钌离子催化氧化法研究大港减压渣油组分化学结构

利用钌离子催化氧化方法对大港减压渣油芳香分、胶质和庚烷沥青质进行了选择性降解，通过GC、GC-MS等分析手段对降解反应产物中一元正构脂肪酸、α,ω-二元正构脂肪酸和苯二～六元羧酸的含量和分布分别进行了定量分析。结果表明，芳香分、胶质和庚烷沥青质中的芳香结构上都存在大量烷基取代基和桥接不同芳碳的聚亚甲基桥。烷基取代基碳数最大约为33，聚亚甲基桥最大碳数约为24，而且这两种结构单元的含量均随碳数的增加而减少，并呈现出了偶碳优势。庚烷沥青质C12以下侧链相对较多而C16＋较少，与芳香分的分布相反；正构烷基侧链的浓度按庚烷沥青质、胶质和芳香分的顺序递减。降解产物中都检测到了苯二甲酸到苯六甲酸等一系列的苯多酸，表明三个组分中都存在稠环芳香结构。庚烷沥青质中缩合程度较高的迫位缩合结构含量最高，芳香分渺位缩合结构最多，胶质介于两者之间。     

反应温度对加氢残渣油四组分含量和结构的影响

以沙轻减渣为原料,在高压釜内研究了不同反应温度下加氢反应前后渣油的四组分含量及其结构组成变化。结果表明,加氢残渣油中的饱和分含量明显增加,而芳香分和胶质的含量均降低,四组分含量随反应温度的升高均呈现规律性变化。加氢后四组分的H/C摩尔比和平均相对分子质量均降低,芳碳分率增加。随反应温度升高,四组分的H/C摩尔比和平均相对分子质量降低,烷基碳分率降低;芳香分、胶质和沥青质的芳碳分率增加;胶质和沥青质的总环数和芳环数均降低。渣油加氢过程中四组分都发生了明显的氢解和脱烷基反应。加氢反应中,胶质和沥青质结构单元间的各种桥键可发生明显地断裂,导致其结构单元数减少,且结构单元数随反应温度的升高而减少。     

渣油在加氢处理中的性质和结构变化规律研究

利用渣油加氢处理中试装置,获得了经过脱金属催化剂、脱硫催化剂和脱氮催化剂的系列渣油加氢处理产物,分析了各产物的性质。随加氢深度增加,硫、氮、残炭、镍和钒在渣油加氢产物中的的质量分数降低,总脱除率分别为84.9%、51.3%、62.8%、84.8%和94.0%。各产物的组分分布发生变化,饱和分组分增加,芳香分、胶质、沥青质组分减少,重组分胶质和沥青质组分的转化分别达到了57.5%和73.3%。以核磁共振为基础计算了渣油加氢产物组分的平均结构参数。结果表明,芳香分和胶质组分单元结构芳香环数和环烷环数减少,芳香碳分率fA、环烷碳分率fN和烷基碳分率fP变化不明显;而沥青质分子fA增加,fN和fP降低。从平均结构参数还可以看出,不同加氢产物同一种组分在结构上有其共性,但不同组分有明显区别。     

用超临界气体抽提方法研究抚顺烟煤的组成和结构 Ⅱ.~1H-NMR和~(13)C-NMR对煤抽出物的分析

用~1H-NMR和~(13)C-NMR对超临界甲苯抽出物的芳香段分予以表征,结果表明,各芳香段分具有背缩芳核、联苯、芴、9,10-二氢蒽和二苯亚甲基及对应杂原子取代型开链结构。油段分的平均分子中含有约两个芳环,沥青质段分中含有3—8个,苯不溶部分含5—11个。油段分芳环上烷基的取代度为30%—49%,沥青质的段分为26%—35%,前沥青质的段分为22%—31%。在油段分中含有四氢萘结构,有些段分的结构中具有长烷基取代。     

GC／MS分析煤抽出物中的含硫多环芳香化合物

煤的索氏抽出物中的含硫多环芳香化合物（ＰＡＳＨ）由硅胶柱色谱与配体交换薄层色谱（ＰｄＣｌ＿２／ＳｉＯ＿２）两步分离，用毛细管气相色谱（ＦＩＤ与ＦＰＤ）和色质联用仪分析其组成、结构。通过与文献的色谱保留指数相比较、质谱数据验证，鉴定出贵定煤含硫芳香化合物以三、四环结构为主，主要是二苯并噻吩及其Ｃ＿１～Ｃ＿３烷基取代物、苯并萘并噻吩及其烷基取代物，其它稠环含硫芳香化合物较少。     

渣油中沥青质胶粒缔合状况初探

目前一般认为[1] ,石油中的沥青质的基本结构是以多个芳香环组成的稠合芳香环系为核心 ,周围连接有若干的环烷环 ,芳香环和环烷环上都还带有若干个长度不一的正构烷基侧链 ,其中还杂有各种含硫、氮、氧的基团 ,同时还会络合钒、铁等金属。这种以一个稠合的芳香环系为核心的结构是组成胶质或沥青质的基本单元。大量研究表明 ,沥青质由若干个这类单元结构组成 ,以缔合状态存在 ,渣油及其沥青质的分子量都随测定所用溶剂的极性不同而变化 ,在弱极性有机溶剂中所测得的分子量较大 ,在强极性的有机溶剂中所测得的分子量偏小。初步研究表明 ,沥青…     

低度氢化研究贾汪镜煤质的组成结构 Ⅲ.氢化产品的紫外光谱和红外光谱

对两种贾汪镜煤质及其氢化产品经液体色谱分离得到的各段分进行了红外光谱鉴别,对芳烃段分还进行了紫外光谱考察.镜煤质、氢化油和石油醚可溶分的红外光谱基本相似,表明它们的基本碳骨架结构特征近似.两种镜煤质氢化产品相应段分的红外及紫外光谱图都很相似,表明它们含有非常近似的组分.按本文结果并结合前二报的结果推测,饱和烃段分主要由脂环(包括缩合脂环)化合物组成;芳烃段分主要由氢化芳香族化合物组成,其中单苯核芳烃主要为四氢萘系化合物,双苯核芳烃主要由萘系化合物组成.随着馏分沸点的增高与芳核数的降低,芳核上的氢被取代得越多,主要是被并合的脂环和甲基所取代,长链取代基和开链—CH_2—都不多.这些结果与图解统计分析的结果相一致.     

钌离子催化氧化研究石油沥青质芳香环系结构特征

对四种石油沥青质钌离子催化（RICO）的研究表明，芳羧酸产物中三元以上的芳羧酸主要分布在水相中，二元芳羧酸在水相和有机相中均有分布，而一元芳羧酸完全分布在有机相中。产物甲酯化后利用色谱/质谱检测到苯甲酸甲酯和对苯二甲酸二甲酯，表明沥青质中存在被忽略的联苯型（包括三联苯型）芳香环系的结构，现有沥青质结构模型可能高估了芳香环系的缩合程度。根据RICO氧化分析结果本文计算了沥青质的芳香环系结构特征参数，发现该参数能较好地反映沥青质芳环结构特征，而且与原油成熟度可能存在一定关系。     

钴-溴催化体系中饱和烃的氧化

在Co-Br催化体系中研究了不同结构八碳烃的氧化行为,其相对氧化速率的顺序为:烯烃、烷基芳烃>环烷烃>异构烷烃>正构烷烃。以环辛烷为模型化合物,讨论了产物生成的化学历程,认为Co-Br络合物与环辛烷过氧化自由基的相互作用是高选择性生成环辛酮的原因。考察了各种因素的影响。测得环辛烷氧化的表观活化能为20Kcal/mol,并得出氧化速率经验方程,速率对于催化剂和烃浓度的关系都为一级。     

渣油重组分沥青质结构分析及其对临氢热反应过程生焦的影响

以塔河常压渣油(THAR)为原料,正己烷为溶剂分离获得重组分C6-沥青质及其脱沥青油,并将所得沥青质回调至脱沥青油中配制成不同沥青质含量的渣油,以此为原料进行了高压釜临氢热反应实验。首先利用元素分析、1H-NM R及13CNM R、GPC分子量测定、FT-IR、XRD及SEM对沥青质的分子结构参数、官能团、晶体结构及表面形貌进行了分析研究。结果表明,该沥青质芳环侧链中长链部分较少且支链化程度较高,并以甲基、乙基、丙基结构为主,其芳香度fA高达0.57,芳环缩合程度及芳香片层结构较大,且芳香环系同时存在迫位缩合和渺位缩合的结构,已经形成连接致密的高芳香度结构。鉴于沥青质结构的复杂性,考察了其含量对临氢热反应过程的影响,结果表明,随着沥青质含量的增加,渣油的转化率逐渐增加,当沥青质含量超过5.12%时,其转化率的增加以快速生成焦炭为代价。另外,渣油中长链脂碳含量f3C与轻质油收率存在一定规律性,即随着f3C增加,轻质油收率先增加后趋于平缓,而残炭值、芳香度fA与焦炭收率表现出良好的线性关系。     

大港减压渣油超临界萃取萃余残渣结构特征研究

〗通过超临界萃取方法对大港减压渣油进行深度窄馏分切割，利用钌离子催化氧化（RICO）对其抽余残渣进行选择性降解，对降解生成的混合物进行分离，其中非挥发性羧酸进行甲酯化处理，挥发性羧酸进行苯甲酰甲酯化，最后分别利用GC-MS等方法进行定性定量分析。结果表明，大港减压渣油超临界萃取萃余残渣分子中含有大量与芳环相连的正构烷基侧链和桥接芳环的聚亚甲基链，芳环的缩合程度小于利用结构族组成等分析方法分析大港减压渣油沥青质得到的结果。大港减压渣油超临界萃取萃余残渣的共价结构信息可对该原料的加工和优化利用提供指导。     

Ionic Complexes of Polyacids and Cationic Surfactants

Comb-like ionic complexes were prepared from polyuronic acids (pectinic and alginic acids) and alkyltrimethylammonium surfactants bearing linear alkyl chains with 18, 20 and 22 carbon atoms. In the condensed state, these complexes were able to self-assemble in ordered structures which were thermally stable up to ∼200 °C. The complexes were analysed by DSC and WAXS/SAXS and compared to their analogous made from poly(γ-glutamic acid). They all adopt a biphasic layered structure in which the main chain and the alkyl side chain alternate with a nanometric periodicity. Alkyl side chains were partially crystallized in these complexes and they show reversible melting at temperatures within the 60-80 °C range depending on the length of the polymethylene segment.     

1H NMR study on the self-association of quinacridone derivatives in solution

The pi-stacking structures and self-association thermodynamics of N, N'-di(n-alkyl) quinacridone derivatives (n-alkyl QAs) with various substituents on the side aromatic rings and different length of n-alkyl chains are investigated in organic solvents by (1)H NMR spectroscopy. The stacking geometries are built based on both the magnitudes and directions of peak shifts with concentration and solvent polarity. The intermolecular interaction between nitrogen atoms and oxygen atoms dominates the general geometrical preferences of the stacking in which the molecules are face-to-face arranged in a parallel and an antiparallel fashion, respectively. The stacking structures are little affected by the length of the n-alkyl chains but are regulated in an allowed range by the size and properties of the substituents. The association processes of all the n-alkyl QAs are enthalpically favorable at 298 K, while the relative stability of these n-alkyl QAs assemblies is governed mainly by the entropy of the association processes. The introduction of larger substituents and longer n-alkyl chains disfavors the association of the n-alkyl QAs, while the binding of the halogen atoms on the side aromatic rings is favorable to the association. The relative strength of the stacking interaction for the substituted n-alkyl QAs has not obvious correlation with the electron-donating or electron-withdrawing nature of the substituents, while it is well associated to the dispersion energy and repulsive exchange energy. The different entropy-enthalpy compensation of the halogen-substituted n-alkyl QAs from others may suggest different association mechanism for the two types of n-alkyl QAs.     

Engineering solid-state morphologies in carbazole-ethynylene macrocycles

We present a crystallographic study that systematically investigates the effects of the n-alkyl side-chain length on the crystal packing in shape-persistent macrocycles. The solid-state packing of carbazole-ethynylene-containing macrocycles is sensitive to the alkyl-chain length. In macrocycles containing n-alkyl side chains up to nine carbons in length, face-on aromatic π interactions predominate, while the addition of one carbon leads to a completely different packing arrangement. Macrocycles with C(10) or C(11) chains exhibit a novel packing motif wherein the alkyl chains intercalate between macrocycles, leading in one case to continuous solvent-filled channels. When crystals of the C(10) macrocycle are bathed in solvent, the included molecules exchange with the external solvent, and the alkyl chain disorder changes in response to changes in the guest volume in order to retain crystallinity. Powder X-ray diffraction data indicate that alkyl-macrocycle interactions in the longer chains "emulate" the distances typical of face-to-face π interactions, leading to deceptive indicators of π stacking.     

神华长焰煤大分子结构特征的研究

利用ASE 350型超声快速溶剂抽提仪,在高温高压下对神华长焰煤(SH)进行二硫化碳/N-甲基吡咯烷酮(CS₂/NMP)混合溶剂抽提,抽提率约为25%(质量分数)。将得到的抽提残渣(SHC)进行钌离子催化氧化(RICO)降解反应,并对产物进行了离子色谱(IC)检测和以四甲基氢氧化铵(TMAH,25%甲醇溶液)为衍生化试剂的热辅助-在线甲酯化后的气质联用仪(GC-MS)检测分析。结果表明,神华长焰煤大分子结构中含有C_2~28烷基侧链,C_2~22的连接芳环的烷基桥链,有相对较多的醚键链接的芳环结构存在,芳环缩合程度相对较低(主要以含有2~4个苯环的共轭结构为主),有较多的醚键链接的芳环结构及羟基(-OH)、羰基(=C=O)和甲氧基(-OCH₃)等形式含氧基团以及含硫和氮等杂原子化合物的存在。     

Studies on the effects of the alkyl group on the surface segregation of poly(n-alkyl methacrylate) end-capped 2-perfluorooctylethyl methacrylate films

The effects of the alkyl group on the surface segregation of poly(n-alkyl methacrylate) end-capped with various numbers of units of 2-perfluorooctylethyl methacrylate (FMA) (PnAMA-ec-PFMA) were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, angle-resolved XPS analysis, contact angle measurements, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that with similar numbers of FMA units at the polymer chain end the extent of fluorine segregation (Q) increased with increasing the number of carbon atoms in the side n-alkyl chains of poly(n-alkyl methacrylate). The surface fluorine content within 5 nm deep of the film of poly(n-octadecyl methacrylate) end-capped with one FMA unit (PODMA(160)-ec-PFMA(1.0)) was 208-fold higher than that of the bulk level. These observed differences in Q values were found due to the aggregate structure of the end-capped polymers in the solution, the flexibility, and the crystallinity of the n-alkyl side chains. When the nonfluorinated block was completely amorphous, the molecular aggregate structure of the end-capped polymers in the solution played an important role in the surface segregation of the fluorinated moieties on the resulting film. However, when the nonfluorinated block was crystalline, crystallinity would enhance greatly the segregation of the fluorinated moieties.     

The crystalline and liquid crystalline structures of benzyl-tri-octadecylammonium bromide complete the puzzle: how do Group VA halide salts with one-four long n-alkyl chains pack?

The first single crystal structure of a Group VA halide salt with three equivalent long n-alkyl chains, benzyltrioctadecylammonium bromide (BzN18Br), is reported. It consists of alternating interdigitated and non-interdigitated regions of alkyl chains separated by ionic planes. Two chains per molecule are paired and extend to one side in a non-interdigitated region. The third chain is on the opposite side of the ionic plane and pairs intermolecularly to form an adjacent, interdigitated region. The thickness of two nearly extended molecules defines the bilayer unit-two ionic planes flanked by a region with intramolecularly paired chains and separated by an interdigitated chain region. Powder X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy data of liquid crystalline BzN18Br are consistent with an enantiotropic smectic A₂ (SmA₂) phase: the three n-alkyl chains of each molecule are projected from one side of an ionic plane, and head groups of neighbouring molecules are oriented head-to-head, in a non-interdigitated bilayer assembly. The structure of BzN18Br fills an important gap in our knowledge about the crystal packing of ammonium and phosphonium salts with one-four equivalent long n-alkyl chains. A comparison of their packing arrangements is made and the transitional nature of the BzN18Br structures is demonstrated. Although salts with one, two, or three long n-alkyl chains form SmA₂ phases, each is distinctive in its molecular packing. A large molecular reorganization accompanies the crystal-to-liquid crystal transition of BzN18Br.     

Langmuir-Blodgett films as aligning layers for homeotropic alignment of liquid crystal molecules

The first single crystal structure of a Group VA halide salt with three equivalent long n-alkyl chains, benzyltrioctadecylammonium bromide (BzN18Br), is reported. It consists of alternating interdigitated and non-interdigitated regions of alkyl chains separated by ionic planes. Two chains per molecule are paired and extend to one side in a non-interdigitated region. The third chain is on the opposite side of the ionic plane and pairs intermolecularly to form an adjacent, interdigitated region. The thickness of two nearly extended molecules defines the bilayer unit-two ionic planes flanked by a region with intramolecularly paired chains and separated by an interdigitated chain region. Powder X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy data of liquid crystalline BzN18Br are consistent with an enantiotropic smectic A₂ (SmA₂) phase: the three n-alkyl chains of each molecule are projected from one side of an ionic plane, and head groups of neighbouring molecules are oriented head-to-head, in a non-interdigitated bilayer assembly. The structure of BzN18Br fills an important gap in our knowledge about the crystal packing of ammonium and phosphonium salts with one-four equivalent long n-alkyl chains. A comparison of their packing arrangements is made and the transitional nature of the BzN18Br structures is demonstrated. Although salts with one, two, or three long n-alkyl chains form SmA₂ phases, each is distinctive in its molecular packing. A large molecular reorganization accompanies the crystal-to-liquid crystal transition of BzN18Br.     

Synthesis and characterization of poly-n-alkylmalonamides: Formation of a partially disordered layer structure

Polyamides from n-alkylmalonic acids and linear aliphatic diamines, with paraffinic side chains of 3–18 carbon atoms, were prepared by melt polycondensation or by low-temperature interfacial polycondensation and were characterized by infrared, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and x-ray diffraction techniques. First-order transitions were found in the range of 130–210°C, depending on the number of carbon atoms in the side chain. The x-ray diffraction indicated substantially amorphous systems for polyamides with 8–18 carbon atoms in the side chain. However, long-range order arises in these polymers from a solid-state structure in which polyamide and hydrocarbon layers having partially disordered chain conformations alternate.