无汞盐密封法测定高氯浓度水样的化学需氧量

提出了一种以重铬酸钾为氧化剂,以6%硫酸银代替硫酸汞作为掩蔽-催化剂消除高氯离子干扰,测定化学需氧量(COD)的无汞密封新方法。研究了反应温度、反应时间和硫酸银浓度等测定条件。该法可以避免汞盐对环境的污染,适合测定多种类型的水样。该法测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.4%(n=8),平均加标回收率为98.5%.     

快速消解分光光度法测定高氯废水中低浓度化学需氧量

建立快速消解分光光度法检测高氯废水中低浓度化学需氧量(COD)的方法。通过提高催化液中硫酸银的浓度(46 g/L)充分络合氯离子,同时降低消解液中重铬酸钾的浓度至0.061 2 mol/L来抑制重铬酸钾与氯离子的反应,达到有效消除Cl~–干扰的目的。水样在165℃消解30 min,于600 nm波长检测吸光度,标准曲线法计算COD。实验结果表明,水样中COD质量浓度为20 mg/L时,2 000 mg/L的Cl~–不干扰COD的测定(相对误差小于10%),并且随着COD质量浓度的增加,Cl~–产生的干扰误差逐渐降低。对国家环境保护部标准样品进行了测定,COD测定值与标准值一致。样品加标回收率为97.0%~103.7%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.01%~6.33%(n=6)。该法快速,有毒试剂用量小,成本低,具有较高的准确度和良好的精密度,可以用于多数工业废水中COD的测定。     

三价铬对COD测定中Cl~–干扰的抑制

测定含氯量高而化学需氧量较低的水样时,在消解过程中利用含Cr3+的硫酸银–硫酸试剂代替国标法中的硫酸银–硫酸试剂,结果表明,用改进法测定含氯且低COD的水样时,Cl–的干扰小于国标法;测定无氯或含氯且COD大于375 mg/L的水样,两种方法测定结果几乎无差别。测定COD 100 mg/L,Cl–质量浓度为1 000 mg/L的水样,相对偏差由国标法的25.8%下降到8.4%;改进法测定COD 100 mg/L,Cl–质量浓度分别为2 000,3 000,5 000mg/L的水样,相对偏差分别为6.3%,11.4%,15.0%,均优于含氯1 000 mg/L国标法测定结果。改进法在COD测定下限的氧化电位相当于国标法测定的COD上限电位,测定上限的氧化电位比国标法下降了0.008 3 V。该方法用于测定含氯高的低COD水样,可抑制Cl–的干扰,提高测量结果的准确度。     

不用汞盐溶液的废水化学需氧量的快速测定

对测定废水的化学需氧量(COD)的标准方法(GB/T 11914-1989)作了两点改进:用硫酸锰代替硫酸银作催化剂和用少量银盐代表汞盐作为氯离子的掩蔽剂.这一改进使氧化时间由原来的2 h缩短为6 min,而且彻底消除了由汞离子所带来的污染问题.试验所得优化的测定条件为:加热温度为160℃;回流时间为6 min;酸度为15 mol·L-1;硫酸锰的加入量为7.5 g·L-1及测定下限为100 mg·L-1COD.     

纳米二氧化钛-高锰酸钾协同光催化氧化体系快速测定化学需氧量

以纳米TiO2-KMnO4协同光催化氧化体系为基础,结合分光光度法建立了一种快速测定水样中化学需氧量(COD)的简便方法。本方法具有线性范围宽、抗氯离子干扰能力强等优点。在选定的最优条件下,线性范围为0.1~320mg/L;当氯离子含量在1500mg/L以内时,相对误差小于5%。此方法适用于污染程度低的自来水、地表水或中等污染程度的工业废水中COD值的快速测定。     

校正系数法测定高氯离子废水中的COD

采用校正系数法对测定高氯离子废水中的化学需氧量(COD)进行氯离子干扰校正。实际样品测定时,先加入浓硫酸消解,将水样中氯离子全部氧化,再加入硫酸银进行样品催化氧化,通过滴定得到COD表观值,扣除氯离子校正值后得到样品COD真实值。方法适合于高氯离子低COD样品的测定。     

城市生活垃圾氯含量测定方法的研究

为了明确垃圾焚烧中氯的确切来源和种类，为垃圾焚烧炉的设计、运行提供参考和促进垃圾焚烧过程中二恶英类物质等二次污染物的生成机理和控制措施的研究，采用硝酸银容量法、硫氰酸汞分光光度法和离子色谱法等研究了城市生活垃圾各主要成分中氯元素的含量。实验结果表明，PVC类塑料和厨余中的灰尘部分含氯量相对较高，均在100mg/g以上；当含氯量大于100mg/g时，可以采用硝酸银容量法测定；含氯量为0.1mg/g-10mg/g时可以采用硫氰酸汞分光光度法和离子色谱法；当含氯量小于0.1mg/g时则只能采用离子色谱法；组分中含硫时只能用离子色谱法测定。     

重铬酸钾光度法快速测定水中化学需氧量

建立快速测定水中化学需氧量(COD)的重铬酸钾光度法。样品消解温度为165℃,消解时间为15 min。当水中含有氯离子时,可加入硫酸汞掩蔽剂消除氯离子影响,其加入量按每毫克氯离子加入20 mg硫酸汞计算。该方法检测范围为20~800 mg/L,当水中COD质量浓度大于800 mg/L时应先进行稀释,然后测定;当COD质量浓度小于20 mg/L时,可以采用真空蒸馏法浓缩,以提高COD质量浓度。采用该方法对COD质量浓度为300 mg/L的标准溶液进行测定,测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.7%(n=6),相对误差为-2.0%。分别采用所建方法和国家标准方法HJ 828—2017(重铬酸钾回流消解滴定法)测定两个不同水样,相对偏差分别为-1.6%和-1.1%。该方法适用于水中COD的快速测定。     

改进的重铬酸盐法测定水和废水中化学需氧量

对重铬酸盐法测定水和废水中化学需氧量的国家标准方法作了改进。改进方法较原方法的取样量由20.00mL减少为10.00mL,氯离子掩蔽剂硫酸汞由固体改为溶液;改进方法受氯离子干扰的程度与国标方法相似,当氯离子质量浓度小于1 000mg·L-1时对测定结果无影响。改进方法的检出限为3 mg·L-1,对标准物质和标准溶液进行测定,测定结果的相对误差在0.96%~2.70%之间,标准偏差在0.80~5.6 mg·L-1之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)在0.80%~5.9%之间。方法应用于水样的测定,测定值与国标法测定值相符,测定值的标准偏差在0.94~20.5mg·L-1之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)在0.53%~11%之间。     

高氯钻井废水低COD分析方法改进

用重铬酸钾法测定油气田高氯低COD的钻井废水时会产生较大误差。对该国标法测定COD进行了改进,采用低浓度氧化剂,增加硫酸汞以掩蔽氯离子来降低COD的分析误差。实验结果表明,选择0.0500 mol/L的重铬酸钾溶液,硫酸汞与氯质量比为10︰1时,测定结果的相对误差小于10%,适合测定高氯低COD钻井废水的COD值。该方法扩大了国标法的适用范围。     

环境水中化学需氧量的FI分光光度法自动在线检测

本文将流动注射分光光度法用于环境废水中化学需氧量（ＣＯＤ）的自动在线检测，方法线性范围在０－１００ｍｇ／Ｌ之间，相对标准偏差＜２％以葡萄糖和苯二甲酸氢钾混合液制备标准溶液，对标准参考水样ＣＯＤ含量（Ｃｒ值）的测定结果表明两者有良好的相关性（Ｒ＝０．９８８０）对环境水样中ＣＯＤ含量的动态变化连续１０ｈ模拟试验，自制的在线过滤装置稳定，未发生堵塞现象；该系统可以较好地跟踪水样中ＣＯＤ浓度的实际变化     

一种新的光催化氧化体系用于化学需氧量的测定研究

基于KMnO₄能获得光生电子从而提高半导体光催化氧化能力的原理,建立了一种用纳米ZnO-KMnO₄协同体系光催化测定化学需氧量(COD)的新方法,探讨了催化氧化测定COD的机理,考察了测定COD的最佳反应条件.COD值浓度在1.5～10mg/L范围内与信号呈良好的线性关系,检测限为0.5mg/L.用本方法测定实际水样,结果和标准高锰酸盐指数法(COD_Mn法)相符.     

水杨酸钠紫外分光光度法测定烟草中的总氮

建立水杨酸钠紫外分光光度法测定烟草中总氮含量的方法。烟草样品经硫酸铜–硫酸钾–浓硫酸消化,用水杨酸钠–二氯异氰尿酸钠显色后用紫外分光光度计检测,并对波长、显色剂用量和反应时间等实验条件进行了优化。总氮的质量浓度在5~60 mg/L范围内与其吸光度呈良好的线性关系,线性相关系数为0.998 8,方法的检出限为0.14 mg/L。样品分析结果的相对标准偏差为3.22%(n=6),样品加标回收率为99.30%~101.62%。该方法具有较高的精密度和准确度,尤其适用于样品量少时对烟草中总氮的测定。     

Determination of chemical oxygen demand in fresh waters using flow injection with on-line UV-photocatalytic oxidation and spectrophotometric detection

A flow injection manifold incorporating UV-photocatalytic oxidation for the determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in freshwater is reported. The method utilises the UV-photocatalytic oxidation of organic compounds instead of conventional heating (used in the standard method), with acidified potassium permanganate as the oxidant. Sodium oxalate, d-glucose and potassium hydrogen phthalate were used as COD standards. A 100 microL sample solution was injected into a 0.3 mol L(-1) H2SO4 carrier stream containing 0.1 mol L(-1) (NH4)2SO4, merged with a permanganate solution (8 x 10(-4) mol L(-1)) and passed through a 250 cm FEP (fluoroethylene polymer) photo-reaction coil wound around a 15 W UV lamp. The sample throughput was 30 h(-1), with an LOD (blank plus 3sigma) of 0.5 mg COD L(-1) and a linear range of 0.5-50 mg COD L(-1) (D-glucose, r2 = 0.9966). The method had good precision with relative standard deviations of 2.7% at 5 mg COD L(-1) and 1.2% at 20 mg COD L(-1) (n = 12) for glucose. Results for a COD certified reference material (QC Demand Quality Control Standard) were in good agreement with the certified COD value. Recovery from Tamar River water samples for all three COD standards was 83.0-111.0% and the COD values determined were in good agreement with those of a permanganate index reference method.     

化学需氧量在线自动监测仪示值误差的检定

介绍化学需氧量(COD)在线自动监测仪示值误差的检定方法及注意事项。选取基准试剂邻苯二甲酸氢钾,依次配制零点溶液和质量浓度分别为50,150,500 mg/L的COD标准物质溶液,用于检定COD maxⅡ型在线监测仪的示值误差。直接配制溶液为100 mg/L的COD标准溶液,与相同浓度的标准物质溶液GBW(E)082219进行比较,结果符合检定规程JJG 1012–2006的要求。检定结果表明:以重铬酸钾为氧化剂时,邻苯二甲酸氢钾的COD氧化值呈线性关系,可直接配制100 mg/L的COD标准溶液;检定COD maxⅡ型在线监测仪,每次需要的标准溶液体积为100 m L,综合考虑,进行示值误差检定时,每种浓度至少配制500 m L。作为还原性标准物质用于检定仪器示值误差,邻苯二甲酸氢钾可能无法准确反映水体中有机物的真实还原情况,具有一定的局限性。     

Indicator Tubes and Indicator Powders for Determining Fluoride and Chloride Ions

Noncovalent immobilization of Arsenazo I, Alizarin Red, Xylenol Orange, and diphenylcarbazone by incorporation into silicic acid xerogels and modification of silica gels was studied, and procedures for determining fluoride and chloride ions by solid-phase spectrophotometry and test methods were developed. Reactions of immobilized reagents with aluminum(III), zirconium(IV), and mercury(II) were studied. The possibility of using immobilized reagent–metal ion–halide ion systems for the determination of halide ions was assessed. Indicator powders were proposed for determining 0.5–10 mg/L fluoride ions and 1–30 mg/L chloride ions, and indicator tubes were developed for determining 20–200 mg/L chloride ions. The determination of fluoride and chloride ions is based on exchange complexation reactions proceeding in the systems immobilized Xylenol Orange–zirconium(IV) and immobilized diphenylcarbazone–mercury(II), respectively. Performance characteristics of the developed procedures were estimated. The procedures were verified by determining halide ions in Narzan mineral water.     

纳米PbO2修饰电极安培检测器流动注射法快速测定化学需氧量

采用以纳米PbO₂修饰电极为工作电极的安培检测器,用流动注射法快速检测水体中的化学需氧量(COD).根据纳米PbO₂修饰电极催化氧化电流的大小测定样品的COD值,在50-1 200 mg/L COD的范围内,电流响应与标准水样中的COD_Cr值呈线性关系,检出限为20 mg/L.该法不需对水样进行预处理,不使用有毒试剂,无二次污染,具有快速、简便、进样量少及工作电极使用寿命长等优点,与COD_Cr国家标准分析法对比具有较好的相关性.     

Determination of mercury in sewage sludges by slurry sampling electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

An electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric procedure was developed for the determination of mercury in sewage sludge, in which the samples were suspended in a solution containing hydrofluoric and nitric acids. Silver nitrate (4%, m/v) and potassium permanganate (3%, m/v) were incorporated as matrix modifiers, and aliquots were directly introduced into the graphite furnace. A fast-heating program with no conventional pyrolysis step was used. The detection limit for mercury in a 50 mg/mL suspension was 0.1 microg/g. Calibration was performed by using aqueous standards. An analysis of certified reference materials confirmed the reliability of the procedure.     

Spectrophotometric determination of orthophosphate ions for conducting indicator investigations in stratal waters

The methodologies for determining orthophosphate ions by spectrophotometry and flow-injection analysis for 1995?C2011 in different features are briefly described in the paper. The method of the spectrophotometric determination of orthophosphate in the form of molybdophosphoric heteropolyacid via reduced ascorbic acid in the presence of potassium antimonyl tartrate has been modified. The method allows analysts to determine 0.1?C1.0 mg/L of orthophosphate ions in natural waters and has been tested by analyzing a model solution similar to the subterraneous waters of the Arigol licensed area. The advantages of the developed method, compared to the certified method, consist of the possibility of the express assessment and lower consumption of chemical reagents. The method is suitable for indicator investigations in geophysics.