光谱分辨率可调的新型干涉成像光谱技术研究

针对色散型和静态干涉型成像光谱仪光谱分辨率固定、系统效能得不到充分发挥等问题,提出了一种光谱分辨率可调的静态双折射干涉成像光谱技术.该技术的创新点之一在于,仪器的光谱分辨能力可调,且调节范围较宽.对于不同的探测目标,利用这一技术,只获取有用的光谱数据,既能满足多目标、多任务光谱图像探测的需要,又可大幅减少对存储空间和通信带宽的占用,有效缩短数据处理时间,提高系统信噪比,从而使仪器总体性能达到最优.本文给出了新技术的具体实现方案及理论模型,对核心元件—横向剪切量可调的新型双Wollaston平行平板分束器进行了光线追迹,给出了其横向剪切量的精确理论计算公式,深入分析了其分光及横向剪切量调节原理.在此基础上,研究了新技术的光谱分辨率调节特性,给出了其光谱调节范围,并对其光谱调节原理进行了实验验证.     

步进电机驱动的直线变倍成像系统研究

为了满足无人机光电载荷的体积和重量要求,并有效解决传统凸轮机构加工精度要求高、系统易产生机械振荡等问题,提高系统的响应速度和变焦精度,对基于步进电机驱动实现连续变焦的直线变倍成像系统进行研究。采用二相混合式步进电机驱动实现机械补偿式变焦系统的变焦聚焦功能。首先,本文研究了基于步进电机的直线变倍成像系统的工作原理与构成,完成硬件平台的搭建,利用单片机控制实现步进电机的加减速过程。然后构造适合本系统的图像清晰度评价函数,并采用扫描反馈搜索算法完成对镜头焦距值的标定,将标定结果载入聚焦算法。最后,完成系统的性能测试。测试结果显示,采用速度控制模型后,步进电机的定位误差显著降低,范围在0.010 mm以下,整个系统的变焦精度远远小于1%,而且光学性能和外场拍摄性能较好。该基于步进电机的直线变倍成像系统满足无人机光电载荷的适用性要求。     

一种新型投影曝光调焦方法

为研究大面积激光投影光刻的调焦,利用Zemax光学设计软件模拟离焦对光程差（OPD）和调制传递函数（MTF）的影响,分析二者对投影曝光图形质量的影响,给出系统最大的离焦量值。提出一种利用显微镜的调焦方法,分析此方法的调焦误差主要来自于显微镜景深,根据景深表达式和系统最大离焦量值,选择一款景深不大于系统最大离焦量的显微镜来构建调焦系统,并基于该调焦系统进行光刻实验。实验结果表明:利用该方法对投影成像光刻进行调焦,无论是否离焦,边缘视场与中心视场的MTF均有差异,分辨率也有差异,但这种差异不影响光刻图形的质量。     

Dynamic spectral filter

Results of the discussions with N.B. Delone on the perturbation of the atomic transition by a strong nonresonant noise field of electromagnetic radiation are presented. Four examples that are conceptually and mathematically close to each other are considered: spectrum of radiation with the diffusion of phase, spectrum of radiation with the sine phase modulation, atomic absorption lineshape in the presence of a strong nonresonant noise field, and the spectral filter whose maximum-transmission frequency is varied with time (dynamic spectral filter). For all of the examples, the counterintuitive scenario of the formation of the resulting spectrum is demonstrated: the instantaneous radiation frequencies (or the instantaneous positions of the perturbed level) are not summarized in the output spectrum. The analysis is based on the limitation that is typical of the Fourier transform and lies in the fact that significant time is needed for the observation of small frequency shifts.     

Z箍缩等离子体均匀色散晶体光谱成像

为了诊断Z箍缩等离子体X射线相关信息,利用自聚焦和均匀色散原理,研制了一种新型的均匀色散弯晶谱仪。晶体分析器采用-石英（1010）,布拉格角为43.4~72.7,利用有效面积为10 mm50 mm的X射线胶片接收光谱信号,实验在中国工程物理研究院阳加速器装置上进行,摄谱元件获得了Z箍缩铝丝阵等离子体的类H及类He谱线。实验结果表明:谱线分布遵循均匀色散条件,所研制均匀色散弯晶谱仪线色散率为-116.198 mm/nm,与理论值-120 mm/nm的相对误差为3.168%,能够用于Z箍缩等离子体X射线的光谱学研究。     

Z箍缩等离子体均匀色散晶体光谱成像

为了诊断Z箍缩等离子体X射线相关信息,利用自聚焦和均匀色散原理,研制了一种新型的均匀色散弯晶谱仪。晶体分析器采用-石英（1010）,布拉格角为43.4~72.7,利用有效面积为10 mm50 mm的X射线胶片接收光谱信号,实验在中国工程物理研究院阳加速器装置上进行,摄谱元件获得了Z箍缩铝丝阵等离子体的类H及类He谱线。实验结果表明：谱线分布遵循均匀色散条件,所研制均匀色散弯晶谱仪线色散率为-116.198 mm/nm,与理论值-120 mm/nm的相对误差为3.168%,能够用于Z箍缩等离子体X射线的光谱学研究。     

Scattering imaging of biomolecules with metallic nanoparticles: localization precision,imaging speed,and multicolor imaging capability

Optical Review - Metallic nanoparticles, especially gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), have been widely used as bright optical probes for the observation and analysis of biomolecules. By continuously...     

Dynamic and spectral mixing in nanosystems

In the framework of a simple spin-boson Hamiltonian we study an interplay between dynamic and spectral roots to stochastic-like behavior. The Hamiltonian describes an initial vibrational state coupled to discrete dense spectrum reservoir. The reservoir states are formed by three sequences with rationally independent periodicities 1; 1 ± δ typical for vibrational states in many nanosize systems (e.g., large molecules containing CH₂ fragment chains, or carbon nanotubes). We show that quantum evolution of the system is determined by a dimensionless parameter δΓ, where Γ is characteristic number of the reservoir states relevant for the initial vibrational level dynamics. When δΓ > 1 spectral chaos destroys recurrence cycles and the system state evolution is stochastic-like. In the opposite limit δΓ < 1 dynamics is regular up to the critical recurrence cycle k _c and for larger k > k _c dynamic mixing leads to quasi-stochastic time evolution. Our semi-quantitative analytic results are confirmed by numerical solution of the equation of motion. We anticipate that both kinds of stochastic-like behavior (namely, due to spectral mixing and recurrence cycle dynamic mixing) can be observed by femtosecond spectroscopy methods in nanosystems in the spectral window 10¹¹–10¹³ s⁻¹     

Optimum spectral window for imaging of art with optical coherence tomography

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been shown to have potential for important applications in the field of art conservation and archaeology due to its ability to image subsurface microstructures non-invasively. However, its depth of penetration in painted objects is limited due to the strong scattering properties of artists’ paints. VIS–NIR (400–2,400 nm) reflectance spectra of a wide variety of paints made with historic artists’ pigments have been measured. The best spectral window with which to use OCT for the imaging of subsurface structure of paintings was found to be around 2.2 μm. The same spectral window would also be most suitable for direct infrared imaging of preparatory sketches under the paint layers. The reflectance spectra from a large sample of chemically verified pigments provide information on the spectral transparency of historic artists’ pigments/paints as well as a reference set of spectra for pigment identification. The results of the paper suggest that broadband sources at ~2 μm are highly desirable for OCT applications in art and potentially material science in general.     

In vitro birefringence imaging with spectral domain polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography

Spectral domain polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography （SDPS-OCT） is a depth-resolved polarization-sensitive interferometry which integrates polarization optics into spectral domain optical co- herence tomography （SD-OCT）. This configuration can obtain birefringence information of samples and improve the imaging speed. In this paper, horizontally polarized light is used to replace natural light of the source. Then, right-rotated circularly polarized light is the incident sample light. To obtain two orthogonal components of the polarized interferogram, the reflected light of the reference arm is set to be 45° linearly polarized light. These two components are acquired by two spectrometers synchronously. The system was employed to achieve 12.8μm axial resolution and 4.36μm transverse resolution. We have imaged in vitro chicken tendon and muscle tissues with these svstem.     

Development of double-filtering imaging acousto-optic tunable filter with increased spectral resolution

The spectral resolution is a key index of evaluating the performance of the designed acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF). We present a special double-filtering method of obviously enhancing the spectral resolution. We have discussed the main technique functional in the double-filtering method in detail. It is confirmed that the double-filtering method can effectively enhance the spectral resolution with good imaging quality. This study is significant in the imaging applications of AOTF.     

Three-dimensional imaging using spectral encoding heterodyne interferometry

We present a novel heterodyne approach for performing fast, three-dimensional spectrally encoded imaging. Volumetric data of a volunteer's finger and of coin surfaces were acquired at a rate of 5 volume sets per second with a depth resolution of 145 microm.     

Czerny-Turner imaging spectrometer for broadband spectral simultaneity

A modified asymmetrical Czerny-Turner arrangement with a fixed plane grating is proposed to correct aberrations over a broadband spectral range by analyzing the dependence of aberrations for different wavelengths. The principle of design is deduced in detail. We compare the performance of this modified Czerny-Turner imaging spectrometer with that of the existing Czerny-Turner arrangement by using a practical Czerny-Turner imaging spectrometer example. The excellent performance of the modified imaging spectrometer is confirmed by simulation with ZEMAX software.     

Real-time spectral imaging in three spatial dimensions

We report what is to our knowledge the first volume-holographic optical imaging instrument with the capability to return three-dimensional spatial as well as spectral information about semitranslucent microscopic objects in a single measurement. The four-dimensional volume-holographic microscope is characterized theoretically and experimentally by use of fluorescent microspheres as objects.     

Label-free biomolecular imaging using scanning spectral interferometry

This letter presents a label-free biomolecular imaging technique based on white-light interferometry and spectral detection. The method measures thickness changes caused by specific binding between biomolecules to detect the presence of certain analyte. A spectrum-shifting algorithm is developed to resolve the thickness information from the spectrum. The axial resolution of the experimental instrument can reach ~1 nm, thereby enabling detection of trace amounts （-1 ng/mm2） of proteins or DNA. This letter also presents two experiments to prove the feasibility of the method for detecting proteins and DNA without fluorescent labeling.     

Improvement of spectral resolution by spectroscopic imaging

We propose to use three-dimensional spectroscopic imaging (SI) to increase the spectral resolution for biological samples for which strong susceptibility effects (or poor magnetic homogeneity) cause significant line broadening. Due to susceptibility effects (or poor field homogeneity) the SI voxel spectra even from a uniform sample are shifted with respect to each other and much less broadened than the total sample spectrum. Realignment of the spectra from individual voxels prior to their coaddition produces a total-volume spectrum with significantly narrower lines.     

Dynamic sample imaging in coherent diffractive imaging

As the resolution in coherent diffractive imaging improves, interexposure and intraexposure sample dynamics, such as motion, degrade the quality of the reconstructed image. Selecting data sets that include only exposures where tolerably little motion has occurred is an inefficient use of time and flux, especially when detector readout time is significant. We provide an experimental demonstration of an approach in which all images of a data set exhibiting sample motion are combined to improve the quality of a reconstruction. This approach is applicable to more general sample dynamics (including sample damage) that occur during measurement.     

Incoherent digital holographic spectral imaging with high accuracy of image pixel registration

Fresnel incoherent correlation holography(FINCH) is a unique three-dimensional(3 D) imaging technique which has the advantages of scanning-free,high resolution,and easy matching with existing mature optical systems.In this article,an incoherent digital holographic spectral imaging method with high accuracy of spectral reconstruction based on liquid crystal tunable filter(LCTF) and FINCH is proposed.Using the programmable characteristics of spatial light modulator(SLM),a series of phase masks,none of whose focal lengths changes with wavelength,is designed and made.For each wavelength of LCTF output,SLM calls three phase masks with different phase constants at the corresponding wavelength,and CCD records three holograms.The spectral images obtained by this method have a constant magnification,which can achieve pixel-level image registration,restrain image registration errors,and improve spectral reconstruction accuracy.The results show that this method can not only obtain the 3 D spatial information and spectral information of the object simultaneously,but also have high accuracy of spectral reconstruction and excellent color reproducibility.     

Dynamic imaging with MRI contrast agents: quantitative considerations

Time-resolved MRI has had enormous impact in cognitive science and may become a significant tool in basic biological research with the application of new molecular imaging agents. In this paper, we examine the temporal characteristics of MRI contrast agents that could be used in dynamic studies. We consider "smart" T1 contrast agents, T2 agents based on reversible aggregation of superparamagnetic nanoparticles and sensors that produce changes in saturation transfer effects (chemical exchange saturation transfer, CEST). We discuss response properties of several agents with reference to available experimental data, and we develop a new theoretical model that predicts the response rates and relaxivity changes of aggregation-based sensors. We also perform calculations to define the extent to which constraints on temporal resolution are imposed by the imaging methods themselves. Our analysis confirms that some small T1 agents may be compatible with MRI temporal resolution on the order of 100 ms. Nanoparticle aggregation T2 sensors are applicable at much lower concentrations, but are likely to respond on a single second or slower timescale. CEST agents work at high concentrations and temporal resolutions of 1-10 s, limited by a requirement for long presaturation periods in the MRI pulse sequence.