溶胶—凝胶法制备有机—无机纳米复合材料

溶胶－凝胶法以其温和的反应条件，尤其是低的反应温度成为有机－无机纳米复合材料制备的最有效的方法．本文根据合成路线的不同，分５个方面对用溶胶－凝胶法制备复合材料进行概要介绍．     

聚合物纳米材料研究进展——Ⅱ.聚合物/无机纳米复合材料

复合物纳米材料包括纳米聚合物和聚合物／无机纳米复合材料。本文综述了聚合物／无机纳米复合材料的研究进展，重点介绍了溶胶－凝胶法，原位生成法，模板法，插层复合，沉积法，机械粉碎，分子平壤 ，溶液或融混合法的研究进展。     

聚集诱导发光有机小分子无机纳米复合材料的研究进展

有机-无机复合荧光纳米材料制备简便,生物相容性好,成像性能优异,在化学和生物传感、生物成像、催化及能源材料等领域受到很多关注.传统的荧光有机小分子与无机材料复合时,常发生荧光猝灭,而聚集诱导发光(Aggregation-InducedEmission,AIE)有机小分子在聚集态具有高发光量子产率,为有机-无机复合荧光纳米材料的研究提供了机遇.由于AIE有机小分子功能化的无机纳米材料独特的优点,人们对其设计、合成及应用进行了较多研究.综述了AIE有机小分子和多种类型的无机纳米结构(金属纳米颗粒、钙钛矿材料、层状材料、氧化物、硫化物等)复合材料的制备和应用的新进展,特别是在化学和生物传感、生物成像、药物输运、光热治疗、催化以及能源等领域的应用,并对其发展前景进行了展望.     

制备聚合物基/纳米SiO2复合材料的几种方法

聚合物基纳米SiO2复合材料由于兼具无机二氧化硅和有机硅的特性而具有广阔的应用前景。将纳米SiO2和有机硅聚合物有效地复合,形成无机-聚合物复合材料,是一个非常活跃的领域。本文总结了几种常用的制备聚合物基纳米SiO2复合材料的方法。     

有机--无机纳米复合材料的制备方法

本文综述了无机--有机纳米复合材料的制备方法,介绍了其结构和性质,并展望了其应用前景.     

有机 无机纳米复合光电材料研究进展

很久以来人们就尝试着结合有机材料和无机材料的性质于一种复合材料。在还没有复合材料这一概念时,有机/无机复合结构已被广泛用于聚合物工业中——无机添加剂(矿物、粘土、滑石等)被加入聚合物中以改善其性能。过去十年中,关于有机/无机纳米复合材料的研究工作已成为材料学科的一个重要领域。不同于传统的复合材料,有机无机纳米复合材料其相微区通常为纳米尺度,有时甚至减小到分子水平的复合。复合材料的性质不但与各组分的性质有关,而且各组分相的形态和其间界面性质密切相关,后两者对决定材料的整体性质起着至关重要的作用^[1,2].     

溶胶-凝胶法合成有机/无机杂化材料进展--2.组分间以次价力作用的有机/无机杂化材料

介绍了溶胶-凝胶法(Sol-gelprocess)制备组分间以次价力作用的有机/无机杂化材料的基本情况,根据合成方法进行分类,并指出其发展趋势。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备有机/无机杂化材料工艺及其应用

介绍了溶胶–凝胶法制备有机/无机杂化材料的原理和基本过程,杂化材料的制备方法及对材料性能的影响,概述了杂化材料在结构材料、光学材料及其它材料中的应用研究。     

细乳液聚合法制备有机/无机纳米复合材料

无机纳米粒子的引入可以使聚合物材料获得抗菌、导电和防紫外等诸多特性,但无机纳米粒子在聚合物基质中易团聚、引入量少,难以充分发挥其优点。细乳液聚合法基于其独特的成核方式--液滴成核,能够提高无机纳米粒子在聚合物基中的分散性和引入量,且复合材料的形貌易于控制,是目前制备特殊形貌有机/无机纳米复合材料的一种有效手段。本文介绍了有机/无机复合纳米材料的细乳液制备过程,综述了近年来不同无机纳米粒子与有机基质复合的研究进展,例如：纳米SiO₂、纳米ZnO、金属纳米粒子、纳米氧化石墨烯等。最后就其发展现状提出了几点建议。     

无机/有机纳米复合材料的研究进展*

分析总结了聚合物基无机纳米复合材料的各种制备方法、性质及其应用, 并对今后的发展作了展望。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备光学杂化功能材料

在简述溶胶-凝胶法基本原理的基础上,介绍了设计杂化材料的原则及预掺杂法、后掺杂法和原位化学合成法三种溶胶-凝胶法制备光学杂化功能材料的途径;综述了稀土发光材料、波导材料和光致变色材料三种光学杂化功能材料,并结合国内外的研究提出开展光学杂化功能材料研究的重要方向.     

Research Progress of Polymers/Inorganic Nanocomposite Electrical Insulating Materials

With the rapid development of power, energy, electronic information, rail transit, and aerospace industries, nanocomposite electrical insulating materials have been begun to be widely used as new materials. Polymer/inorganic nanocomposite dielectric materials possess excellent physical and mechanical properties. In addition, numerous unique properties, such as electricity, thermal, sound, light, and magnetic properties are exhibited by these materials. First, the macroscopic quantum tunneling effect, small-size effect, surface effect, and quantum-size effect of nanoparticles are introduced. There are a few anomalous changes in the physical and chemical properties of the matrix, which are caused by these effects. Second, the interaction mechanism between the nanoparticles and polymer matrix is introduced. These include infiltration adsorption theory, chemical bonding, diffusion theory, electrostatic theory, mechanical connection theory, deformation layer theory, and physical adsorption theory. The mechanism of action of the interface on the dielectric properties of the composites is summarized. These are the interface trap effect, interface barrier effect, and homogenization field strength effect. In addition, different interfacial structure models were used to analyze the specific properties of nanocomposite dielectric materials. Finally, the research status of the dielectric properties of nanocomposite dielectric materials in the electrical insulation field is introduced.     

溶胶-凝胶法合成杂化材料中的增容剂的应用

讨论了溶胶 -凝胶法合成有机 /无机杂化聚合物材料中的增容剂的应用 ,并详细介绍了三类增容剂的结构、增容机理和性能。     

Nanocomposite Gels: New Advanced Functional Soft Materials

Summary: Nanocomposite gels (NC gels) consisting of poly(N-alkylacrylamides) and exfoliated inorganic clay were prepared by in-situ, free-radical polymerization at high yield under mild conditions (near ambient temperature, without stirring). Various shapes and different surface forms of NC gels were readily obtained using corresponding vessels and templates, since NC gels were always mechanically tough. The view that polymer/clay networks are formed in NC gels was supported by dynamic viscoelastic and swelling measurements. The entirely different mechanical properties of NC gels, compared with conventional, chemically-crosslinked hydrogels (OR gels), are discussed on the basis of their network structure. In addition to functions previously reported, NC gels exhibit further interesting characteristics, such as inherent incombustibility, good thermal conductivity, large heat capacity, they can be readily colored and fabricated as foams. NC gels can be utilized as environmentally-friendly, soft materials from the viewpoints of resources and waste, as their primary component is water.     

Solid Acid-Base Control of Inorganic/Organic Hybrids by Inorganic Components for Molecule-Selectivity

Solid acid-base properties of methylsiloxane-based inorganic/organic hybrids were controlled by incorporation of inorganic components other than Si into methylsiloxane networks. The effect of different inorganic components on the solid acid-base properties was estimated by first-principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT). The deprotonation tends to occur in the order Si < Al < Nb inorganic components, suggesting that the acidity increases in the same order. Methylsiloxane-based hybrids with solid acid-base properties were also synthesized by incorporating inorganic components derived from metal alkoxides. Hammett indicators revealed that the solid acidity increased in the order Si < Al < Nb inorganic components, which was consistent with the results of first-principles calculations. Preliminary experiments revealed that the methylsiloxane-based hybrids also provided a solid basic nature by containing Ca and Y inorganic components derived from metal alkoxides. The acidic hybrids were found to have Brønsted acid sites from the FT-IR experiments of adsorbed pyridine on the hybrids.     

有机-无机复合骨修复材料

本文对近5年来有机/无机复合骨修复材料研究领域的进展进行了综述,根据材料组分的特点分析其在生物相容性、生物降解性、生物活性以及力学性能等方面的优缺点,同时探讨了目前骨修复材料领域存在的问题,并对今后人工骨替代材料的发展趋势作出了展望。     

Studies on Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Nanocomposite Gels Using Photoluminescence Techniques

Summary.  Transparent nanocomposite gels made of hybrid organic/inorganic polymers, synthesized through the sol-gel method, composed of poly-(ethylene oxide) or poly-(propylene oxide) chains, and grafted on silica through urea bridges, have been studied by steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence techniques. These nanocomposite materials consist of two distinguished subphases, an organic and an inorganic one. The volume fraction of the organic (polyether) subphase is larger than that of the inorganic (silica) subphase, and it increases with increasing polyether chain size. The condensation of the silica subphase provides luminescent entities emitting light by electron-hole recombination on delocalized states associated with the active chemical species of the urea bridges. Materials with smaller polyether chains are more luminescent than such with longer polyether chains. Divalent or trivalent cations introduced into these materials enhance the luminescence intensity by solubilization close to the silica cluster surface and thus by decreasing surface defects and the ensuing quenching mechanism. Received June 23, 2000. Accepted (revised) July 18, 2000     

Sol-Gel技术制备二阶有机/无机复合非线性光学材料的研究进展

溶胶－凝胶技术是制备材料的一种新兴低温工艺，它为两种完全不相容的成份—聚合物材料和无机玻璃的大比例混合（或键合）创造了可能，使得制备出的材料兼备两种成份的优点。本文综述了近年来溶胶－凝胶技术在制备有机／无机复合非线性光学材料领域中的应用，并简要分析了当前研究工作所面临的问题。     

硫醇-烯/炔点击化学制备有机/无机杂化材料

有机/无机杂化材料因其独特、优异的结构和性能已经成为目前材料领域的研究热点,硫醇-烯/炔点击化学是近年发展起来的一类新型点击化学,以其反应条件温和、速率快、产率高、产物容易分离以及高度选择性等优点受到国内外研究者的广泛关注。本文综述了近年来硫醇-烯/炔点击化学制备有机/无机杂化材料的研究进展,重点介绍了利用硫醇-烯/炔点击化学制备硅类、碳类、金属及金属氧化物类有机/无机杂化材料,并归纳了这些有机/无机杂化材料在生物医用、环境保护、光电材料等方面的应用,最后展望了硫醇-烯/炔点击化学制备有机/无机杂化材料未来的发展方向。