From physics to economics: An econometric example using maximum relative entropy

Econophysics, is based on the premise that some ideas and methods from physics can be applied to economic situations. We intend to show in this paper how a physics concept such as entropy can be applied to an economic problem. In so doing, we demonstrate how information in the form of observable data and moment constraints are introduced into the method of Maximum relative Entropy (MrE). A general example of updating with data and moments is shown. Two specific econometric examples are solved in detail which can then be used as templates for real world problems. A numerical example is compared to a large deviation solution which illustrates some of the advantages of the MrE method.     

A finite element analysis of parallel-coupled acoustic systems using subsystems

A Lagrangian energy expression is presented that is suitable for finite element analysis of parallel-coupled acoustic systems, as a series of subsystems. The analysis can proceed in small stages, thereby being versatile and economic in computing costs. The technique has been applied to automotive muffler configurations and has been verified experimentally.     

墨粉灌装车间噪声测试分析与控制

本文应用峰值频率声压级对比方法并结合相干分析技术对某墨粉灌装车间主噪声源进行了诊断，分析了声源特性，在此基础上提出了经济合理的治理措施，实施后取得了满意的结果，车间噪声达到了相应的国家标准。     

Cointegration of output, capital, labor, and energy

Cointegration analysis is applied to the linear combinations of the time series of (the logarithms of) output, capital, labor, and energy for Germany, Japan, and the USA since 1960. The computed cointegration vectors represent the output elasticities of the aggregate energy-dependent Cobb-Douglas function. The output elasticities give the economic weights of the production factors capital, labor, and energy. We find that they are for labor much smaller and for energy much larger than the cost shares of these factors. In standard economic theory output elasticities equal cost shares. Our heterodox findings support results obtained with LINEX production functions.     

Effect of Savings on a Gas-Like Model Economy with Credit and Debt

In kinetic exchange models, agents make transactions based on well-established microscopic rules that give rise to macroscopic variables in analogy to statistical physics. These models have been applied to study processes such as income and wealth distribution, economic inequality sources, economic growth, etc., recovering well-known concepts in the economic literature. In this work, we apply ensemble formalism to a geometric agents model to study the effect of saving propensity in a system with money, credit, and debt. We calculate the partition function to obtain the total money of the system, with which we give an interpretation of the economic temperature in terms of the different payment methods available to the agents. We observe an interplay between the fraction of money that agents can save and their maximum debt. The system’s entropy increases as a function of the saved proportion, and increases even more when there is debt.     

新区综合能源系统多目标最优化设计

经济性和碳排放的平衡是未来城市能源利用的主要方向。新城区开发需要先进的能源系统设计方法,以定量化计算不同设计方案下的经济性与碳排放。基于城市能源系统的主要特征,本文提出了一种新区综合能源系统多目标最优化设计方法。在需求侧,通过能耗指标分摊法预测负荷;在供应侧,利用超结构建模包含各种能源-技术组合,求解混合整数线性规划问题。本文以雄安新区启动区能源系统为案例进行多目标最优化设计,探讨了碳排放与成本之间的权衡取舍。     

Delayed feedback control via minimum entropy strategy in an economic model

In this paper minimum entropy (ME) algorithm for controlling chaos, is applied to the Behrens-Feichtinger model, as a discrete-time dynamic system which models a drug market. The ME control is implemented through delayed feedback. It is assumed that the dynamic equations of the system are not known, so the proper feedback gain cannot be obtained analytically from the system equations. In the ME approach the feedback gain is obtained and adapted in such a way that the entropy of the system converges to zero, hence a fixed point of the system will be stabilized. Application of the proposed method with different economic control strategies is numerically investigated. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the ME method to control chaos in economic systems with unknown dynamic equations.     

一类分数阶混沌金融系统的复杂性演化研究

物理学理论与方法在经济与金融领域中的成功应用催生了一个新的科学分支——经济物理学(econophysics).分数阶微积分系统的复杂动力学现象受到了越来越多学者的关注.本文定性地分析一类分数阶混沌金融系统的均衡解的稳定性及Hopf分岔发生的条件,并运用亚当斯-巴什福斯-莫尔顿预估-校正的有限差分法,通过分岔图、相图和时间序列图对该系统的复杂性演化行为进行仿真研究. 关键词： 经济物理学 分数阶微分方程 金融模型 混沌     

Stokes integral of economic growth: Calculus and the Solow model

Economic growth depends on capital and labor and two-dimensional calculus has been applied to economic theory. This leads to Riemann and Stokes integrals and to the first and second laws of production and growth. The mathematical structure is the same as in thermodynamics, economic properties may be related to physical terms: capital to energy, production to physical work, GDP per capita to temperature, production function to entropy. This is called econophysics. Production, trade and banking may be compared to motors, heat pumps or refrigerators. The Carnot process of the first law creates two levels in each system: cold and hot in physics; buyer and seller, investor and saver, rich and poor in economics. The efficiency rises with the income difference of rich and poor. The results of econophysics are compared to neoclassical theory.     

The second law analysis of absorption cooling cycles

The second law of thermodynamics has recently applied to various components and cycles by a theoretical approach. However, the application of this law practically is not common because the relevant concepts do not seem to be very important yet. In this study, the second law will be applied to absorption cooling cycles by defining two new effectivenesses of the system for two working fluids and the choice of working fluids will be based on this law. Besides permitting more realistic performance concepts from the economic and thermodynamic points of view, the second law analysis of absorption cooling cycles also offers an alternative absorbent/cooling combination (lithium bromide/water), which does not destroy the ozone layer.     

Economic Benefits of Tracer Applications in Petroleum Refining

Radiotracer methodology applied to troubleshooting and process improvement provide substantial economic benefits in petroleum refining. The benefits derive from rapid identification of operating problems, reduction of unscheduled shutdowns or shorter downtime; and improvements in processing operations, operating efficiency, product quality and yield. The costs for performing tracer studies is small compared to the benefits obtained. Refinery examples are given and the benefits are expressed in dollars wherever possible. Wider use of this technology promises greater benefits throughout all industry.     

应用技术大学物理实验教学体系、内容的改革与探索

随着我国经济结构调整和产业转型,应用技术大学必须高水平发展,以适应其服务地方经济发展的要求。针对目前应用技术大学物理实验教学中存在的问题,结合重庆邮电大学移通学院大学物理实验教学改革的实际情况,提出了一系列大学物理实验教学改革的新思路和新方法。     

An individual-based model for evolutionary effects of selective fishing applied to Pseudoplatystoma corruscans

This paper proposes an individual-based model that takes into account the evolutionary effects of selective fishing on exploited populations. The model is an adaptation of the Penna model based on the biology of exploited species and characteristics of fishing. Given the importance of the Pintado Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, a native species of great economic value in the Brazilian fishery, the model was applied to study the effects of selective fishing on the growth characteristics of this species.     

Analysis of CCD moiré pattern for micro-range measurements using the wavelet transform

A new approach based on the moiré theory and wavelet transform (WT) is proposed for measuring the micro-range distance between a charge-couple-device (CCD) camera and a two-dimensional reference grating. The micro-range distance is determined by measuring the pitch of the moiré pattern image, which is digitized by a CCD camera. A one-dimensional WT algorithm is applied to estimate the pitch of the moiré pattern. Experimental results prove that this technique is very efficient and highly accurate. The moiré range finder is an economic technique for measuring a micro-range distance.     

Persistent scale free fluctuation in market recovery and recession

A counting procedure is introduced to track the persistent trending feature in the market fluctuation based on the second order statistics of the fluctuation. The method is applied to the daily number of the market index in different economic times of the recession and recovery. Similar characteristics with the discrete lattice cascade were found. It suggests the market index fluctuation over a wide range of scales can be modeled as a state of persistent “coordination”. Specific time scales of the persistent trending feature are extracted and differences in the recovery and recession are compared.     

活性行走——图样形成、自组织、复杂系统

活性行走是描述复杂 (或简单 )系统的图样形成和自组织的一个范式 (paradigm) .一个活性行走者的每一步都改变地形 ,其如何选择下一步受改变后地形的影响 .活性行走模型已经成功地应用于很多生物、物理与社会科学系统中 ,其中包括视网膜神经细胞和液体薄层表面反应的图样形成、玻璃中离子的异常传输、蚂蚁群的觅食、高科技经济学中产品的市场竞争 ,等等 .     

X-[1H, 19F] triple resonance with a X-[1H] CP MAS probe and characterisation of a 29Si-19F spin pair

An economic approach for implementing X-[1H,19F] double-decoupling MAS NMR experiments with a conventional X-[1H] dual-channel CP MAS probe is demonstrated. The parameters characterising the isolated 29Si-19F spin pair in an organosilicon compound R(3)SiF (R = 9-anthryl) are determined. In addition, we discuss the optimum choice of experimental parameters for determining all 29Si-19F spin-pair parameters from straightforward 29Si MAS NMR spectra with only 1H decoupling applied during acquisition.     

Simplified alpha-spectroscopic analysis of uranium in natural waters after its separation by cation-exchange

A relatively rapid, economic and robust procedure is described for the alpha-radiometric analysis of natural waters. The analysis is performed by alpha-spectroscopy after pre-concentration and separation of uranium by cation-exchange (Chelex-100) and finally its electrodeposition on stainless steel discs. The method has been successfully applied to 100 ml samples of natural waters (e.g. ground- and seawaters) resulting in high-quality spectra for measurement times less than 34 h. In addition, a main advantage of the procedure (particularly for routine measurements) is that there is no consumption of organic solvents and multiple recycling/reuse of the resin is possible.     

Building resilient power grids from integrated risk governance perspective: A lesson learned from china's 2008 Ice-Snow Storm disaster

In the past three decades, the electric energy industry made great contribution to support rapid social and economic development in China, and meanwhile has been grown at the highest rate in the human history owing to the economic reform. In its new national development plan, more investment has been put into installation of both electricity generating capacity and transmitting capacity in order to meet fast growing demand of electric energy. However, energy resources, both fossil fuel and renewable types, and energy consumption and load centers in China are not evenly distributed in both spatial and temporal dimensions. Moreover, dominated by coal as its primary energy source, the whole eastern China is now entering an environmental crisis in which pollutants emitted by coal power plants contribute a large part. To balance the regional differences in energy sources and energy consumption while meeting the steadily increasing demands for electric energy for the whole country, in addition to increase electric generating capacity, building large-scale, long-distance ultra high voltage power grids is the top priority for next five years. China is a country prone to almost all kinds of natural disasters due to its vast, complex geographical and climatic conditions. In recent years, frequent natural disasters, especially extreme weather and climate events, have threatened the safety, reliability and stability of electric energy system in China. Unfortunately, with fast growth rate but lacking of risk assessing and prevention mechanism, many infrastructure constructions, including national power grids, are facing integrated and complex economic, social, institutional and ecological risks. In this paper, based on a case analysis of the Great Ice Storm in southern China in January 2008, risks of building a resilient power grid to deal with increasing threats from extreme weathers are discussed. The paper recommends that a systematic approach based on the social-ecological system framework should be applied to assess the risk factors associated with the power grid, and the tools to deal with complex dynamic systems need to be applied to deal with constant changes in the whole social-ecological system.     

Continuous Time Random Walk with Correlated Waiting Times. The Crucial Role of Inter-Trade Times in Volatility Clustering

In many physical, social, and economic phenomena, we observe changes in a studied quantity only in discrete, irregularly distributed points in time. The stochastic process usually applied to describe this kind of variable is the continuous-time random walk (CTRW). Despite the popularity of these types of stochastic processes and strong empirical motivation, models with a long-term memory within the sequence of time intervals between observations are rare in the physics literature. Here, we fill this gap by introducing a new family of CTRWs. The memory is introduced to the model by assuming that many consecutive time intervals can be the same. Surprisingly, in this process we can observe a slowly decaying nonlinear autocorrelation function without a fat-tailed distribution of time intervals. Our model, applied to high-frequency stock market data, can successfully describe the slope of decay of the nonlinear autocorrelation function of stock market returns. We achieve this result without imposing any dependence between consecutive price changes. This proves the crucial role of inter-event times in the volatility clustering phenomenon observed in all stock markets.