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膜分离技术在污水处理、中水回用、水质净化、海水淡化、血液透析和生物制药等领域得到了广泛应用。然而,膜在运行过程中出现的膜污染问题严重限制了该技术的发展。膜污染不仅会引起膜通量和分离性能下降,影响膜的长期稳定运行,而且污染后膜的清洗和更换也大大提高了运行成本。为了深入     

压力延迟渗透膜技术

压力延迟渗透膜技术是近年来备受瞩目的新型膜技术之一。它可与正渗透、反渗透等膜分离技术结合,从而在海水淡化、污水处理等领域具有广泛应用前景,而且其本身在有效获取盐差能等绿色海洋能源方面的应用潜力巨大。本文对压力延迟渗透原理、过程设计及其影响因素进行了系统总结,重点围绕压力延迟渗透膜的材料、类型、存在的问题和解决方案等最新研究进展进行详细分析和介绍,同时列举了压力延迟渗透膜技术在盐差能发电、水处理等领域的应用。     

膜蒸馏海水淡化实验——介绍一个新型的膜分离化工实验

介绍了一个应用于本科教学的膜分离化工实验项目,实验中考查了膜蒸馏海水淡化的效果。学生从本实验中了解了膜蒸馏相关的前沿知识,学习了膜蒸馏海水淡化的实验技术,同时增加了将科技成果转变为生产力的应用意识。     

基于海水淡化的正渗透膜分离技术的发展

近年来,水资源危机日益加重。在海水淡化技术中,与反渗透分离技术相比,正渗透分离技术作为一种低能耗、绿色的解决方案,具有明显优势,在国际上得到了广泛的重视,是膜分离技术的研究热点之一。本文从正渗透膜材料结构与性能关系的角度,对膜材料的最新进展进行了综述,同时分析了汲取液的常见类型,并简述了正渗透分离技术的新应用,展望了其未来的发展前景。     

纳滤膜在水处理中的最新应用进展

纳滤膜(NF)是新的分离膜品种,对溶质的截留性能介于超滤膜(UF)和反渗透膜(RO)之间。纳滤膜的特性是表面带有电荷并具有纳米级的微孔,能够去除高价离子和分子量大于200的溶解性的有机物。特殊的分离效果使纳滤技术单独或者和其它技术联用应用于水处理领域,主要包括:(1)饮用水制备和深度净化;(2)海水淡化;(3)废水处理,例如生活污水、垃圾渗滤液等等。本文综述了纳滤技术在上述水处理领域中的应用进展及现存问题。     

石墨烯基分离膜研究进展

石墨烯为单层平面碳原子以sp~2杂化方式紧密结合在一起形成的二维原子晶体,可作为基本材料构筑各种不同性能的宏观二维分离膜,是目前膜分离研究领域的一颗崭亮新星。本文重点介绍了各种石墨烯基分离膜的制备方法,并对其在水处理、气体分离、海水淡化等方向的应用研究进行评述。相比于传统高分子基分离膜,石墨烯分离膜在抗污染性能、膜通量以及选择性方面均有提升。除此之外,本文对基于其他新兴二维材料——氮化硼(BN)、二硫化钼(MoS_2)以及二硫化钨(WS_2)等的分离膜研究也进行了前瞻性讨论。最后,对石墨烯基膜的应用机遇和挑战作出评价,同时对其发展前景作出展望。     

微纳米纤维素功能膜在能源与环境领域的应用

探寻绿色清洁的资源与材料以维持高效的社会经济增长是未来数十年人们面临的最大挑战之一. 可持续资源与绿色材料的开发是降低传统化石能源与材料比重的最有前途的方案. 纤维素作为一种可持续发展、 可生物再生、 储量丰富且低成本的天然高分子聚合物, 在众多领域中具有广泛的应用, 并且纤维素可以加工成各种构型, 包括气凝胶、 泡沫、 海绵和薄膜等. 本文介绍了不同形态的纤维素及其衍生物组装而成的功能膜在能源与环境中的应用, 综述了微纳米纤维素及其衍生物在先进功能化储能器件方面的最新进展和制备方案, 以及在用于水处理的膜分离技术中的应用, 其中重点讨论了微纳米纤维素及其衍生物功能膜在电池、 电容器及水处理等领域中的作用, 如隔膜、 柔性电极膜和分离膜等. 此外, 还对纤维素及其衍生物功能膜的未来发展进行了总结和展望.     

抗菌分离膜的构建策略及其发展方向

膜分离技术具有能耗比较低、可常温运行、适用对象广泛、装置简单、易于自动控制和环境友好等优点,目前已普遍用于污水处理、海水淡化、电子、化工、医药等领域。然而在膜技术工程化应用过程中存在的膜污染问题,尤其是不可逆的微生物污染,严重影响了分离膜分离性能和使用寿命,进而影响分离过程的持续性和经济性。本文从分离膜微生物污染的角度出发,总结归纳微生物污染的形成过程及特点,并针对微生物污染问题,着重论述了国内外抗菌分离膜的研究现状,详细介绍了被动抗黏附型、主动杀伤型及程序式复合型三类抗菌策略,对其制备方法、抗菌机理以及存在问题进行了阐述与分析,在此基础上,进一步探讨了抗菌分离膜的未来发展趋势。     

二维MoS2纳米材料及其复合物在水处理中的应用

纳米材料和纳米技术的快速发展为水处理及资源化技术的开发带来了全新的发展机遇,作为一种典型的类石墨烯结构的二硫化钼以其层状结构和独特的物理化学性能在众多纳米材料中受到重点关注。本文梳理和归纳了二维二硫化钼纳米材料及其复合物在水处理中吸附、膜分离、催化、抗菌和检测等方面的应用,重点介绍了其在吸附和膜分离方面的研究进展,以实现对水中各种离子、染料、抗生素、致病菌等多种环境污染物的高效去除。最后,对二硫化钼及其复合物在水处理中的应用作出了评价,探讨其未来发展方向以及面临的挑战,以期为解决水环境污染和水资源紧缺等问题提供一种新型的材料和技术手段。     

反渗透复合膜功能材料研究进展

水资源短缺已严重制约着我国的经济发展、社会进步和人民生活水平的提高.海水淡化是解决水资源短缺的有效途径之一,而反渗透技术则是实现海水淡化最有效、最经济的手段.本文在扼要回顾了反渗透复合膜发展的基础上,结合作者自已的研究工作归纳评述了目前反渗透复合膜功能材料的研发现状,并指出了反渗透复合膜今后的研发方向.     

多环芳二酐型聚酯亚胺膜的透气性能

多环芳二酐型聚酯亚胺膜的透气性能李悦生，丁孟贤，徐纪平（浙江大学高分子科学与工程研究所，杭州，３１００２７）（中国科学院长春应用化学研究所）关键词聚醚酰亚胺，聚酯酰亚胺，膜，透气性通常的聚酰亚胺加工性能较差，在芳环二酐的苯环间引入醚键等柔性基团后，其...     

微量元素与疾病诊断治疗的研究现状及展望

对国内外微量元素与疾病的关系及其诊断治疗的研究现状及研究动向进行了综述，包括：微量元素与地方病、癌肿、心血管病、糖尿病、眼病、神经系统病等。参考文献72篇。     

Determination and study on residue and dissipation of benazolin-ethyl and quizalofop-p-ethyl in rape and soil

A QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method for the determination of benazolin-ethyl and quizalofop-p-ethyl in rape and soil by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry has been developed in this study. The residue and dissipation of benazolin-ethyl and quizalofop-p-ethyl in rape and soil were determined with the developed method. The half-lives of benazolin-ethyl in rape straw and soil were 3.7–5.1 days and 14.3–26.3 days, respectively. The half-lives of quizalofop-p-ethyl in rape straw and soil were 5.0-6.1 days and 0.3–9.7 days, respectively. The residue of benazolin-ethyl and quizalofop-p-ethyl in rapeseed and soil were below the detection limit (i.e., 0.5?mg?kg^?1, the maximum residue level of European Union for quizalofop-p-ethyl).     

Synthesis and Optical and Redox Properties of Symmetric and Asymmetric BODIPYs

Herein, we present the synthetic route and the photophysical, electrochemical as well as laser properties of novel red‐emitting boron‐dipyrromethenes (BODIPYs) bearing arylethyne moieties. Such functionality is added along the main axis of the chromophore leading to single‐ and double‐substituted derivatives. The relationship between the dye structure and the lasing properties is studied in detail with the help of the photophysical and electrochemical properties as well as quantum mechanical simulations. The asymmetric substitution of the parent dye induces inhomogeneities in the charge distribution, which leads to an overall loss of the fluorescence capacity, mainly in polar media. Such non‐radiative deactivation processes can be softened by decreasing the electron‐donor ability of the substituent or even avoided by symmetrical substitution. Thus, grafting of the arylethyne moieties at the longitudinal axis of the indacene core results in an effective strategy to develop red‐edge BODIPYs with highly efficient and photostable laser emission.     

Ti-V基储氢合金及其氢化物的物相结构与组分优化设计

Ti-V基储氢合金在室温、常压下即可表现出良好的储氢特性,且质量储氢容量明显高于传统AB₅型储氢合金,从而在氢气的精制和回收、运输和储存及热泵等方面有较早的应用。 此外,在混合气体分离、核反应堆中处理氢的同位素、镍氢电池及燃料电池负极材料等方面也得到了广泛的研究与关注。 基于目前Ti-V基储氢合金的研究现状,概述了该类合金的优势、限制性因素(包括成因)及改性手段。 此外,为了进一步理解Ti-V基合金储氢机理、构建合金组分与储氢特性之间的对应关系,本工作重点围绕Ti-V基储氢合金及其氢化物的结构、组分优化设计展开综述,并对其未来研究方向做出展望。     

钒与糖代谢及糖尿病

微量元素钒作为生物体内必需元素，经证实有很重要的生理学功能，与机体糖代谢有十分密切的关系，且能降低糖尿病动物模型的高血糖，极有可能被开发为治疗糖尿病的药物。     

Conformations and steric and stacking interactions of trisubstituted ureas and thioureas with alkyl and phenyl groups

The monomeric ν(N—H) vibrations of various trisubstituted ureas of the R₂UPh type and -thioureas of the R₂TUPh type have been studied. The trans—out isomerism in the former and the trans—out—cis isomerism in the latter are discussed from the point of view of steric effect. The monomeric ν(N—H) vibrations of RPhUPh and RPhTUPh are also examined. The single band appearing in the spectrum of both ureas is characteristic of the cis form; this suggests the existence of phenyl—phenyl interaction (the stacking interaction proposed by Galabov et al. [10]). Behavior of ν(N—H) vibrations at several concentrations is shown to be clearly different in the three forms (trans, out and cis). The presence of the cis form is confirmed by solvent effect experiments.     

Synthesis of Tyrosol and Hydroxytyrosol Glycofuranosides and Their Biochemical and Biological Activities in Cell-Free and Cellular Assays

Tyrosol (T) and hydroxytyrosol (HOT) and their glycosides are promising candidates for applications in functional food products or in complementary therapy. A series of phenylethanoid glycofuranosides (PEGFs) were synthesized to compare some of their biochemical and biological activities with T and HOT. The optimization of glycosylation promoted by environmentally benign basic zinc carbonate was performed to prepare HOT α-L-arabino-, β-D-apio-, and β-D-ribofuranosides. T and HOT β-D-fructofuranosides, prepared by enzymatic transfructosylation of T and HOT, were also included in the comparative study. The antioxidant capacity and DNA-protective potential of T, HOT, and PEGFs on plasmid DNA were determined using cell-free assays. The DNA-damaging potential of the studied compounds for human hepatoma HepG2 cells and their DNA-protective potential on HepG2 cells against hydrogen peroxide were evaluated using the comet assay. Experiments revealed a spectrum of different activities of the studied compounds. HOT and HOT β-D-fructofuranoside appear to be the best-performing scavengers and protectants of plasmid DNA and HepG2 cells. T and T β-D-fructofuranoside display almost zero or low scavenging/antioxidant activity and protective effects on plasmid DNA or HepG2 cells. The results imply that especially HOT β-D-fructofuranoside and β-D-apiofuranoside could be considered as prospective molecules for the subsequent design of supplements with potential in food and health protection.     

Ferrocene and ferrocenium modified clays and their styrene and EVA composites

In this work, ferrocene- and ferrocenium-containing salts were employed to modify montmorillonite. X-ray measurements show an increase in the interlayer spacing upon clay modification, which means that the larger and more organophilic cations were inserted into the gallery space of montmorillonite. Attempts to prepare nanocomposites of polystyrene and ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers lead to immiscible systems; the morphology of these systems was elucidated with TEM, XRD and cone calorimetry. The thermal stability of the composites is greater than that of the virgin polymer.