A heterotrimetallic Pd-Sm-Pd complex for asymmetric Friedel-Crafts alkylations of pyrroles with nitroalkenes

Catalytic asymmetric Friedel-Crafts alkylations of pyrroles and nitroalkenes were carried out by using a novel heterotrimetallic Pd-Sm-Pd catalyst based on a simple chiral ligand 1, to give the adducts with high yields and up to 93% ee.     

Enantioselective synthesis of tryptophan derivatives by a tandem Friedel-Crafts conjugate addition/asymmetric protonation reaction

The tandem Friedel-Crafts conjugate addition/asymmetric protonation reaction between 2-substituted indoles and methyl 2-acetamidoacrylate is reported. The reaction is catalyzed by (R)-3,3'-dibromo-BINOL in the presence of stoichiometric SnCl(4), and is the first example of a tandem conjugate addition/asymmetric protonation reaction using a BINOL·SnCl(4) complex as the catalyst. A range of indoles furnished synthetic tryptophan derivatives in good yields and high levels of enantioselectivity, even on a preparative scale. The convergent nature of this transformation should lend itself to the preparation of unnatural tryptophan derivatives for use in a broad array of synthetic and biological applications.     

Organocatalytic asymmetric hydrophosphination of nitroalkenes

The use of a bifunctional Cinchona alkaloid catalyst has provided a new organocatalytic strategy for the enantioselective addition of diphenylphosphine to a range of nitroalkenes, affording optically active beta-nitrophosphines (up to 99% ee after crystallization); this organocatalytic approach, providing a direct route to a new class of potentially useful enantiopure P,N-ligands, constitutes a bridge between the two complementary areas of asymmetric catalysis: organo- and metal-catalyzed transformations.     

Organocatalytic asymmetric Friedel-Crafts alkylation/cascade reactions of naphthols and nitroolefins

The asymmetric Michael-type Friedel-Crafts reaction of naphthols and nitroolefins promoted by bifunctional thiourea-tertiary amine organocatalysts (up to 95% ee) was investigated; on simply extending the reaction time further cascade reactions could occur to generate enantiopure dimeric tricyclic 1,2-dihydronaphtho[2,1-b]furanyl-2-hydroxylamine derivatives.     

Catalytic asymmetric protonation of lithium enolates using amino acid derivatives as chiral proton sources

[reaction: see text] Asymmetric protonation of lithium enolates was examined using commercially available amino acid derivatives as chiral proton sources. Among the amino acid derivatives tested, Nbeta-l-aspartyl-l-phenylalanine methyl ester was found to cause significant asymmetric induction in the protonation of lithium enolates. The enantiomeric excess (up to 88% ee) of the products obtained in the presence of a catalytic amount of the chiral proton source was higher than those obtained in the stoichiometric reaction.     

Catalytic asymmetric intermolecular Stetter reaction of enals with nitroalkenes: enhancement of catalytic efficiency through bifunctional additives

An asymmetric intermolecular Stetter reaction of enals with nitroalkenes catalyzed by chiral N-heterocyclic carbenes has been developed. The reaction rate and efficiency are profoundly impacted by the presence of catechol. The reaction proceeds with high selectivities and affords good yields of the Stetter product. Internal redox products were not observed despite of the protic conditions. The impact of catechol has been found to be general, facilitating far lower catalyst loadings than were previously achievable.     

Catalytic enantioselective decarboxylative protonation

We report a highly enantioselective, general catalytic system for the facile synthesis of tertiary stereocenters by protonation adjacent to cyclic ketones. The method relies on catalytic decarboxylative protonation of readily accessible racemic quaternary beta-ketoesters. A range of substituted cycloalkanone compounds can be accessed through this process with high levels of enantioselectivity.     

Catalytic and asymmetric Friedel-Crafts alkylation of indoles with nitroacrylates. Application to the synthesis of tryptophan analogues

An asymmetric Friedel-Crafts alkylation of indoles with nitroacrylates catalyzed by chiral (4R,5S)-DiPh-BOX (L1)-Cu(OTf)₂ complex (10 mol %) has been developed. The reactions provide tryptophan nitro-precursors in moderate diastereoselectivities (anti/syn up to 72:28) and good to excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99% ee). The alkylation products could be easily reduced to optically active tryptophan analogues with Zn/H⁺.     

Catalytic enantioselective Friedel-Crafts/Michael addition reactions of indoles to ethenetricarboxylates

[reaction: see text] The Friedel-Crafts reaction is an important reaction for the formation of new C-C bonds. Recently, catalytic enantioselective Friedel-Crafts reaction of alkylidene malonates has been reported. However, the substituents in alkylidene malonates are limited. To explore new substituents such as carboxyl and carbonyl groups, catalytic enantioselective Friedel-Crafts reactions of reactive ethenetricarboxylates and acyl-substituted methylenemalonates 1 were investigated. The reaction of 1 with indoles in the presence of catalytic amounts of chiral bisoxazoline copper(II) complex (10%) in THF at room temperature gave alkylated products in high yields and up to 95% ee. The enantioselectivity can be explained by the secondary orbital interaction on approach of indole to the less hindered side of the 1-Cu(II)-ligand complex.     

Amine-salt-controlled, catalytic asymmetric conjugate addition of various amines and asymmetric protonation

The combined use of chiral Pd complex 2 and amine salt enabled completely regulated release of free nucleophilic amine. Under these conditions, an efficient catalytic asymmetric conjugate addition of various amines was achieved to afford beta-amino acid derivatives in high chemical yields with up to 98% ee. Furthermore, a highly enantioselective protonation in 1,4-addition of amine was also developed. [reaction: see text]     

Aromatic l-prolinamide-catalyzed asymmetric Michael addition of aldehydes to nitroalkenes

Two chiral aromatic l-prolinamides were synthesized in high overall yield (95%) from N-Boc-l-proline and served as organocatalysts in asymmetric Michael reactions of aldehydes to nitroalkenes. Under the optimized reaction conditions, (S)-N-tritylpyrrolidine-2-carboxamide 4 was found to be a highly efficient organocatalyst for the Michael addition, and the corresponding Michael adducts were obtained in good yields (up to 94%), with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99% ee) and diastereoselectivities (up to 99:1 dr).     

催化不对称傅-克反应研究进展

催化不对称傅-克反应是构建具有光学活性芳基化合物最有效的方法之一。自从1877年报道了首例傅-克反应后,该反应得到化学家们的关注。最近二十年,许多手性双功能有机小分子催化剂（如金鸡纳碱、手性脯氨醇硅醚、手性磷酸、手性硫脲等）以及金属与手性配体（如手性双氮氧、手性双唑啉、手性席夫碱）形成的配合物催化剂被应用到各类不对称傅-克反应中。本文主要从反应的芳基底物类型分类,对近年来酚、吡咯、呋喃以及噻吩参与的不对称傅-克反应进行简要概述,同时对这类反应所存在的问题和局限性进行总结,并对今后发展方向作了展望。     

Asymmetric Friedel-Crafts alkylations of indoles with nitroalkenes catalyzed by Zn(II)-bisoxazoline complexes

[reaction: see text] A novel asymmetric Friedel-Crafts alkylation of indoles with nitroalkenes catalyzed by Zn(II)-bisoxazoline complexes has been developed. The nitroalkylated indoles are synthesized in excellent yields and high enantioselectivities (up to 90% ee). The effects of ligand structure, metal salt, and solvent on the reaction are discussed. The substrates of the reaction can be aromatic, heteroaromatic, and even aliphatic nitroalkenes. The high reactivity and selectivity of the reaction are presumptively attributed to the activation and asymmetric induction of chiral Lewis acids coordinated by nitroalkene substrates through a 1,3-metal bonding model.