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气凝胶是一类兼具重要科学研究意义和巨大工程化应用价值的纳米多孔材料,其制备过程涉及溶胶-凝胶化学转变、结构调控、界面张力消除等基础科学问题,在理化性能方面同时具有超低密度和超低热导率特性,是一类理想的轻量化超级隔热保温材料,在航空航天、交通运输等对重量要求严苛的应用领域极具吸引力.此外,得益于气凝胶的高比表面积、高孔隙率、连续开孔等结构特征,其在吸附、催化、药物载体、能源和环境修复等领域也具有重要应用潜力.因此,近年来气凝胶及其应用获得国内外学术和产业界的极大研究兴趣.本综述调研了自气凝胶首次报道以来相关文献与知识产权的概况,而后以制备方法、气凝胶种类、维度结构设计、新型应用为轴,系统概括了气凝胶的制备方法,新型气凝胶的种类,以维度为特色的气凝胶材料,以及气凝胶的独特应用.如近五年来涌现的新型超分子气凝胶、智能响应气凝胶、气凝胶纤维、气凝胶的增材制造等,都在一定程度上颠覆了传统材料、突破了传统制备方法的局限.最后对气凝胶近年来的发展做了简要总结和展望. 相似文献
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气凝胶是一类轻质、低密度的三维纳米多孔固态材料,因其独特的高孔隙率、高比表面积和低导热系数等特性,使其在吸附、催化、保温隔热和隔音等诸多领域具有广泛的用途,目前其相关研究在材料科学领域受到了广泛的关注。气凝胶的制备主要包括溶胶-凝胶过程和湿凝胶干燥两个步骤,湿凝胶的干燥是制备气凝胶过程中至关重要而又较为困难的一步。传统的气凝胶通过超临界干燥制备,工艺复杂、成本高,而且由于干燥过程在高温高压条件下进行,有一定的危险性并且不适宜大规模生产,因此如何通过常压干燥获得高比表面积、高孔隙率、低密度的性能优异的气凝胶是其研究的重要方向之一。本文简要介绍了湿凝胶的制备以及凝胶干燥理论,详细介绍了近年来常压干燥方法气凝胶制备的研究进展,并对其未来发展前景做出了展望。 相似文献
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二氧化硅气凝胶是典型的纳米多孔轻质材料,由于具有独特的性能并在许多领域存在潜在的应用价值而受到广泛关注。二氧化硅气凝胶的制备传统上采用超临界干燥工艺,但此工艺成本高、工艺复杂而且具有一定的危险性。为了实现二氧化硅气凝胶的大批量生产和商品化应用,研究低成本常压干燥制备技术非常必要。目前常压干燥制备工艺已取得了较大进展,本文主要介绍了二氧化硅气凝胶的常压干燥制备方法及其特点,并概述了二氧化硅气凝胶复合材料制备的最新研究进展。以纤维和聚和物为增强体的二氧化硅气凝胶复合材料改善了气凝胶的力学性能,进一步扩宽了其应用范围。 相似文献
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新型力学性能增强二氧化硅气凝胶块体隔热材料 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
作为一种轻质和超高孔隙率的三维纳米多孔材料,二氧化硅气凝胶具有极低的常温导热系数,成为理想的纳米多孔超级隔热材料。然而,二氧化硅气凝胶的力学性能很差,且常压干燥制备的气凝胶整体性较差,这些都极大地限制了二氧化硅气凝胶的实际应用。近年来,通过复合或交联的方法制备得到的新型二氧化硅气凝胶,在一定程度上提高了其整体性、强度和柔韧性,使得二氧化硅气凝胶作为单独的块体材料应用成为可能。本文简要介绍二氧化硅气凝胶的多孔结构、基本性质和隔热原理,并对纤维增强、聚合物交联和其他复合二氧化硅气凝胶作为块体隔热材料的研究现状进行重点综述。最后,总结了该领域存在的关键问题,并提出未来的研究方向。 相似文献
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用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%. 相似文献
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Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction
Laurent Gavara Thomas Boisse Jean-Pierre Hénichart Adam Daïch Philippe Gautret 《Tetrahedron》2010,66(38):7544-5571
In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments. 相似文献
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The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula. 相似文献
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Rebecca J. Burton Mandy L. CrowtherNeal J. Fazakerley Shaun M. FilleryBarry M. Hayter Jason G. KettleCaroline A. McMillan Paula PerkinsPeter Robins Peter M. SmithEmma J. Williams Gail L. Wrigley 《Tetrahedron letters》2013
The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines. 相似文献
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KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields. 相似文献
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N. A. Nedolya 《Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds》2008,44(10):1165-1219
The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff
at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry
of Heterocyclic Compounds.
Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee.
Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008. 相似文献
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Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp3)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products. 相似文献
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《Tetrahedron》2014,70(21):3377-3384
The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of 2-carbonyl-substituted 2H-azirines with ethyl 2-cyano-2-diazoacetate or 2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate provides an easy access to 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones. These compounds can be selectively prepared from the same starting material using temperature as the only varied parameter. The 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, a common precursor for both heterocyclic products, isomerizes into 2H-1,3-oxazine under kinetic control, while 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-one is the sole product of the reaction at elevated temperatures. According to DFT-calculations a one-atom oxazine ring contraction involving ring-opening to a 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, followed by a 1,5- and 1,2-prototropic shift leads to the consecutive formation of imidoylketene and azomethine ylide, which then further undergo cyclization to the pyrrole derivative. 相似文献
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Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields. 相似文献