In Vitro Study of Ketoprofen and Indapamide Used in Multidrug Therapy: 1H-NMR Analysis

ABSTRACT

Interaction of ketoprofen (KP, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug) and indapamide (IDP, a thiazide-related diuretic) with human serum albumin (HSA) in low-affinity binding sites (LAS) and competition between these medicines used in multidrug therapy have been studied by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) spectroscopy.

The analysis of chemical shifts, Δσ (ppm), of drug proton resonances and the values of the association constant, K_a [M^?1], were used to estimate the effect of IDP and KP on the KP–HSA and IDP–HSA complexes, respectively. The results showed the changes in the affinity of human serum albumin toward the drug with different mechanisms of action (KP and IDP) and the competition in the binding to HSA.     

Spectroscopic determination of binding between human serum albumin and a platinum(II) dimethylsulfoxide complex

We have used electronic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy to study binding between a platinum(II) dimethylsulfoxide complex (cis-[Pt(DMSO)₂Cl₂]) and human serum albumin (HSA), and the effect of complexation on the structure of the protein. We have calculated the binding parameters for binding between cis-[Pt(DMSO)₂Cl₂] and HSA. We have determined the binding constant K_B = (1.2 ± 0.1)·10³ M⁻¹ and the Hill coefficient h = 1.03 ± 0.1. We have determined that binding between cis-[Pt(DMSO)₂Cl₂] and the protein leads to a change in the internal packing of the macromolecule. __________ Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 75, No. 4, pp. 573–576, July–August, 2008.     

离子对人血清白蛋白影响的1H NMR研究

人血清白蛋白（HSA）上有很多的结合位点,对药物及内源性物质的运输有很重要的作用.由于HSA分子量大且结构复杂,核磁共振（NMR）谱图信号重叠严重,因此使用常规的NMR技术很难获得天然丰度HSA上结合位点的信息.我们通过新的谱编辑技术,将横向弛豫加权（T₂W）与RD-WaterLOGSY技术相结合（即T₂W-RD-WaterLOGSY）,观察到了天然丰度HSA表面的一些明显的特征信号,且这些信号的分辨率较高;通过pH滴定和2D ¹H-¹H TOCSY实验,我们对观察到的信号做了初步指认,发现部分信号来自于HSA表面的组氨酸;然后,我们通过这些特征信号研究了金属离子与HSA之间的相互作用.结果表明该技术可用于简化天然丰度HSA的谱线,在不对HSA进行突变的情况下,能反映了Zn²⁺与HSA的强结合作用以及结合位点等信息.     

Improving sono-activated persulfate oxidation using mechanical mixing in a 35-kHz ultrasonic reactor: Persulfate activation mechanism and its application

This study investigated the degradation of ibuprofen (IBP), an activated persulfate (PS), when subjected to ultrasonic (US) irradiation and mechanical mixing (M). The effects of several critical factors were evaluated, including the effect of rpm on M, PS concentration, and initial pH, and that of temperature on IBP degradation kinetics and the PS activation mechanism. The resulting IBP oxidation rate constant was significantly higher at 400 rpm. As the PS load increased, the IBP oxidation rate constant increased. The value of the IBP reaction rate increased with decreasing pH; below pH 4.9, there was no significant difference in the IBP oxidation rate constant. The IBP oxidation activation energy when using the US/M-PS system was 18.84 kJ mol⁻¹. In the US/M-PS system, PS activation was the primary effect of temperature at the interface during the explosion of cavitation bubbles. These encouraging results suggest that the US-PS/M process is a promising strategy for the treatment of IBP-based water pollutants.     

Raman spectroscopy in investigations of secondary structure of human serum albumin at binding of nanomarkers of fluorescein family

The influence of binding of nanomarkers of fluorescein family to HSA on secondary structure of this protein at different values of pH was investigated by Raman spectroscopy method. The greatest changes in secondary structure of HSA, consisting in decreasing of α-helix sites, at binding of fluorescein to HSA occur at pH 5–6. The greatest changes in secondary structure of HSA, consisting in decreasing of α-helix sites, at binding of eosin or erythrosin to HSA take place at values of pH, smaller 5. The differences in changes in secondary structure of HSA at binding of these three nanomarkers are explained by dependences of binding of nanomarkers to HSA on pH which determined by value of electronegativity of atoms of lateral radicals in structural formulas of nanomarkers and, therefore, by value of pK of their ionized groups.     

Ultrasonic velocity dispersion in methylcyclohexane

Ultrasonic velocity dispersion in methylcyclohexane was studied in the frequency range of 0.5 to 5.0 MHz at 60°, 65°, 70°, 75° and 80°C using a variable path interferometer. Necessary corrections for the diffraction of the ultrasonic beam were applied. The velocity data were used to evaluate the relaxation parameters pertaining to the interconversion of the axial and equatorial isomers. The value of the difference in enthalpy, difference in entropy and the activation energy are 11.2±4.0 kJ mole⁻¹, 28.0±8.0 J mole⁻¹K⁻¹ and 43.7±4.0 kJ mole⁻¹ respectively. These values are in good agreement with values derived by Piercy and Subrahmanyam from their ultrasonic absorption measurements.     

Interactions between 4-(2-dimethylaminoethyloxy)-N-octadecyl-1,8-naphthalimide and serum albumins: Investigation by spectroscopic approach

A novel 4-(2-dimethylaminoethyloxy)-N-octadecyl-1,8-naphthalimide (DON) has been synthesized as a spectrofluorimetric probe for the determination of proteins. Photophysics of DON in different solvents has been delineated in this paper. Progressive redshift with polarity of solvents in emission and absorption spectra hints at intramolecular charge transfer. The interactions of DON with serum albumins (i.e., human serum albumin (HSA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA)) were studied by fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy. Fluorescence data revealed that the quenching of HSA/BSA by DON were static quenching and the DON–HSA/BSA complexes were formed. The binding constant (K_b) for HSA and was found to be 8.44×10^?4 and 60.26×10^?4 M^?1 and the number of binding sites (n) were 1.00 and 1.40, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters, ΔH and ΔS, for the DON–HSA system was calculated to be ?14.83 kJ mol^?1 and 23.61 J mol^?1 K^?1, indicating the hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions were the dominant intermolecular force. ΔH and ΔS for the binding of DON with BSA was ?60.08 kJ mol^?1 and ?90.7441 mol^?1 K^?1, suggesting the hydrogen bonds and van der Waals force played the main role in the interaction. The results of displacement experiments showed that DON bound HSA/BSA occurred at the Trp-214 proximity, located in subdomain IIA of the serum albumin structure (the warfarin binding pocket). The effect of DON on the conformation of HSA was also analyzed by synchronous and three-dimensional fluorescence spectra. The fluorescence of DON could be quenched by HSA, based on which, a fluorometric method for the determination of microamount protein using DON in the medium of HCl?Tris buffer solution (pH=7.4) was developed. The linear range of the calibration curves was 0.1–10.0 μM for HSA, 0.1–11.2 μM for BSA and 0.2–9.7 μM for egg albumin (EA). The detection limit (3σ) for HSA was 1.12×10^?10 M, for BSA it was 0.92×10^?10 M and for EA it was 4.33×10^?10 M. The effect of metal cations on the fluorescence spectra of DON in ethanol was also investigated. The method has been applied to detect the total proteins in human serum samples and the results were in good agreement with those reported by the hospital.     

Study on the interaction between methyl blue and human serum albumin by fluorescence spectrometry

The interaction of methyl blue (MB) with human serum albumin (HSA) was studied by fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy. The intrinsic fluorescence of HSA was quenched by MB, which was rationalized in terms of the static quenching mechanism. The number of binding sites and the apparent binding constants at different temperatures were obtained from the Stern-Volmer analysis of the fluorescence quenching data. The thermodynamic parameters determined by the van’t Hoff analysis of the binding constants (ΔH°=39.8 kJ mol⁻¹ and ΔS°=239 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹) clearly indicate that binding is absolutely entropy-driven and enthalpically disfavored The efficiency of energy transfer and the distance between the donor (HSA) and the acceptor (MB) were calculated as 60% and 2.06 nm from the Förster theory of non-radiation energy transfer.     

Complexes between C.I. Acid Orange 6 and human serum albumin, a multi-spectroscopic approach to investigate the binding behavior

The interaction mechanism of Acid Orange 6 (AO6) with human serum albumin (HSA) was investigated firstly by using fluorescence quenching technique, UV absorbance, circular dichroism (CD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy in combination with molecular modeling method under simulative physiological conditions. Fluorescence data indicated that there is a single class of binding sites between AO6 and HSA, and the alterations of HSA secondary structure in the presence of AO6 was confirmed by synchronous fluorescence, UV, CD, FT-IR and three-dimensional fluorescence spectra. The efficiency of fluorescence resonance energy transfer provided the binding distance (r) of 2.83 nm for AO6-HSA system. Furthermore, the thermodynamic parameters enthalpy change (ΔH⁰) and entropy change (ΔS⁰) for the reaction were calculated to be −5.77 kJ mol⁻¹ and 109.42 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹, respectively, according to Van't Hoff equation, these data suggested that both hydrophobic forces and hydrogen bonding play a major role in the binding of AO6 to HSA, which agrees well with the results of molecular modeling study. Experimental results showed that the interaction between AO6 and HSA induced a conformational change of HSA, which was proved by the qualitative and quantitative analysis data of different spectroscopic techniques under simulative physiological conditions.     

Denaturation of human serum albumin initiated by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as monitored via the intrinsic fluorescence of the protein and fluorescence of an eosin probe

An analysis of the intrinsic fluorescence of the protein and the fluorescence of the eosin molecular probe in solutions of the protein was used to study the denaturation of human serum albumin (HSA) under the action of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), a cationic detergent, at various pH values. The denaturation of HSA under the influence of CTAB is a single-stage process over the entire pH range covered, pH (3.5–8.0). The maximum possible loosening of HSA globules in the presence of CTAB is reached at [CTAB] = 4 mmol/l. This detergent effectively denatures HSA at pH values higher than the pI of the protein (4.7).     

Two distinguishable fluorescent modes of 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate bound to human albumin

We study the interaction of 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS) with human (HSA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) by phase and modulation fluorescence spectroscopy. We determined that both HSA and BSA show one or two distinguishable fluorescent sites, depending of the ANS/serum albumin ratio. At above a 11 ANS/HSA molar ratio, the steady-state emission spectra for ANS can be resolved in two components: component 1, emitting with a lifetime (₁) of 16 ns and a _1max of 478 nm, with a quantum yield (_f1) of 0.67, and component 2, with a lifetime (₂) of 2–4 ns and a _2max of 483 nm, with an average quantum yield (_f2) of about 0.11. Considering these findings, the binding analysis is fitted with a model of two independent sites. Site 1 has an association constantK _as1=0.87×10⁶M^–1 and a capacity of 1.04 mol of ANS/mol of HSA, and site 2 aK _as2=0.079×10⁶M^–1 and a capacity of 2.34 mol of ANS/mol of HSA. Analysis of fluorescence lifetime distributions shows that the rigidity of the fluorophore environment at site 1 changes when site 2 is occupied. These findings suggest an interconnection between the two sites and that ligands can stabilize the protein's globular structure. To assess the identity of the ANS binding sites we used diazepam as a marker of the site located at the IIIA HSA subdomain and aspirin as a marker of sites located at the IIIA and IIA HSA subdomains. Both ligands displace ANS only from site 1, suggesting that it corresponds to the binding site located at the IIIA sub-domain of the protein. We determined that theK _as values for diazepam and aspirin are 0.113× 10⁶ and 0.021×10⁶ M ^–1 respectively.     

Interaction of nobiletin with human serum albumin studied using optical spectroscopy and molecular modeling methods

The binding of nobiletin to human serum albumin (HSA) was investigated by fluorescence, UV-vis, FT-IR, CD, and molecular modeling. Fluorescence data revealed the presence of a single class of binding site on HSA and its binding constants (K) at four different temperatures (289, 296, 303 and 310 K) were 4.054, 4.769, 5.646 and 7.044×10⁴ M⁻¹, respectively. The enthalpy change (ΔH⁰) and the entropy changes (ΔS⁰) were calculated to be 1.938 kJ mol⁻¹ and 155.195 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹ according to the Van’t Hoff equation. The binding average distance, r, between the donor (HSA) and the acceptor (nobiletin) was evaluated and found to be 2.33 nm according to the Förster's theory of non-radiation energy transfer. Changes in the CD and FT-IR spectra were observed upon ligand binding along with a significant degree of tryptophan fluorescence quenching on complex formation. Computational mapping of the possible binding sites of nobiletin revealed the molecule to be bound in the large hydrophobic cavity of subdomain IIA.     

The Interaction of a New Schiff Base Ligand with Human Serum Albumin: Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Studies

The interaction of a new heterocyclic Schiff base bearing pyridine and pyrimidine cycles, with human serum albumin (HSA) using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation methods was examined. Molecular docking studies showed that the ligand was bonded to the IB domain of the protein. It was found that there was one hydrogen bond interaction between HSA and the ligand. The standard Gibbs free energy for binding of the ligand to HSA was calculated as ?9.63 kcal.mol^?1. The results of the molecular dynamics simulation showed that the root mean square deviation (RMSD) of the non-liganded HSA and the HSA–ligand complex reached equilibration after 1000 ps. The study of the radius of gyration revealed that there was a conformational change when the HSA–ligand complex was formed. Finally, analyzing the RMS fluctuations (RMSF) suggested that the structure of the ligand binding site remained approximately rigid during the simulation.     

Preparation,physico-chemical characterization,and relaxometry studies of various gadolinium(III)-DTPA-bis(amide) derivatives as potential magnetic resonance contrast agents

Macroscopic protonation constants were measured for a series of DTPA mono- and bis-amide ligands using potentiometric titrations. Proton NMR pH titrations yielded protonation populations of the various nitrogen and oxygen basic sites of the ligands for the different protonation stages. Amide formation decreased the basicity of the backbone nitrogens of the ligands and the thermodynamic stability of the corresponding Gd³⁺ chelates. Nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion (NMRD) profiles and ESR linewidths were measured for the Gd³⁺ chelates. Some of these exhibited an elevated high field relaxivity relative to Gd(DTPA)²⁻, in response to their high molecular weight. As opposed to Gd(DTPA)²⁻, at 5°C the chemical exchange process of the single inner-sphere water molecule of the bis-amide complexes becomes so slow that it governs the paramagnetic relaxation process, causing the observed NMRD profiles to be close to those expected for the outer-sphere contribution. The chelates containing long alkyl side chains, such as Gd(DTPA-HPA₂), showed increased relaxivity values in the presence of human serum albumin (HSA), indicative of noncovalent interaction with the protein. These chelates could be useful as nonionic hepatobiliary contrast agents.     

Detection and Characterization of Boric Acid and Borate Ion Binding to Cytochrome c Using Multiple Quantum Filtered NMR

The application of multiple quantum filtered (MQF) NMR to the identification and characterization of the binding of ligands containing quadrupolar nuclei to proteins is demonstrated. Using relaxation times measured by MQF NMR multiple binding of boric acid and borate ion to ferri and ferrocytochrome c was detected. Borate ion was found to have two different binding sites. One of them was in slow exchange, k_diss = 20 ± 3 s⁻¹ at 5°C and D₂O solution, in agreement with previous findings by ¹H NMR (G. Taler et al., 1998, Inorg. Chim. Acta 273, 388–392). The triple quantum relaxation of the borate in this site was found to be governed by dipolar interaction corresponding to an average B–H distance of 2.06 ± 0.07 Å. Other, fast exchanging sites for borate and boric acid could be detected only by MQF NMR. The binding equilibrium constants at these sites at pH 9.7 were found to be 1800 ± 200 M⁻¹ and 2.6 ± 1.5 M⁻¹ for the borate ion and boric acid, respectively. Thus, detection of binding by MQF NMR proved to be sensitive to fast exchanging ligands as well as to very weak binding that could not be detected using conventional methods.     

蒜氨酸与牛及人血清白蛋白的相互作用

运用荧光光谱和同步荧光光谱法,研究在pH 7.40的Tris-HCI缓冲体系下,蒜氨酸与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)和人血清白蛋白(HSA)的相互作用。采用荧光分光光度计,以280 nm为激发波长,扫描300～500 nm范围的荧光发射光谱;分别设置波长差Δλ=15 nm和Δλ=60 nm扫描同步荧光光谱图;用Stem-Volmer和Lineweaver-Burk方程及热力学方程处理数据。荧光光谱法结果表明蒜氨酸能猝灭BSA及HAS的荧光;得到蒜氨酸与BSA反应的结合常数在298和310 K时分别9.81×102和6.15×102 L·mol-1;与HSA反应的结合常数在298和310 K时分别2.21×102和6.84×102 L·mol-1;蒜氨酸与两种蛋白的反应均为自发进行;与BSA的作用力为静电作用而与HSA的作用为疏水作用力;同步荧光光谱表明,蒜氨酸与BSA作用过程中主要影响酪氨酸残基,对HSA中的两种氨基酸残基均有影响。实验结果为研究蒜氨酸与生物小分子物质相互作用的机制提供了一定的理论依据。     

Complexation of heterocyclic ligands with DNA in aqueous solution

We have used spectrophotometry to study self-association and complexation with DNA by organic heterocyclic compounds in the acridine and phenothiazine series: proflavin, thionine, and methylene blue. Based on the experimental concentration dependences of the molar absorption coefficient of the molecules in an aqueous buffer solution (0.01 M NaCl, 0.01 M Na₂EDTA, 0.01 M Tris, pH 7.4, T = 298 K), we have determined the equilibrium dimerization constants for the dyes and the DNA complexation parameters using the Scatchard and McGhee-von Hippel models. The observed increase in the cooperativity parameters as the dimerization constants of the ligands increase allowed us to hypothesize that the same interactions occur between dye molecules adsorbed on DNA as in their self-association. The equilibrium DNA-binding constants for the ligands, obtained using the McGhee-von Hippel cooperative model, are (20.9 ± 2.7)·10³ M⁻¹ for proflavin and (33.8 ± 4.1)·10³ M⁻¹ for thionine. Using the Scatchard model, taking into account intercalation and “external” binding of ligands with DNA, we determined the DNA complexation constants for methylene blue: (26.4 ± 4.6)·10³ and (96 ± 17)·10³ M⁻¹ respectively. Based on analysis of the data obtained, we hypothesized that the predominant type of binding with DNA is intercalation binding in the case of proflavin and thionine, and “external” binding with the DNA surface in the case of methylene blue. __________ Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 75, No. 2, pp. 242–249, March–April, 2008.     

多光谱法和分子模拟技术研究氟罗沙星与人血清白蛋白的相互作用

氟罗沙星(FLRX) 是一种含氟喹诺酮类抗菌素,有关它对人血清白蛋白(HSA)的影响及作用机理,特别是对HSA二级结构的影响及内滤光(影响荧光数据的准确性)校正的研究报道较少。采用多光谱法和分子模拟技术探究了FLRX 与HSA的相互作用。荧光光谱结果表明,FLRX对HSA的猝灭是由于形成结合常数在105 L·mol-1水平上的1∶1 FLRX-HSA基态复合物引起的静态猝灭作用。由Van’t Hoff方程确定的FLRX与HSA结合过程中的ΔH=-107.99 kJ·mol-1和ΔS=-240.99 J·mol-1·K-1,表明FLRX与HSA之间的主要作用力是氢键和范德华力。同步荧光光谱、红外光谱和三维荧光光谱结果表明,静态猝灭过程所产生的中间复合物使HSA的构象发生改变。通过对HSA与FLRX作用前后红外光谱酰胺Ⅰ带进行傅里叶去卷积和分峰拟合,获得代表HSA二级结构的不同子峰,对各子峰进行二级结构归属,根据各子峰的积分面积计算出各二级结构的相对百分含量。结果表明：FLRX与HSA结合后,α-螺旋从51.5%减小到33.2%,β-折叠从30.3%减小到20.7%,β-转角从15.6%增加到33.6%。取代实验显示FLRX与HSA的结合位点在HSA的site Ⅰ(亚域ⅡA)。分子对接实验结果表明,FLRX可以通过氢键、疏水作用和范德华力等多种作用力很好的结合在亚域ⅡA的疏水腔中。实验获得的可信数据将有助于阐明FLRX与HSA的作用机制,也有助于理解FLRX在储运过程中对蛋白质功能的影响。     

Spectroscopic study on interaction between bisphenol A or its degraded solution under microwave irradiation in the presence of activated carbon and human serum albumin

In this study, the interaction between bisphenol A (BPA) or its degraded solution under microwave irradiation after their adsorption on activated carbon (AC/MW) and human serum albumin (HSA) was investigated by UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy techniques. The results showed that BPA could bind to HSA molecule, which could cause the stretch of peptide chains. Also, the degraded BPA solution with a few residues could still interact with HSA. Otherwise, the influences of pH and ionic strength on the interaction were estimated. The fluorescence quenching modes of HSA initiated by BPA at three temperatures (298, 310 and 315 K) were all obtained using Stern-Volmer and Lineweaver-Burk equations. The number of binding sites (n), binding constants (K_D) and energy transfer efficiency (E) were all calculated. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔH, ΔG and ΔS) and binding distances (r) were all measured at the three temperatures, respectively. Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy was also carried out.     

Hafnium binding to rat serum transferrin

Using the TDPAC-technique binding parameters for Hf were determined afterin vivo uptake of¹⁸¹Hf in rat plasma. As much as 98.5% of the metal ions proved to be bound to protein, essentially to transferrin. The main fraction of the¹⁸¹Hf ions experiences a well defined electric quadrupole perturbation frequency (vQ1=(1516 ± 15)MHz, δ₁=(5.3 ± 0.8)%) connected with a marked relaxation damping (λ = (46 ± 8)MHz). The remaining Hf nuclei are subject to a fairly broad distribution of electric field gradients (v_Q2=(1014 ± 37)MHz, δ₂=(16±3)%). The results are compared with data obtained within vitro ¹⁸¹Hf-labeled human transferrin.