A high-speed photographic study of the transition from deflagration to detonation wave

Experiments were conducted to investigate the DDT process of the oxyhydrogen gas in the rectangular detonation tube of 3 m long. The repeated obstacle was installed near the ignition plug and the effects of the obstacle on the DDT process were investigated. The behaviour of the combustion and detonation wave were visualized utilizing Imacon high-speed camera with the aid of Schlieren optics. As a result, DDT process was visualized, i.e. (i) multiple shock waves were induced by the expanding combustion wave, because the combustion flame played a role as a piston and compressed the unburned gases. (ii) The acceleration of the combustion wave was occurred and the distance between the shock wave and the combustion flame became shorter. (iii) Eventually, the local explosion was occurred and cause overdriven detonation wave to propagate at the velocity of about 3 kms⁻¹. An abridged version of this paper was presented at the 15th Int. Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems at Boulder, Colorado, from July 30 to August 4, 1995     

障碍物对预混火焰特性影响的大涡数值模拟

障碍物在预混气体火焰传播过程中对其结构及传播特性造成较大影响,对火焰的加速和爆燃转爆轰过程(deflagration-to-detonation transition, DDT)起到直接的促进作用。通过障碍物条件下可视管道中甲烷/空气预混火焰传播实验,捕获其火焰微观结构变化。采用三维物理模型,采用壁面自适应局部涡黏模型(wall-adapting local eddy-viscosity, WALE)的大涡模拟(large eddy simulation, LES),并用火焰增厚化学反应模型(thickened flame model, TFM)对实验过程进行重现。分析开口管道中预混火焰翻越障碍物后的复杂流场变化,并分析层流向湍流转变过程的特点。揭示了在障碍物影响下预混火焰扰动失稳现象的直接原因,是由障碍物引发的3个气流涡团同时作用而形成Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定及Rayleigh-Taylor不稳定现象耦合作用所导致。     

柔性障碍物对甲烷空气爆炸波激励作用的实验研究

为研究柔性障碍物对甲烷空气爆炸波的激励效应,采用双向拉伸聚丙烯（biaxially oriented polypropylene, BOPP）薄膜作为柔性障碍物将管道内甲烷空气预混气体与空气隔开,对比障碍物前后火焰、激波变化,分析膜状柔性障碍物激励效应的机理。实验结果表明:这种具有一定承压能力的柔性障碍物对甲烷爆炸波产生的激励效应不可忽视,在膜片破裂前产生多次激波反射过程,可诱导湍流火焰形成,促使膜前爆炸压力提高,膜片破裂后,火焰在伴流作用下传播速度突增,并加速逐渐逼近前驱冲击波,致使膜后爆炸压力大幅提高;激励效应可使膜片前后最大爆炸压力相差5倍,火焰速度相差7倍;另外在膜片位置2.5 m后增设一道膜片,可增强这种激励效应,而增加膜片的实质是使激波火焰相互作用的次数增加。     

Visualization of deflagration-to-detonation transitions in a channel with repeated obstacles using a hydrogen–oxygen mixture

The deflagration-to-detonation transition in a 100 mm square cross-section channel was investigated for a highly reactive stoichiometric hydrogen oxygen mixture at 70 kPa. Obstacles of 5 mm width and 5, 10, and 15 mm heights were equally spaced 60 mm apart at the bottom of the channel. The phenomenon was investigated primarily by time-resolved schlieren visualization from two orthogonal directions using a high-speed video camera. The detonation transition occurred over a remarkably short distance within only three or four repeated obstacles. The global flame speed just before the detonation transition was well below the sound speed of the combustion products and did not reach the sound speed of the initial unreacted gas for tests with an obstacle height of 5 and 10 mm. These results indicate that a detonation transition does not always require global flame acceleration beyond the speed of sound for highly reactive combustible mixtures. A possible mechanism for this detonation initiation was the mixing of the unreacted and reacted gas in the vicinity of the flame front convoluted by the vortex present behind each obstacle, and the formation of a hot spot by the shock wave. The final onset of the detonation originated from the unreacted gas pocket, which was surrounded by the obstacle downstream face and the channel wall.     

多障碍物通道中激波诱导气相爆轰的数值研究

应用数值模拟方法,研究了直通道中激波经过多块矩形障碍物时诱导 H2/O2混合气体起爆的物理机制. 研究表明：在前导激波强度不足以诱导波后气 体直接起爆的条件下,经过激波压缩的可燃气体也可能在远离激波的障碍物之间的凹槽部位 起爆;障碍物表面产生的压缩波、膨胀波和气流滑移面对可燃气体的起爆、爆轰波的形成和 传播过程有重要的影响;添加不同稀释比的氮气可以影响爆轰波后流场的温度分布;增加障 碍物的间距可以改变可燃气起爆位置.     

CH4-O2 混合气中爆燃爆震转捩的数值模拟

运用化学流体力学基本理论和两步燃烧反应模型原理，建立了一维封闭体系可燃气爆燃爆震转变现象的数学模型，利用拉格朗日质量坐标变换下的Ｌａｘ－Ｗｅｎｄｒｏｆ和Ｍｅｃｏｒｍｉｃ气动差分与Ａｄａｍｓ化学差分格式，求解基本方程，成功地完成了过程的数值模拟，清楚地说明了可燃气中ＤＤＴ现象由压缩波到激波达到稳态爆震的发生机制和火焰带引生爆震波的过程行为。     

INTERFACE EVOLUTIONS AND GROWTH PREDICTIONS OF MIXING ZONE ON PREMIXED FLAME INTERFACE DURING RM INSTABILITY 1)

预混火焰界面的RM (Richtmyer-Meshkov)不稳定导致的界面混合区增长过程在自然界和工程实践中十分常见,但化学反应对其增长的影响机理仍不明确,反应性界面混合区增长速率的预测也未见报道, 因此,开展RM不稳定过程中火焰界面演化和混合区预测的研究十分必要.本文采用带单步化学反应的Navier-Stokes方程和高精度数值格式,研究了正弦形预混火焰界面在平面入射激波及其反射激波作用下的RM不稳定过程.结果表明, 在入射激波作用后的阶段,除RM不稳定本身导致的界面演化为"钉-帽"和"泡"形结构外,化学反应一方面以预混火焰传播的方式促进了界面中"泡"结构的增长,另一方面通过与涡结构的复杂相互作用促进了"钉-帽"结构的增长.化学反应活性越强, 火焰界面的"泡" 结构和"钉-帽"结构的增长越快.在第一次反射激波作用后的阶段,化学反应以相同的火焰传播方式对"泡"和"钉-帽"结构产生影响, 两者效应相抵,因而导致反射激波作用后的阶段中界面混合区增长不受化学反应活性的影响.根据以上分析,分别针对入射激波和第一次反射激波作用后的火焰界面混合区增长速率提出了相应的预测模型,为探索反应性RM不稳定过程的理论预测方法提供了有益参考.     

RM不稳定过程中预混火焰界面演化及混合区增长预测

预混火焰界面的RM (Richtmyer-Meshkov)不稳定导致的界面混合区增长过程在自然界和工程实践中十分常见,但化学反应对其增长的影响机理仍不明确,反应性界面混合区增长速率的预测也未见报道, 因此,开展RM不稳定过程中火焰界面演化和混合区预测的研究十分必要.本文采用带单步化学反应的Navier-Stokes方程和高精度数值格式,研究了正弦形预混火焰界面在平面入射激波及其反射激波作用下的RM不稳定过程.结果表明, 在入射激波作用后的阶段,除RM不稳定本身导致的界面演化为"钉-帽"和"泡"形结构外,化学反应一方面以预混火焰传播的方式促进了界面中"泡"结构的增长,另一方面通过与涡结构的复杂相互作用促进了"钉-帽"结构的增长.化学反应活性越强, 火焰界面的"泡" 结构和"钉-帽"结构的增长越快.在第一次反射激波作用后的阶段,化学反应以相同的火焰传播方式对"泡"和"钉-帽"结构产生影响, 两者效应相抵,因而导致反射激波作用后的阶段中界面混合区增长不受化学反应活性的影响.根据以上分析,分别针对入射激波和第一次反射激波作用后的火焰界面混合区增长速率提出了相应的预测模型,为探索反应性RM不稳定过程的理论预测方法提供了有益参考.      

激波聚焦诱导点火和爆轰的数值研究

以二维轴对称多组分Euler方程为基础，采用非正交结构化网格和改进的波传播算法，模拟了激波在抛物形反射壁面聚焦反射诱导点火和爆轰的过程，描述了其流场形态。讨论了预混气组成、入射激波强度及反射壁面形状对点火和爆轰的影响。结果表明，激波在抛物形反射壁面顶点处聚焦反射可形成局部高温高压区域，该区域在一定条件下可点燃预混气甚至形成爆轰，其中低稀释剂浓度的预混气、较大的入射激波Mach数和较深的反射壁面有利于可燃预混气形成爆轰。     

障碍物对甲烷/氢气爆炸特性的影响

通过自主搭建的小尺寸实验平台,研究管道内障碍物阻塞率及形状对当量比为1时甲烷/氢气爆炸特性的影响。研究结果表明:相同工况下火焰传播结构基本相似,预混火焰传播路径随障碍物阻塞率增大而变窄;预混火焰传播速度随着障碍物阻塞率与氢气体积分数的增大而上升,也随着障碍物形状的改变而产生变化;最大爆炸超压随着障碍物阻塞率和氢气体积分数的增大而增大,达到最大爆炸超压的时间随着阻塞率的增大而缩短;混合气体在管道内爆炸特性受障碍物与混合气体中氢气体积分数共同影响,氢气体积分数小于50%时,受障碍物与混合气体共同影响,氢气体积分数大于50%时,主要受混合气体燃烧特性影响。此研究能够为甲烷/氢气的安全利用提供理论基础。     

Evolution of a fast flame behind an induction zone

It has been shown that pressure waves can have a large effect on the burning rate of flames. In this paper, the evolution of convection-driven fast flame, which is acoustically linked to a shock wave via an induction zone, is examined in detail. It is found that there is positive feedback mechanism and the asymptotic model breaks down as blow up occurs. Comparison is made between the case of a piston driving a shock wave into a combustible atmosphere with these studies of a shock wave passing through an existing premixed flame. Received 4 August 1995 / Accepted 20 March 1996     

多孔障碍物对预混火焰传播的影响

以甲烷为代表性气体,研究了半封闭管道中设置多孔障碍物对可燃气体爆炸火焰传播的影响,基于大涡模拟对实验进行了重现,对比了实验与模拟中火焰传播过程的形状、位置及速度,分析了模拟结果中火焰穿过障碍物前后的流场和表面积变化,给出了衡量火焰褶皱程度的指标及算法。结果表明:大涡模拟结果与实验结果有较好的一致性;火焰在存在障碍物的管道内传播,经历层流快速膨胀、受阻回流、湍流快速发展和脉动减速4个阶段,各阶段火焰依次分别呈现加速、减速、二次加速、二次减速的波动变化;当可燃气体在开口与点火位置同端的管道内爆炸,火焰在接近障碍物时,受管道封闭端和障碍物约束显著,而出现脉动回流现象;火焰穿过多孔障碍物后,传播速度骤升至峰值,较未穿过障碍物前的最大速度可增加58.7%;障碍物是导致火焰面破碎以及面积褶皱率增大的直接原因,火焰褶皱率最大可达44.8%,比未穿过障碍物前的最大褶皱率增大39.27%。     

点火能对丙烷-空气预混气体爆炸过程及管壁动态响应的影响

在长12 m的无缝不锈钢直管中,通过改变初始点火能量,探究了点火能对封闭管道内丙烷-空气混合气体爆炸传播特性和激波对管壁动态加载的影响。结果表明,初始点火能对预混气体爆炸火焰传播规律以及管壁的动态响应有显著影响:点火能越大,爆炸越剧烈,爆炸压力峰值压力和管壁最大应变就越大,且压力波和管壁应变的发展一致。火焰在传播过程中受到管道末端反射波的作用会发生短暂熄灭和复燃;管壁承受冲击波加载,应变信号主要分布在0~781.25 Hz,管壁最大应变率大于10-3 s-1,实验工况下管壁应变属动态响应。     

Large Eddy Simulation and PIV Measurements of Unsteady Premixed Flames Accelerated by Obstacles

In gas explosions, the unsteady coupling of the propagating flame and the flow field induced by the presence of blockages along the flame path produces vortices of different scales ahead of the flame front. The resulting flame–vortex interaction intensifies the rate of flame propagation and the pressure rise. In this paper, a joint numerical and experimental study of unsteady premixed flame propagation around three sequential obstacles in a small-scale vented explosion chamber is presented. The modeling work is carried out utilizing large eddy simulation (LES). In the experimental work, previous results (Patel et al., Proc Combust Inst 29:1849–1854, 2002) are extended to include simultaneous flame and particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements of the flow field within the wake of each obstacle. Comparisons between LES predictions and experimental data show a satisfactory agreement in terms of shape of the propagating flame, flame arrival times, spatial profile of the flame speed, pressure time history, and velocity vector fields. Computations through the validated model are also performed to evaluate the effects of both large-scale and sub-grid scale (SGS) vortices on the flame propagation. The results obtained demonstrate that the large vortical structures dictate the evolution of the flame in qualitative terms (shape and structure of the flame, succession of the combustion regimes along the path, acceleration-deceleration step around each obstacle, and pressure time trend). Conversely, the SGS vortices do not affect the qualitative trends. However, it is essential to model their effects on the combustion rate to achieve quantitative predictions for the flame speed and the pressure peak.     

Numerical simulation of fast granular flow facing obstacles on steep terrains

The interaction between fast shallow granular flow and obstacles on steep terrain is an important aspect of granular mechanics and defending against geological hazards. In this study, we used a depth-averaged model for granular flow facing obstacles on steep terrains in a bed-fitted coordinate system where the obstacle system is treated as a local bed deviation term. A second-order Riemann-free scheme is extended to compute the depth-averaged model with a wetting–drying technique, which is verified by several granular flow cases, such as aluminum bar collapse and granular flow runout on a steep slope. Numerical simulations were performed for the case of granular flow facing a (i) single hemispherical obstacle and (ii) system of three hemispherical obstacles to produce a dynamical process and deposit profile, and show good agreement with experimental results. Granular flow facing a single obstacle on a concave plane produces a detached shock wave that moves upstream and a tailing rapid transition zone that moves down, which will merge to form a new shock for deposition. Granular flows facing a three-hemisphere obstacle system produce a tailing rapid transition zone that moves downstream and a downstream wavy shock that results from the interaction of three bow shocks in front of each obstacle. The downstream wavy shock moves upstream and merges with the upstream transition zone to form a new curved shock, which later relaxes to a deposit owing to bed friction. These findings provide some supplemental understandings of flow structures of fast granular flow facing obstacles.     

瓦斯/空气预混气体爆燃流场测试系统多参数耦合同步控制实验方法

为了更精确地获得爆炸激波管内瓦斯/空气预混气体爆燃过程中,激波形成过程、压力和火焰传播速度以及火焰与惰性阻燃剂相互作用的流场演化图像。通过分析激波管测试系统中多个目标的时间响应特征及控制方式,利用超高速相机、光电倍增管、时间延时器、固态继电器、电荷放大器和数据采集系统等设备,设计实验方案,分别对激波管中瓦斯/空气预混气体爆燃高压点火系统的响应时间和惰性介质阻燃剂喷射系统的响应时间进行测试。实验结果表明电火花点火的响应时间为微秒量级,而阻燃剂喷射系统的响应时间为毫秒量级,以响应时间为依据,通过设置精确的延迟时间实现多目标同步控制,为完成激波管内瓦斯/空气预混气体爆燃过程的微观流场显示奠定基础。     

Numerical investigations of the porosity effect on the shock focusing process

The effect of cylindrical obstacles and the porosity in between them along the path of a converging cylindrical shock is studied through numerical simulations. An initially cylindrical converging shock wave is perturbed by cylindrical obstacles placed radially in its path. High pressures and temperatures are achieved as the shock wave is focused. Results show that the shape of the shock wave close to the point of convergence as well as the porosity and type of shock wave reflection the converging shock undergoes influence the peak values. Various configurations of the obstacle size and number are considered. The Guderley constant for each case is compared with previous reported experimental values.     

激波诱导火焰变形、混合和燃烧的数值研究

为了深入研究激波诱导的火焰变形以及由此带来的混合和燃烧变化特性,采用带单步化学反应的Navier-Stokes方程和高网格分辨率,对平面入射激波及其反射激波诱导球形火焰变形的现象进行了二维数值研究,计算结果与实验结果较好吻合。研究结果显示,在反射激波作用前,火焰的变形和皱褶主要受入射激波诱导等物理过程影响;而在反射激波与失稳火焰作用后,燃烧放热率、火焰有效面积和界面长度均迅速增加,控制火焰变形的机制逐渐向化学反应(燃烧)过程过渡;在失稳火焰发展的后期,增强的燃烧过程能够削弱火焰界面的皱褶,进而抑制未燃气和可燃气的混合。由此可以得出结论,激波诱导的火焰界面通过变形可促进界面两侧未燃气与可燃气的混合,进而强化燃烧过程,但燃烧的增强却反过来能抑制混合;认识两者之间的关系有助于利用或控制激波 火焰相互作用过程。     

增强型喷射器对爆轰波DDT过程的影响

在激波、火焰及射流同时存在的流场中,组织燃烧转爆轰过程是脉冲爆震发动机实现点火、起爆的关键问题。设计一类喷射器,采用C_2H_2/O_2/Ar反应,数值验证了该喷射器能增强爆震室燃料燃烧转爆轰的可行性,并讨论了流场中热点的点火机制。结果显示:该装置在流场中可激发不稳定性,产生漩涡,加速能量、质量的交换。流场产生热点,促进火焰速度加快,追赶前导激波。喷射器位置影响前导激波的运动速度。在一定范围内,前导激波速度越大,碰撞产生的热点越容易激发燃烧转爆轰过程。     

城市地下浅埋管沟可燃气体爆炸的灾害效应 (Ⅰ):冲击波在地面的传播

城市地下浅埋管沟燃气爆炸事故会造成严重的灾害后果,然而目前针对长直空间内的爆炸荷载通过泄爆口向外传播规律的研究较少。以此类事故为基础,基于前期进行的长直泄爆空间可燃气体爆炸试验,利用FLACS软件,对城市地下浅埋管沟内可燃气体爆炸冲击波超压通过泄爆口到达地面后的分布进行了数值模拟,揭示了管沟内燃气爆炸冲击波在地面的传播规律。结果表明:传播到地面的爆炸冲击波会产生2个特征超压峰值Δp₁和Δp₂;Δp₁较小,主要由压缩波引起,Δp₂为最大超压峰值,主要由火焰波引起;Δp₂随着与泄爆口之间的距离d的增大而逐渐减小,且各方向上数值的差异性较大,其中在沿管沟截面的短边方向上,呈对称衰减的趋势;Δp₂与d大致满足指数函数关系,且拟合度均高于98.8%。