累托土为基质的交联粘土比以蒙脱土为基质的交联粘土热稳定性高.     

SAPO－34分子筛的热稳定性及水热稳定性

利用高温Ｘ射线衍射技术，结合差热分析，对ＳＡＰＯ－３４分子筛烧除模板剂及随后吸附－脱附水的过程进行了研究．发现模板剂烧除的强放热效应不会导致分子筛骨架结构的破坏，活化后的分子筛中吸附－脱附水，其Ｘ射线衍射强度可逆地减弱与恢复．高温（８００℃）长时间焙烧及水蒸气处理考察结果表明，ＳＡＰＯ－３４分子筛具有优异的热稳定性和良好的水热稳定性．８００℃条件下连续焙烧３００ｈ，ＳＡＰＯ－３４的结晶度仍大于８０％，但同温度下长时间水热处理将导致ＳＡＰＯ－３４向无定形转变，并伴有硅原子向晶体表面迁移     

“层柱”粘土分子筛稳定性的研究

用差热分析及测定高温水蒸汽减活处理后轻柴油微反裂化活性的方法,表征了交联蒙皂石类“层柱“粘土分子筛的热稳定性及水热稳定性,证明它远远低于REY型分子筛裂化催化剂,甚至低于无定形硅铝催化剂。用X射线衍射方法分析了它的热破坏过程,说明破坏首先是从“层”和“柱”的接头开始,层间域消失,催化活性也相应丧失;继而才是蒙皂石的2:1层破坏。为改进稳定性必须使“层”、“柱”之间的原子形成稳定的配位键。在此础基上,研制成功一种高稳定性的“层柱”粘土分子筛。此样品经800℃常压100%水蒸汽处理17小时后,层间距基本不变,微反活性保留初活性的90%,同样条件下REY型分子筛只保留初活性的52%。新型“层柱”粘土分子筛的水热稳定性超过REY分子筛裂化催化剂。     

镧及其引入方式对锆交联累托土固体酸催化剂性能的影响

摘要：以累托土为基质，采用不同的方式引入La，制备了三种含La的SO4^2-改性锆交联粘土固体酸催化剂．采用XRD，DTA，TG等分析手段对催化剂进行表征，考察了La不同的引入方式对其热稳定性和催化活性的影响．实验结果表明，先用La交换累托土．再与Zr交联剂进行交联．制得的交联粘土的热稳定性显著提高．其DTA谱图上的羟基脱除吸热峰峰温较改性前提高了63℃．500℃焙烧后催化剂仍能保持较规整的层结构．该催化剂用于乙酸和正丁醇的酯化反应能使乙酸转化率达到97．65％．反复再生使用四次后，乙酸转化率仅下降3．83%．     

天然CXN沸石分子筛水热稳定性研究 I. 水热稳定性影响因素

以天然CXN沸石为基底材料, 通过离子交换、焙烧和酸处理等方法研究了影响该沸石水热稳定性的因素. XRD, XRF和27Al MAS NMR等结果表明阳离子种类和位置均会影响沸石水热稳定性, 其中铵型CXN沸石的水热稳定性最高. 高温焙烧铵型CXN沸石虽能提高骨架硅铝比, 但骨架缺陷增多导致其水热稳定性下降. 还研究了水蒸汽量、处理温度和时间对沸石骨架结构变化的影响, 结果表明提高温度和水蒸汽量均会降低沸石结晶度, 但处理时间则对结晶度的影响较小.     

天然CXN沸石分子筛水热稳定性研究Ⅰ.水热稳定性影响因素

以天然CXN沸石为基底材料,通过离子交换、焙烧和酸处理等方法研究了影响该沸石水热稳定性的因素.XRD,XRF和27Al MAS NMR等结果表明阳离子种类和位置均会影响沸石水热稳定性,其中铵型CXN沸石的水热稳定性最高.高温焙烧铵型CXN沸石虽能提高骨架硅铝比,但骨架缺陷增多导致其水热稳定性下降.还研究了水蒸汽量、处理温度和时间对沸石骨架结构变化的影响,结果表明提高温度和水蒸汽量均会降低沸石结晶度,但处理时间则对结晶度的影响较小.     

Solvent-free esterification of poly（vinyl alcohol） and maleic anhydride through mechanochemical reaction

A solid-state mechanochemical processing,that is,pan-milling,was used to conduct the esterification of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with maleic anhydride (MA) through stress-induced reaction.FTIR spectrum study indicated the presence of ester linkages and olefinic double bonds in maleic anhydride cross-linked PVA.Thermal properties of the cross-linked product were characterized by DSC.The results showed its glass transition temperature was 20℃higher than the original linear PVA and the thermal stability was also improved.     

铁铝复合柱撑粘土的制备、柱结构和稳定性(I)

用两种方法合成了一系列不同Fe/Al比的铁铝复合柱撑牯土(FeAl-PlLC). 用~(27)Al-NMR、UV、ESR等手段考察了柱溶液的结构和状态, 用XRD、DTA、UV-DRS 等技术对其结构、稳定性进行了研究. 结果表明, 铁铝柱撑粘土的底面间距为1.98～1.55 nm, Fe/Al比对其柱结构、比表面积、热稳定性均有较大影响. Fe/Al<0.5时, 层间柱主要呈现Keggin结构, Fe/Al≥0.5时, 可能为三聚结构. 随Fc/Al比的增加, d(001)值, 比表面面、热稳定性逐渐下降.     

Structure and thermal behaviors of poly(vinyl alcohol)/surfactant composites: Investigation of molecular interaction and mechanism

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is a promising biocompatible polymer, whose applicability is limited by its narrow processing window. Here, we adopted a facile approach to broaden the processing windows of PVA based on phosphoric ester of poly(ethylene oxide) (10) nonylphenyl (NP‐10P). Thermal analysis shows that both the melting temperature (T_m) and the glass transition temperature (T_g) of PVA decrease noticeably as NP‐10P content increases, indicating good miscibility of NP‐10P with PVA. The thermal degradation kinetics suggests composites display excellent thermal stability compared with neat PVA. The pyrolysis mechanism of PVA before and after modification with NP‐10P varies from chain unzipping degradation followed by chain random scission to chain random scission. The processing window of PVA is broadened from 9°C to 98°C with low content NP‐10P (5 wt%). Moreover, the composites maintain significant mechanical performance and transparency. This work provides an environmentally friendly and economical method to improve the possibility of thermal melt processing for PVA.     

Enhanced thermal stability of poly(vinyl alcohol) in presence of melanin

A novel method was developed to enhance the thermal stability of PVA by using natural and synthetic melanins from oxidation of dopamine. Thermogravimetric (TG) curves indicated that the synthetic melanin changed the thermal degradation behaviors of PVA and largely improved the decomposed temperature by 80–110 °C in nitrogen when incorporation of synthetic melanin with low content (0.5–2 mass%). The thermal degradation kinetics suggested the activation energies of PVA/synthetic melanin blends were much higher than these of pure PVA. Isothermal TG curves conformed that the PVA/synthetic melanin blends exhibited more thermal stability than pure PVA. Moreover, the chemical structure changes of macromolecular after degradation were characterized by using fourier transform infrared and the results suggested that elimination reaction on the first degradation step did not took place for the PVA/synthetic melanin blends at 270 °C.     

Investigation of structure and thermal stability of surfactant-modified Al-pillared montmorillonite

For combining the properties of organoclays and pillared clays, inorganic–organic clays have attracted much attention in recent years. In this study, Al Keggin cation pillared montmorillonites (Al-Mts) were first prepared and parts of Al-Mts were calcined at different temperatures (C-Al-Mts). The inorganic–organic montmorillonites were synthesized by intercalating Al-Mts and C-Al-Mts with the cationic surfactant, hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (HDTMAB). The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, and simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis. For HDTMAB-modified uncalcined Al Keggin cation pillared montmorillonites (H-Al-Mts), the basal spacing increased with the increment of surfactant loading level, but the Al content of H-Al-Mts decreased simultaneously, indicating that the intercalated surfactant replaced some Al Keggin cations in the interlayer space. However, in the case of C-Al-Mts, the interlayer spaces could not be further expanded after surfactant modification, implying that the neighboring montmorillonite layers were “locked” by the aluminum pillars which were formed by dehydroxylation of Al Keggin cation pillars during thermal treatment. The thermal stability of HDTMAB-modified C-Al-Mts (H-C-Al-Mts) was much better than that of H-Al-Mts. The major mass loss of H-C-Al-Mts occurred at ca. 410 °C, corresponding to decomposition of intercalated surfactant cations. In contrast, H-Al-Mts displayed two mass loss temperatures at ca. 270 and 410 °C, corresponding to the evaporation of surfactant molecules and the decomposition of surfactant cations in the interlayer space, respectively.     

Surface modification of nanoclays by catalytically active transition metal ions

A unique class of nanoclays was prepared by modification of pristine clays or organoclays (Cloisite C20A) with transition metal ions (TMIs). The composition, structure, morphology and thermal properties of TMI-modified nanoclays were investigated by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), elemental analysis (EA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. The content of TMIs in modified clays was found to be close to the limiting value of ion exchange capacity. SEM and X-ray results confirmed that TMIs were located between the mineral layers instead of being adsorbed on the surface of clay particles. TGA results indicated that the TMI treatment of organoclays could significantly increase the thermal stability, which was more pronounced in air than in nitrogen. Temperature-resolved SAXS measurements revealed that the presence of TMIs increased the onset temperature of structural degradation. The higher thermal stability of TMI-modified organoclays can be attributed to the change in the thermal degradation mechanism, resulting in a decrease in the yield of volatile products and the formation of char facilitated by the presence of catalytically active TMIs.     

高温高表面氧化铝新材料的制备化学研究——镧和表面活性剂对氧化铝性质的影响

在汽车尾气催化净化、催化燃烧等高温严酷环境中,催化剂载体由于烧结等原因,其比表面剧烈减少,引起活性组分聚集,从而使催化剂活性明显下降^[1,2]。氧化铝是一种常用载体,但经高温煅烧后容易烧结并向α相转变,导致比表面减少。目前许多文献报道了稀土元素、碱土金属以及硅元素对氧化铝的改性作用^[3-5],这些元素的添加可在一定程度上提高氧化铝的热稳定性,但表面活性剂在这一方面的应用未见报道。本文采用溶胶－凝胶法制备了镧改性的氧化铝,通过添加不同比例表面活性剂[聚乙烯醇（PVA）]研究了镧和聚乙烯醇对氧化铝孔性质及热稳定性的影响。     

Steric stabilization of thermally responsive N-isopropylacrylamide particles by poly(vinyl alcohol)

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was used as a steric stabilizer for the dispersion polymerization of cross-linked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) in water. A series of reactions were carried out using PVA of varying molecular weight and degree of hydrolysis. Under appropriate conditions, PNIPAM particles of uniform and controllable size were produced using PVA as the stabilizer. The colloidal stability was investigated by measuring changes in particle size with temperature in aqueous suspensions of varying ionic strength. For comparison, parallel colloidal stability measurements were conducted on PNIPAM particles synthesized with low-molecular-weight ionic surfactants. PVA provides colloidal stability over a wide range of temperature and ionic strength, whereas particles produced with ionic surfactants flocculate in moderate ionic strength solutions upon collapse of the hydrogel as the temperature is increased. Experimental results and theoretical consideration indicate that sterically stabilized PNIPAM particles resulted from the grafting of PVA to the PNIPAM particle surface. The enhanced colloidal stability afforded by PVA allows the temperature-responsive PNIPAM particles to be used under physiological conditions where electrostatic stability is ineffective.     

Preparation and properties of cementitious composites for geothermal applications

Three fiber-reinforced cement composites were prepared and cured in an autoclave for up to 168 h at 2 MPa of steam pressure in order to investigate the effect of hydrothermal curing on the alteration of pore structure, density, and formation and stability of hydrated products with time. Compressive strength was reviewed in connection with sample porosity. It was found that the time of autoclaving plays a crucial role in objective assessment of the durability of composites as potential candidates for geothermal applications. A mercury intrusion porosimeter Quantachrome Poremaster 60GT was used for the estimation of the pore structure parameters of composites. The thermal analysis method was used to identify different temperature ranges of cured samples?? thermal decomposition and to characterize the nature of hydrated products. Two kinds of products were formed. The first group consisted of calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H), calcium-silicate-aluminate-hydrate (C-S-A-H), calcium-aluminate-hydrate (C-A-H), and calcium-carbonate (C-C) as a product of carbonation. The second group are chemically bond products, e.g. hydroxyapatite (Ca₅(PO₄)₃(OH)) and gibbsite (Al(OH)₃). These two hydroceramic products formed under hydrothermal conditions act also as binders and they can be useful as geothermal cement binders.