Influence of Radiative Irradiation on the Optical and Electrical Properties of Crystalline Quartz

The influence of radiation on the optical properties of quartz crystals has been investigated. Using the methods of IR and Raman spectroscopy, the lattice dynamics associated with a change in the spectral characteristics of a number of the stretching and deformation vibrations of the crystal lattice upon irradiation of samples by gamma quanta and neutrons to high doses has been determined. The regularities of radiative modification of the spectral characteristics of certain fully symmetrical and degenerate modes of the stretching vibrations of hydroxide groups are determined. To elucidate the reasons for the changes in the optical spectra, the latter were compared with the corresponding spectra obtained upon heating of wafers and with the change in the conductivity of crystals caused by irradiation. It is assumed that the changes in the optical spectra and conductivity of irradiated crystals are mainly due to the rearrangement of the quartz structure and to the stimulated migration of impurities. A possible mechanism of the process of conduction in the material is discussed in the framework of the existing models.__________Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 72, No. 2, pp. 224–229, March–April, 2005.     

Effect of the Dose of Irradiation by Fast Neutrons on the Optical Properties of Vitreous Silicon Dioxide

The influence of neutron irradiation on some parameters of vitreous silicon dioxide was investigated by optical, dielectric, and x-ray spectroscopy. The laws governing the change in the spectral characteristics, structure parameters, polarizability, and refractive index of vitreous silicon dioxide in a wide range of fluences of fast neutrons are determined. It is assumed that the revealed species of the corresponding dose dependences of some characteristics are caused by the radiation-stimulated change in the structure of the substance. The effect of large doses is considered.     

Spectral characteristics and force constants of irradiated α-SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> single crystals

The IR-radiation reflectance spectra of α-SiO₂ single crystals exposed, in a reactor, to fast neutrons with fluences changing in a wide range have been investigated. The regularities of the change in spectral characteristics of the antisymmetric and degenerate vibrations of the bridge bonds of the crystals studied and in the dynamic parameters of these crystals in the process of their irradiation have been determined. The critical dynamics of the crystal lattice in the region of antisymmetric stretching and degenerate modes and the extremum radiation kinetics of the ion-polarizability parameters and the force constants of the indicated crystals were detected. The changes in some characteristics of these crystals, arising on their irradiation as a result of the damage of the substance, the rupture and extension of some silicon—oxygen bonds, and the transformation of the structure of α-SiO₂ single crystals by two mechanisms, have been considered. __________ Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 72, No. 6, pp. 773–777, November–December, 2005.     

IR spectra of fused silica irradiated by fast neutrons

IR spectroscopy has been used to study the process of structural damage and changes in some characteristics of fused silica irradiated by fast neutrons over a very broad fluence range (10¹⁷–10²¹ cm⁻²). Features of the change in spectral characteristics of the bending and stretching vibrations of the bridge bonds have been identified, and also a comparative analysis has been carried out with radiation-induced changes in a series of optical spectra in the UV and visible regions, and structural parameters and other characteristics of wafers irradiated by different fluences. A correspondence has been established between the features of the radiation-induced changes in the optical, luminescence, and structural properties, and extremal points have been observed on the dose dependences. Based on the results obtained, a mechanism of radiation-induced rearrangement of the silica structure is suggested. __________ Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 73, No. 4, pp. 494–497, July–August, 2006.     

Change in Raman scattering spectrum with polymorphic transformation of α-SiO2 subjected to neutron irradiation

The changes in Raman scattering spectra in polymorphic transformation of α-SiO₂ crystals subjected to various fluences of fast neutrons are considered. Regularities in the radiative change of the spectral characteristics of a number of bands are established. A preliminary model of radiative modification of the structure of a crystal is developed within the framework of the “vapor” theory. Institute of Nuclear Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Ulugbek Settlement, 702132, Uzbekistan. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 4, pp. 582–585, September–October, 1997.     

Changes in the Physical Properties of Neutron-Irradiated Quartz

The influence of irradiation on a set of physical (absorbing, luminescent, paramagnetic, and structural) properties of quartz crystals is studied. The nonmonotonic kinetics of changes in the optical and x-ray parameters of the crystal in the region of radiation-stimulated phase transition is established. The possible mechanism of radiation-induced reorganization of the crystal structure is discussed.     

Irradiation of germanium nanocrystals with reactor neutrons

The effect of reactor neutron irradiation on the structure of germanium nanocrystals ion-implanted into an amorphous silicon dioxide film was studied using laser Raman scattering, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The sample irradiation with a high dose of fast reactor neutrons resulted in lattice destruction and amorphization of a part of nanocrystals, leaving off a significant part well retained. Thus indicating that this nano-based material may have potential for the fabrication of devices operating under extreme conditions. Radiation defect annealing and full restoration of the nanocrystal structure were observed at 800°C; however, the average size of nanocrystals and their spatial distribution were changed.     

a-SiC:H薄膜的中子辐照研究

 用射频（13.56MHz）反应溅射法制备了a-SiC:H 薄膜，并将制得的薄膜采用高能中子（14MeV）进行辐照。采用电阻率、Raman谱及红外光谱对薄膜的结构与特性变化规律进行了表征。分析结果表明：所得a-SiC:H薄膜中存在多余的非晶态碳。随着中子辐照剂量的增加，a-SiC:H薄膜中SP-2C=C键增加，即其中的碳存在类石墨化的趋势。中子辐照后薄膜的电阻率的略微减小现象，可用缺陷对载流子的捕获模型进行解释。     

Irradiated rare‐earth‐doped powellite single crystal probed by confocal Raman mapping and transmission electron microscopy

The irradiation‐induced damages and structure modifications of rare earths doped powellite single crystal have been precisely studied using optical and electron microscopy techniques, including optical interferometry, confocal micro‐Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The surface of powellite crystal pops out anisotropically after exposing under Ar ion beam, with a saturation swelling value of 2.0% along a‐axis and 1.3% along the c‐axis of powellite at high dose. Raman mapping on focused ion‐beam sections (5 × 3 µm²) perpendicular to the irradiated surface reveals that irradiation damage induces orientation‐dependent compressive stresses in powellite. However, no significant anisotropic effect has been found on the irradiation‐induced structural disorder in powellite. At low dose (0.012 dpa), the main irradiation‐induced defects created in powellite crystal are small defect clusters. By comparison, the dominant kinds of defects in high‐dose (5.0 dpa) sample are dislocations loops and networks. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Defects and the structure of a manganite La0.85Sr0.15MnO3 crystal

Defects in a ferromagnetic crystal of manganite La_0.85Sr_0.15MnO₃ were created by irradiation with fast neutrons (E > 0.1 MeV). Fast neutrons produce defect clusters in a crystal lattice. The volume fraction of the clusters in the crystal after irradiation to a dose F = 2 × 10¹⁹ cm^?2 (T _irr = 340 K) was ?40%. The structural and magnetic states of the modified manganite were studied using thermal-neutron diffraction and magnetic measurements. It was revealed that neutron irradiation of a crystal suppresses the cooperative Jahn-Teller effect and the initial charge modes and decreases the temperature of ferromagnetic ordering. Under irradiation with fast neutrons, the crystalline structure of the manganite changes from the orthorhombic O′ to the pseudocubic O* phase. Arguments are advanced in favor of the specific features of the irradiated-manganite structural state being determined by long-wavelength strains induced in the crystal by antisite defects.     

Vibrational,Spectrum of Triclinic Potassium Dichromate

Stammreich and co-workers¹ first noted that the absorption bands in the infrared spectra- of triclinic potassium dichromate appear in pairs, and they postulated that this effect might be due to different non-equivalent arrangements of dichromate ions in the crystal lattice. Vinh and co-workers² have obtained the Raman spectrum of triclinic potassium dichromate and have recently suggested that this doubling effect points to the presence of an inversion center in the crystal lattice³. We have also studied the Raman spectrum of potassium dichromate. Our spectra appear to be better resolved than those previously reported, thereby enabling a more complete assignment. Our work also benefits from a recent and highly refined x-ray structure study⁴, and we have been able to verify the space group assignment of that study.     

低温相H_2S晶体振动光谱计算

本文介绍了计算分子晶体基频振动的力常数模型并应用于Ｈ２Ｓ晶体低温相的拉曼，红外光谱分析。使用１１个可调参数（包括３个分子内部力常数和８个分子间作用力参数）计算得到６９个光学模式的振动频率及其对应的本征矢量。计算结果与实验值相符甚好。对已观测到的谱线作了全面指认。并给出了未观测到谱线的位置。计算表明，晶体中氢键为最重要的分子间相互作用。它使Ｈ２Ｓ分子Ｓ—Ｈ键力在晶体中减弱７％。     

The structure of thin carbon films deposited at 13.5 nm EUV irradiation

In this work, the structure and chemistry of thin nm-thick carbon films deposited on a substrate using strong 13.5 nm EUV irradiation under a strong vacuum were studied. The film structure was studied by Raman spectroscopy in comparison with the Raman spectra of well-known carbon phases: diamond, single-wall nanotubes, nano- and micro-crystalline graphite and amorphous carbon. As well, FTIR spectroscopy was used to study possible IR-active chemical bonds, primarily, hydrogen bonds. It was shown that films deposited on a surface under EUV irradiation consists of amorphous sp ²-carbon. The mechanisms of deposition are discussed briefly. Knowledge about the structure and chemistry of such carbon films is very important for EUV lithography.     

Monitoring of the microstructure of ion‐irradiated nuclear ceramics by in situ Raman spectroscopy

Raman spectroscopy is an efficient technique for studying the evolution of microstructure of materials under irradiation. For that purpose, a Raman spectrometer has been recently installed at the JANNUS‐Saclay platform. In this paper, we describe the new setup for in situ experiments. These in situ experiments allowed following the microstructural evolution of different materials (SiC, ZrO₂ and B₄C) as a function of ion fluence on a single sample (either single crystal or polycrystalline ceramics) under the same irradiation conditions. Our results show that Raman spectroscopy is a versatile non‐contact technique for studying on‐line crystalline phase changes or amorphization of irradiated iono‐covalent solids. A detailed analysis of Raman spectra is provided for the three materials (SiC, ZrO₂ and B₄C) investigated in this study, revealing quite different behaviors upon irradiation. Basically, Raman spectroscopy gives insight on these evolutions at the level of bonds given by specific phonon modes, in good agreement with Rutherford backscattering channeling (RBS/C), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) or transmission electron microscopy (TEM) data, which provide information at a long‐range scale. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

ZnO单晶的微区光致发光特性研究

ZnO单晶材料以其优良的综合性能在光电子器件方面掀起了研究热潮,因此对ZnO单晶的研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。采用激光辐照的方式,对ZnO单晶进行了光致发光(photoluminescence, PL)光谱实验,分析研究了ZnO单晶在不同温度(低温)和不同激光能量强度照射下其光致发光特性。研究结果表明,ZnO单晶内存在少量杂质及表面氧缺陷,这些结构对其发光特性有一定的影响;在低温条件下,ZnO单晶具有良好的发光特性,且随着温度的提高,发光光谱峰的位置会向长波长方向移动,但强度会减小;当激光光源的强度增大,ZnO单晶的PL发射光谱的强度也会随之增大,且峰的位置和相对强度不变。结合拉曼(Raman)光谱实验,从分子及原子振动、转动类型验证了纤锌矿ZnO单晶的六方晶系结构;配合X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction, XRD)技术,得出ZnO单晶良好的结晶特性以及晶轴取向。     

Femtosecond laser induced nanostructuring of zirconium in liquid confined environment

The surface, structural, and mechanical properties of zirconium after irradiation with Ti: sapphire laser(800 nm, 30 fs,1 k Hz) have been investigated. The zirconium targets were exposed for a varying number of laser pulses ranging from 500 to 2000 at a fixed fluence of 3.6 J/cm~2 corresponding to an intensity of 1.2×10~(14)W/cm~2 in ambient environments of deionized water and propanol. A scanning electron microscope(SEM) was employed to investigate the surface morphology of the irradiated zirconium. The SEM analysis shows the formation of various kinds of features including nanoscale laser induced periodic surface structures(LIPSS), sponge like surface structure, flakes, conical structures, droplets, pores, and cavities. The energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy(EDS) analysis exhibits the variation in chemical composition along with an enhanced diffusion of oxygen under both ambient conditions. The crystal structure and phase analyses of the exposed targets were explored by x-ray diffraction(XRD) and Raman spectroscopy techniques, respectively. The XRD analysis confirms the presence of various phases of zirconium hydride and zirconia after ablation in both de-ionized water and propanol. However, excessive hydrides are formed in the case of propanol. The Raman analysis supports the EDS and XRD results. It also reveals the presence of oxides(zirconia) after irradiation in both de-ionized water and propanol environments.The chemical reactivity of zirconium was significantly improved in the presence of liquids which were accountable for the growth of novel phases and modification in the chemical composition of the irradiated Zr. A nanohardness tester was employed to measure the nanohardness of the laser treated targets. The initial increase and then decrease in nanohardness was observed with an increase in the number of laser pulses in the de-ionized water environment. In the case of propanol,a continuous decrease in hardness was observed.     

物质动态结构的非弹性散射研究

在静态结构的基础上，考虑原子的振动，分子键的振动、转动和振－振运动的结构称为动态结构，它是用非弹性散射方法来测定的。本文评述研究动态结构的实验方法：中子非弹性散射，非弹性X射线散射、核非弹性散射和Raman散射以及红外吸收谱。简单介绍了声子散射理论基础，继后，分三节描述了用这些方法来研究动态结构的若干结果。1）结晶物质，包括晶内，表面和界面，高纯近完整晶体中杂质引起的，多晶中、薄膜和纳米晶体中的点阵动力学研究；2）非晶物质，包括非晶固体，高聚合物，生物大分子，准晶和液体的动态结构研究；3）高温超导体的点阵动力学研究，文末给出了小结和最后评论。     

Vacuum‐UV‐Radiation‐Induced Structural‐Functional Changes in Serum Albumin Molecules

Using the methods of spectrophotometry, luminescent analysis, and fluorescent probes, we have investigated the structural changes in bull serum albumin (BSA) molecules induced by the action of vacuum UV (VUV) radiation ( = 131161 nm, dose — 6300 kJ/m²). It has been found that the change in the spectralfluorescent properties of BSA molecules after irradiation under the conditions of different microsurroundings is caused by the unrolling of the protein globule due to the weakening and rupture of weak intramolecular bonds as well as by the photomodification of the aromatic amino acid residues in the composition of the protein macromolecule. A scheme of the phototransformation processes in the BSA molecules under the action of vacuum ultraviolet has been drawn. In accordance with this scheme the VUV light in the region of absorption of peptide bonds of protein molecules induces a disturbance in their thirdorder structure, which leads to a modification of the state of aromatic amino acid residues and a change in the functional properties of protein macromolecules.     

Intermolecular Interactions in 8-Aza-D-Homogonane Crystals and their Manifestation in the IR Spectra

Crystalline modifications of 8-aza-D-homogon-1,3,5(10),13-tetraen-12,17a-dione have been investigated by IR spectroscopy and x-ray structural analysis. It is shown that this compound crystallizes from solutions of chloroform with hexane in the form of a solvate comprised of chelate hydrogen bonds between the hydrogen atom of the chloroform molecule and the oxygen atoms of the carbonyl groups of the 8-azasteroid molecule. A relation between the changes in the characteristic absorption bands of the CH₂-, C=O-, and I=C groups and the structure of the crystalline modifications has been established.     

Effets produits par l'irradiation avec des neutrons et avec des rayons gammas sur la série jaune et la série verte du spectre d'absorption excitonique de la cuprite

The effects of irradiations in a reactor and in a Cobalt 60 source on the green and yellow series of the excitonic absorption spectrum of cuprous oxide are studied. In the reactor irradiation experiments, the effects of fast neutrons are separately studied from those of thermal neutrons and of gamma rays. It is shown that the perturbations of the absorption spectra of Cu₂O by fast neutrons are very similar to those produced by an external electric field. They are also similar to those produced by quenching which creates probably internal strains. Charged defects occur probably in the crystal during bombardment and these charged defects produce an internal electric field and strains. It is not possible to study separately the effects of the electric field and the effects of strains. The electric field can be evaluated by comparison of its effects on the excitonic spectrum with those of an external field. An evaluation of the rate of creation of defects by fast neutrons in the crystal is deduced. It is also shown that the effects of gamma-rays are very different from those of fast neutrons. It is possible with gamma-ray irradiations to decrease residual internal fields which may exist in a crystal.