紫外消解流动注射光度法测定海水养殖废水中总氮、总磷

采用紫外消解–流动注射分光光度法测定海水养殖废水中总氮和总磷。总氮样品浓度在0.050~5.00mg/L范围内,总磷样品浓度在0.020~5.00 mg/L范围内均与峰高有良好的线性关系(r分别为0.999 90和0.999 94)。在盐度为35,进样时间为70 s,清洗时间为90 s的条件下,总氮和总磷的检出限分别为0.050mg/L和0.020 mg/L,测定结果的相对标准偏差分别为1.15%,0.60%(n=6),加标回收率分别为98.7%~101.2%和98.6%~102.5%。该方法能满足海水养殖废水中总氮和总磷的监测要求。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定土壤中的有效钼

准确快速测定土壤中的有效钼,是评价土壤肥力的重要指标,对指导作物生产有重大意义。本文采用草酸-草酸铵溶液浸提土壤样品,待测浸提液稀释5倍后通过电感耦合等离子体质谱法在氦气模式下测定土壤中有效钼的含量,建立了土壤中有效钼高灵敏度分析的检测方法。选择103Rh为内标元素,校正仪器在测定过程中引起的信号飘移。对两种前处理方式进行比较,确定了震荡30 min、放置过夜的浸提方法浸提效果更好且更利于大批量样品的分析。使用震荡30 min、放置过夜的浸提方法对5个土壤标准物质有效钼进行前处理,其测定值均在标准值范围内;分别在无气体模式和氦气模式下比较了浓度为0mg/L、1mg/L、2mg/L、5mg/L、10mg/L、50mg/L的Mn对5ug/L 95Mo测定浓度的影响,结果表明氦气模式下的动能歧视可有效去除95Mo测定过程中的多原子离子的干扰,氦气模式测定有效钼明显优于无气体模式;分别对待测溶液稀释5倍和未稀释的内标回收率趋势进行监测,发现未稀释的样品内标回收率随着测量样品数的增多呈下降趋势,而稀释5倍对基体干扰的消除有显著效果。对5个土壤样品分别重复测定6次,其RSD均小于4.1%;线性相关系数为1.0000;方法检出限为0.0012 mg/kg。综上,该方法测定土壤有效钼结果准确,重现性好,灵敏度高,且适合大批量样品的分析。     

测定废气中的铅时微波消解玻璃纤维滤筒后3种样品处理方式比较

采用原子吸收分光光度法测定固定源污染废气中的铅时,微波消解玻璃纤维滤筒后,按照直接稀释、赶酸、加硼酸3种方式处理样品进行测定,比较了这3种处理方式的操作性和测定结果的准确性。玻璃纤维滤筒空白样用直接稀释、赶酸、加硼酸3种方式处理,测定结果分别为0.56,0.25,0.21 mg/L,加标回收率分别为84%,95%,85%。直接稀释定容测定,方法简便,但准确度较低;赶酸后测定,方法准确度高,但耗时长。     

水中总磷和总氮含量的离子色谱测定法

采用紫外光-臭氧氧化结合离子色谱法对氧化消解后的水样同时进行总磷和总氮的测定。配制Na2CO3/NaHCO3淋洗液,采用1 mL定量环,大体积直接进样。在优化工作条件下,总磷在0.05～5.00 mg/L,总氮在0.10～10.0 mg/L范围内线性良好,线性相关系数分别为0.9999和0.9998,总磷和总氮检出限为分别3.60和4.57μg/L;总磷和总氮的检测相对标准偏差(RSD)分别低于4.9%和4.1%,总磷加标回收率为95.0%～105.0%,总氮加标回收率为93.0%～103.0%。自然环境水样检测与真实值相对偏差小于4.2%。本方法选择性好,灵敏度高,精密度和准确度高,用于实际水样中总磷和总氮含量测定的结果与国标法(GB11894-89,GB11893-89)基本一致     

微顺序注射-分光光度法快速测定海水中总磷

基于微顺序注射-阀上实验室,采用磷钼蓝分光光度法测定了海水中总磷,对实验参数进行了优化,并选取了海水中主要成分离子进行了干扰实验。结果表明,海水中总磷质量浓度在0.009~1mg/L范围内与吸光度呈线性关系(r=0.9995),方法的检出限为0.003mg/L。该法测定秦皇岛黄金海岸表层海水中总磷浓度为0.090mg/L,与国标法测定结果0.088mg/L无显著性差异;测定含磷浓度为0.20mg/L的人工海水,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.4%,样品加标回收率为94.4%~95.7%;海水中主要离子对本实验方法测定产生的干扰在5%以内。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法同时测定QT500–7球墨铸铁中的硅和锰

建立电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法同时测定QT500–7球墨铸铁中的硅和锰含量的方法。样品采用硫酸溶液(5+95)溶解后直接稀释,在选定的仪器工作条件下进行测定。硅和锰的质量浓度分别在0～30 mg/L和0～10 mg/L范围内存在良好的线性关系,相关系数分别为0.999 97和0.999 92,方法检出限分别为0.001 3 mg/L和0.001 9 mg/L。测定了3个国家标准样品,测定结果与标准值的相对误差为–0.98%～1.47%。样品的加标回收率为98.0%～103.3%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.59%～1.26%(n=6)。该方法操作简单,稳定性好,适用于高硅含量球墨铸铁中硅和锰含量的测定。     

有机相直接进样-ICP-OES法快速测定汽油中的磷

汽油样品经航空煤油稀释后,在-10℃雾化室冷却温度条件下,直接进入电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)中测定磷含量。方法在0.2~10.0mg/L磷质量浓度范围内呈良好线性,线性相关系数为0.9993,磷的检出限为0.026 mg/L,回收率在102.8%~112.5%之间。应用ICP-OES法和SH/T 0020分光光度法分别测定了汽油样品中的磷含量,发现两种方法所得结果在95%置信区间内无显著性差异。ICP-OES法可用于车用汽油中磷的快速检测。     

纳氏光度法现场快速测定环境水中的氨氮

研究在纳氏试剂光度法(GB7479-1987)的基础上,利用便携式分光光度计进行环境水质样品中氨氮含量的现场快速测定。氨氮浓度在0.00~2.00mg/L与吸光度呈良好的线性关系,线性相关系数r=0.9998,检出限为0.04mg/L,样品的加标回收率为90%~106%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.21%~4.27%(n=6)。该方法的测定结果与标准法测定结果无显著性差异,可以用于现场快速测定水和废水中的氨氮。     

毛细管区带电泳-间接紫外法快速测定食品中的甜蜜素

建立了毛细管区带电泳-间接紫外法快速测定食品中甜蜜素的新方法。液体样品用超纯水稀释后直接进样;固体样品经粉碎或剪碎后用超纯水超声提取后离心,上清液直接进样或用水稀释后进样。以未涂敷石英毛细管（80 cm×75 μm,有效长度：70 cm）为分离柱,以2 mmol/L苯甲酸钠+10 mmol/L碳酸钠+0.5 mmol/L十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为分离缓冲液;于200 nm波长处检测。检出限为8.9 mg/kg （S/N=3）,定量限为26.7 mg/kg （S/N=9）。低、中、高添加水平的加标回收率分别为93.4%、100.3%及101.9%,相应的RSD分别为6.7%、2.0%及2.2%（n=5）。日内及日间精密度分别为2.6%和4.5%。整个分析过程无需有机溶剂。在能力验证样品的分析结果与国家标准方法的结果相吻合的基础上,分析了7件食品样品,获满意结果。     

稀释接种法测定水中BOD_5的质量控制指标研究

对收集到的大量实验室实际样品监测数据进行分析,经异常值检验去除异常值后,用数理统计的方法对稀释接种法测定水中生化需氧量质量控制评定指标进行研究。将研究结果与现有标准质量控制指标值进行对比,给出稀释接种法测定水中生化需氧量质量控制指标建议值。统计结果表明:样品质量浓度在10.5~127 mg/L范围内时,重复性在0.55~8.33 mg/L之间,再现性在4.31~20.71 mg/L之间,96%的重复性精密度RSD≤7.8%,90%的再现性精密度RSD'≤11.8%,建议实际工作中控制RSD≤10.0%,RSD'≤15.0%;样品质量浓度不大于30 mg/L时,95%的相对偏差RD≤11.11%,建议实际工作中控制RD≤12.0%;样品质量浓度不大于60 mg/L时,96.4%的RE在±23.2%范围内,建议实际工作中控制RE在±20.0%范围内,样品浓度大于60 mg/L时,95.9%的RE在±8.7%范围内,建议实际工作中控制RE在±10%范围内;加标回收率范围为70.0%~130.0%。     

Determination of ammonium in river water and sewage samples by capillary zone electrophoresis with direct UV detection

We developed capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with direct UV detection for determination of ammonium in environmental water samples. Ammonium in the samples was partly converted into ammonia in the alkaline background electrolyte (BGE) during migration and was detected by molecular absorption of ammonia at 190 nm in approximately 7 min. The limit of detection (LOD) for ammonium was 0.24 mg/l (as nitrogen) at a signal-to-noise ratio of three. The respective values of the relative standard deviation (RSD) of peak area, peak height, and migration time for ammonium were 2.1, 1.8, and 0.46%. Major alkali and alkaline earth metal ions coexisting in the samples did not interfere with ammonium determination by the proposed method. The proposed method determined ammonium in surface water and sewage samples. The results were compared to those obtained using ion chromatography (IC).     

Analytical phosphorus fractionation in sewage sludge and sediment samples

The Standards, Measurements and Testing (SMT) harmonized procedure for phosphorus fractionation in freshwater sediments (SMT protocol), which was developed within the framework of the Standards, Measurements and Testing (SMT) Programme of the European Commission, has been applied to different environmental samples such as sewage sludge, river and marine sediments. The phosphorus contents in the extracts were spectrophotometrically determined; the measurement conditions and the matrix effects were evaluated for each fraction. The partitioning patterns obtained for sewage sludge and sediment samples reveal that the distribution between inorganic and organic phosphorus forms is independent of the matrix composition of the samples. In addition, a higher available phosphorus content was found in sewage sludges due to the higher percentages of labile phosphorus forms, which suggests possible internal phosphorus release. Finally, one simplified pseudototal microwave digestion method was performed for total phosphorus determination which was validated by its application to the reference material BCR-684.     

双通道在线连续流动分析法同时测定环境水样中总磷和磷酸盐

准确测定环境水样中的总磷和磷酸盐含量,对于评价水体的环境污染程度和富营养化程度具有非常重要的意义。本文在对比已有国标分析方法的基础上,建立了连续流动分析法同时测定环境水样中总磷和磷酸盐的分析方法。样品和总磷、磷酸盐的试剂分别通过自动进样器和蠕动泵在线载入各自管路,再进入各自的化学分析模块进行化学反应,之后进入各自的比色计在波长为660nm条件下完成检测,全程在线自动分析,因此,可以实现一次进样就可以同时测定样品中总磷和磷酸盐含量,大大提高了分析效率。对消解试剂及浓度、加热温度、泵速等条件进行了最佳优化,保证了样品能消解完全且反应充分。将采集后的样品酸化处理后在10天内进行分析测定,避免了时间过长后水样变质对结果的影响。以空白介质溶液配制校准系列,使得校准系列与试样基体匹配,消除了基体效应干扰影响。结果表明：在最佳的实验条件下,校准曲线的线性相关性较好;总磷和磷酸盐测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.05%～2.64%,精密度较好;总磷和磷酸盐方法检出限分别为0.010mg/L和0.022mg/L;经国家水样标准物质验证,方法相对误差(RE)均在±5%以内,测定值与标准值相吻合,方法准确度较好;应用本文方法对实际样品进行分析,并与传统国标方法进行比对,测定值的相对偏差(RD)均小于5%,更进一步验证了该分析方法准确可靠,能够满足大批量环境水样中总磷和磷酸盐的分析要求。     

Flow injection system with gas diffusion for the sequential determination of total nitrogen and phosphorus in vegetables

 A flow injection system was developed for the sequential determination of total nitrogen and phosphorus in digests of vegetables using potentiometric and spectrophotometric detection systems, respectively. A tubular ammonium selective electrode with a sensor system composed of nonactin/monactin in tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate was used. The selectivity limitations of this electrode were overcome by the inclusion of a gas-diffusion unit in the system that separated ammonium from the rest of the sample matrix and allowed the determination of total nitrogen and phosphorus by the partition of the sample plug between two streams. The results obtained with the developed FIA system were in good agreement with those of the reference methods. Sampling rates from 40 to 60 samples per hour and relative standard deviations below 3.5% were achieved. Received: 17 October 1996/Revised: 21 November 1996/Accepted: 27 November 1996     

Flow injection system with gas diffusion for the sequential determination of total nitrogen and phosphorus in vegetables

 A flow injection system was developed for the sequential determination of total nitrogen and phosphorus in digests of vegetables using potentiometric and spectrophotometric detection systems, respectively. A tubular ammonium selective electrode with a sensor system composed of nonactin/monactin in tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate was used. The selectivity limitations of this electrode were overcome by the inclusion of a gas-diffusion unit in the system that separated ammonium from the rest of the sample matrix and allowed the determination of total nitrogen and phosphorus by the partition of the sample plug between two streams. The results obtained with the developed FIA system were in good agreement with those of the reference methods. Sampling rates from 40 to 60 samples per hour and relative standard deviations below 3.5% were achieved. Received: 17 October 1996/Revised: 21 November 1996/Accepted: 27 November 1996     

微流池多光程土壤有效态氮磷测定方法研究

农业面源氮磷污染是当前地表水体污染主要来源,而土壤有效态氮磷测试大都依赖于流动分析仪在实验室完成,无法满足个性化土壤有效态氮磷现场测定需求。建立了一种微流池多光程的土壤有效态氮磷测定技术,通过柔性化参数设置,实现不同土壤有效态氮磷测试规范和现场测试。以广东省韶关市农业科学研究所和北京市农林科学院提供的26个样品为例进行有效态铵态氮、硝态氮和磷测定验证。实验结果表明,微流池多光程土壤有效态氮磷测定方法中有效态铵态氮、硝态氮和磷的检出限(LOD)分别为0.0086、0.0094和0.0078 mg/L,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为0.80%、5.7%和0.90%,加标回收率在92.0%~103%,平均单样品测试时间6 min。测试过程自动化,极大地提升了土壤有效态氮磷测定效率和测试结果准确性,为农业面源污染防治提供技术支撑。     

顶空气相色谱法快速测定污水中氨氮含量

研究了一种基于化学反应型顶空气相色谱的快速检测污水氨氮含量新方法。首先在顶空瓶中用过量的甲醛与NH₄⁺反应产生等物质的量的强酸，再用NaHCO₃与新生成的酸反应产生CO₂，最后经过气相色谱定量CO₂，间接得出样品中氨氮的含量。结果表明，氨氮含量与气相色谱信号值之间存在良好的线性相关性，相关系数为0.999，定量限为0.786 mg/L（以N的质量浓度计），相对标准偏差小于2%，加标回收率在95%~105%之间。与国标纳氏试剂法相比，该方法测定结果的相对偏差在±5%以内。该方法检测效率高，适用于快速批量检测污水中氨氮的含量。     

催化裂解-金汞齐富集-冷原子吸收光谱仪测定土壤样品中总汞含量

为避免汞消解过程中产生的蒸发损失及前处理过程中产生器具与样品污染,通过配制汞总量为0～2、0～15和25～1 023 ng的三种不同汞浓度系列的标准工作曲线,选取9个土壤样品、3种国家土壤有证标准物质,同一样品分别进行6组平行测定,并抽取3个土壤样品进行3种不同浓度加标回收实验,以对其方法精密度和准确度进行论证,建立了催化裂解-金汞齐富集-冷原子吸收光谱法即直接测汞仪测定土壤样品中汞含量的方法。结果显示,仪器信号值与Hg总量之间均呈良好的线性关系。根据仪器多次测定空白数据结果,按照称样量0.1 g计算,方法检出为0.09 ng/g;平行测定结果相对标准偏差均小于10%,土壤标准物质测定值与参考值均相符,不同浓度的加标回收率范围为69.0%～97.0%。方法可用于批量土壤样品中汞含量的快速测定,精密度和准确度可满足测定要求,且实验过程中无需前处理消解,操作方便、快速高效。     

稻米及其植株器官、环境土壤中总汞的快速测定

为了快速获得稻米及其植株器官、环境土壤等系列相关样品中总汞的含量,运用直接测汞仪测量了稻米及其植株器官、环境土壤等系列相关样品中总汞含量,建立了一种快速检测稻米及其植株器官、环境土壤中总汞的方法.优化了仪器的各项参数,最佳仪器条件为裂解温度为650℃保持40 s,释放温度900℃;验证了液体或固体标准物质作外标曲线对样...     

Rapid estimation of global sugars by UV photodegradation and UV spectrophotometry

The UV/UV method developed for the measurement of specific wastewater pollution parameters (ammonium, Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus) is adapted to the determination of sugars in fruit juices and soft drinks. The procedure is based on the UV spectrophotometric detection of by-products of UV photodegradation of carbohydrates. Time of analysis is greatly reduced by using specific pH conditions and diluted samples.