Phase-unwrapping algorithm for the measurement of 3D object

The phase unwrapping is a significant and difficult procedure for profilometry based on fringe. A new algorithm based on coded phase is proposed in this paper. It identifies the order of the fringe by projecting fringes with coded phase onto the object and performs fast phase unwrapping. The computer simulation and the experiment are presented to prove the feasibility and validity of the new algorithm.     

Inversion of Rayleigh waves using a genetic algorithm in the presence of a low-velocity layer

The shear-wave velocity profile can be obtained by the velocity of Rayleigh waves through the back-calculation based on dispersion curves. However, the dispersion curves obtained in practical application are always discontinuous and correspond to different mode branches due to mode jumping, especially in the presence of low-velocity layer. Mode misidentification may be encountered in inversion based on these jumped dispersion curves. Mode analysis demonstrates that the mode jumping is caused by a different surface displacement distribution with frequency for each mode. This indicates that the surface displacement distribution of the modes should be taken into account for the case of a low-velocity layer. Shear-wave velocity profiles are inversed based on the (possibly discontinuous) dispersion curves of fundamental and/or higher modes using a genetic algorithm (GA). In addition to the dispersion characteristics, the surface displacement distribution is also taken into account for the case of a low-velocity layer; as a result, mode misidentification is avoided. Published in Russian in Akusticheskiĭ Zhurnal, 2006, Vol. 52, No. 6, pp 811–824. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Imaging properties of a 2D crossed holographic grating on silver halide photoemulsions

A technique is proposed for photochemical processing of photoemulsions, which makes it possible to form lens-shaped focusing elements at the nodes of crossed 2D holographic gratings (2DHGs). The results of experiments on 2DHG recording performed on PFG-01 material using this technique show considerable improvement of imaging properties of 2DHG.     

Phase-unwrapping algorithm combined with wavelet transform and Hilbert transform in self-mixing interference for individual microscale particle detection

The self-mixing interferometry(SMI) technique is an emerging sensing technology in microscale particle classification.However,due to the nature of the SMI effect raised by a microscattering particle,the signal analysis suffers from many problems compared with a macro target,such as lower signal-to-noise ratio(SNR),short transit time,and time-varying modulation strength.Therefore,the particle sizing measurement resolution is much lower than the one in typical displacement measurements.To solve th...     

Fabrication of a curved linear grating by using a laser direct writer system

We present the lithography technique to fabricate a curved linear grating by using a Cartesian coordinates laser direct writer (LDW) system. The grating with the period of 15 μm is made on the convex lens surface. This is a new application of the LDW system. After the chromium coating and the photoresist removing procedures, a convex reflecting grating is obtained.     

An exciton in a quantum well in the presence of crossed electric and magnetic fields

An analytical approach to the problem of the Wannier–Mott exciton in a semiconductor quantum well (QW) in the presence of external magnetic and electric fields is developed. The magnetic field is taken to lie in the heteroplanes while the electric field is directed perpendicular to the heteroplanes. Explicit dependencies of the energy levels and wave-functions of the exciton on the magnitudes of the fields for a wide range of the width of the QW are obtained. For the narrow QW, the results are valid for arbitrary electron and hole effective masses. In the case of intermediate and wide QWs, the adiabatic approximation implying the extreme difference of the electron and hole masses is used. In the intermediate QW, the states of the relative motion are the standard Coulomb states affected by the external fields while the states of the centre of mass are the size-quantized states in the QW. We focus particularly on the delocalized states caused by the external electric field and the motion of the excitons centre of mass in the magnetic field. These states are localized far away from the Coulomb centre. A strong influence of the boundaries of the wide QW on the delocalized exciton states is found to occur. Estimates of the expected values are made using typical parameters associated with GaAs QW.     

基于衍射光栅的FBG传感系统解调算法分析

研究并实现了一种基于衍射光栅的FBG解调系统,针对该解调系统从理论上分析了光纤内的模式分布,分析了由FBG引起的模式间耦合效应。根据高斯光束经过该系统后的空间光强分布,采用多项式拟合的方法实现了反射光谱峰值定位算法。通过与高精度光谱仪的测量结果对比表明,该解调方法具有较高的波长解调精度和稳定性。由于系统中不存在扫描机构,该技术可以实现较高的动态扫描频率。     

Movement measurement with a grating interferometer using sinusoidal phase-modulation

Movements of a surface profile are measured with a two-grating interferometer using sinusoidal phase-modulation. Since sinusoidal phase-modulating (SPM) interferometry can record a phase change due to the movement of an object in the interference signal, the SPM interferometer is suitable for measuring the movement of the object. Some experiments show that the two-grating interferometer can measure a sinusoidal vibration with amplitude of several tens of microns and a step movement with a magnitude of several microns.     

On a fiber grating sensor system with the capacity of cross-sensitivity discrimination

A novel fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor system based on an interrogating technique by two parallel matched gratings was designed and theoretically discussed. With an interrogation grating playing the role of temperature compensation grating simultaneously, the wavelength drifts induced by temperature and strain were discriminated. Additionally, the expressions of temperature and strain were deduced for our solution, and dual-value problem and cross sensitivity were solved synchronously through data processing. The influence of the FBG's parameters on the dynamic range and precision was discussed. Besides, the change of environment temperature cannot influence the dynamic range of the sensor system through temperature tuning. The system proposed in this paper will be of great significance to accelerate the real engineering applications of FBG sensing techniques.     

Interrogation of a long-period grating using a mechanically scannable arrayed waveguide grating and a sampled chirped fiber Bragg grating

A novel technique to interrogate a long-period grating (LPG) using a mechanically scannable arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) is proposed. This technique is implemented based on space-to-wavelength mapping by mechanically scanning the input light beam along the input coupler facet of an AWG. By employing a sampled chirped fiber Bragg grating with multiple peaks as a reference, the central wavelength of the LPG is measured. An interrogation system with a resolution of 10 pm at a speed of 10 Hz is demonstrated. Furthermore, the technique proposed can potentially offer subpicometer resolution at a speed of 500 Hz.     

Features of electron distribution functions in a plasma in the presence of crossed electric and magnetic fields

We treat the formation features of distribution functions of magnetized electrons over velocities and energies in a plasma located in crossed electric and magnetic fields. It is shown that the variation of electron velocity and energy between collisions, related to the motion in external fields, can substantially affect the shape of the distribution function. It is established that for strong anisotropy of the velocity distribution and for electron scattering by slightly mobile heavy particles the electron distribution function over energy has two maxima. This given feature of the electron distribution is not related to the presence of two electron groups in the plasma, but is a consequence of the transformation of distribution functions in crossed electric and magnetic fields.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 8, pp. 88–94, August, 1991.The author is grateful to A. A. Titov for carrying out the numerical calculations, and to A. S. Dolgov for a number of useful comments.     

Measurements of velocity using a lenticular grating

A new method is reported for measuring the velocity using a lenticular grating. The principle of the method is theoretically described on the basis of transmission-grating velocimetry. The theoretical studies are performed to estimate the deflection and collection characteristics of the light passing through the lenticular grating. The method is used to measure the velocity of a rotating random pattern. The experimental results show the usefulness of the method for measurements of the velocity.     

Phase grating in a doubly degenerate four-level system

In this paper, we suggest a doubly degenerate four-level system, in which the transition takes place between the hyperfine energy 52S1/2 F = 1 and 52P3/2 F = 2 in rubidium 87 D2 line, for studying atomic phase grating based on the cross-Kerr and phase conjugation effects. The phase grating with high efficiency can be obtained by tuning phase shift Ф between the coupling and probe field, when the coupling intensity is much stronger than the strength of probe field. Under different coupling intensities, a high diffraction efficiency can be maintained. A new and simple way of implementing phase grating is presented. However, in such an atomic system, two main limitations must be taken into account. First, the independence between steady state probe susceptibility and the coupling intensity, when the population decay rate is larger than the Rabi frequency of the coupling field, cannot result in diffraction grating; second, the sample to be prepared should not be too long.     

相位光栅型曲率传感器的波前校正算法

针对相位光栅曲率传感器能够测量波前曲率在光瞳面上分布的特点,提出了一种采用整个空间分布的曲率信号来实现波前校正的算法。用曲率型变形镜影响函数的曲率信号在光瞳面上的分布来拟合待校正波前的曲率信号,采用最小二乘方法得到变形镜的控制电压,实现波前校正过程。数值模拟了一种41单元曲率型自适应光学系统采用该算法的波前校正过程。结果表明,对4至28阶Zernike像差体现了校正效果,对曲率为0的Zernike像差校正效果略好于曲率不为0的Zernike像差。与传统分区法的校正效果相比,整体法对Zernike像差的校正效果基本相当。整体法无需对光瞳面上的曲率信号进行与电极分布相同的分区,降低了对系统校准的要求。     

小型化光纤光栅解调系统设计及寻峰算法的模拟评测

为实现光纤布拉格光栅（FBG）反射光谱信号的实时监测,基于全固态光谱模块设计了用于解调FBG信号的硬件系统和软件架构,编写了上位机软件,嵌入了不同的寻峰算法,可适用于不同噪声环境下中心波长的计算,以减少由算法带来的波长误差。软件还包括数据采集、存储及回放等功能。以高斯拟合寻峰算法为例,提出了一种不依赖硬件设备对寻峰算法进行模拟评测的方法,提高了这类光谱解调系统的开发效率。采用叠加了不同噪声水平的理想FBG反射谱进行模拟评测实验,结果表明,阈值取为噪声平均幅值的2倍时可获得最佳的寻峰结果,且寻峰误差与采集数据的信噪比（SNR）和光谱峰宽成反比。运用高斯拟合寻峰算法对硬件系统实际采集的FBG反射谱数据进行寻峰计算,所得系统精度为5.89 pm,与模拟评测结果的误差小于1.7 pm,验证了模拟评测的可行性。     

Pickup lens inspection on the 5th order aberration using shearing interference by grating with curve fitting algorithm

An optical system based on shearing interference using diffraction grating was applied, to carry out the aberration inspection process of the pickup lens of a digital versatile disc (DVD) at high speed. An algorithm was devised that processes points allocated on certain lines on a fringe and fits relations between the distance from basis point to the measurement points, and phase data of the fringe at these points to an equation of higher degree as curve fitting. Aberration was numerically estimated as the size of a certain coefficient. Simulation showed that this algorithm could detect all 5th order aberrations independently. An inspection system developed based on this optical system and algorithm detected aberration as accurately as a conventional interferometer that has been used as the standard, attaining an inspection time of 1/10-1/20. In comparison with the spot method, this system has 5th order aberration detecting ability and 1/3 the inspection time.     

光栅衍射多普勒效应位移测量的理论分析和实验结果

本文研究了一种利用光栅衍射的多普勒效应进行位移测量的新方法.文中进行了光路结构和测量原理的理论分析,得出测量公式,证明了用光栅拾取多路差拍信号的相位关系.实验结果表明,它具有高的信号质量,可有效地用于位移的精密测量.     

Timing-error-difference calibration of a two-dimensional array imaging system using the overlapping-subaperture algorithm

Timing errors in the transmitting and receiving electronic channels of an imaging system can generate different transmission and reception phase-aberration profiles. To decide if these two profiles need to be measured separately, an overlapping-subaperture algorithm has been proposed in a previous paper to measure the difference between timing errors in transmitting and receiving channels connected to each element in a two-dimensional array. This algorithm has been used to calibrate a custom built imaging system with a curved linear two-dimensional array, and the results are presented in this paper. The experimental results have demonstrated that the overlapping-subaperture algorithm is capable of calibrating the timing-error-difference profile of this imaging system with a standard deviation of only a few nanoseconds. Experimental results have also shown that the time-error-difference profile of this imaging system is smaller than one tenth of a wavelength and there is no need to measure the transmission and reception phase-aberration profiles separately. The derived average phase-aberration profile using the near-field signal-redundancy algorithm can be used to correct phase aberrations for both transmission and reception.     

Parametric estimation of the Duffing system by using a modified gradient algorithm

The Letter presents a strategy for recovering the unknown parameters of the Duffing oscillator using a measurable output signal. The suggested approach employs the construction of an integral parametrization of one auxiliary output. It is calculated by measuring the difference between the output and its respective delay output. First we estimate the auxiliary output, followed by the application of a modified gradient algorithm, then we adjust the gains of the proposed linear estimator, until this error converges to zero. The convergence of the proposed scheme is shown using Lyapunov method.