纳米ATO颗粒粒度分布的脉冲超声波测量研究

讨论了脉冲超声波测量纳米ATO颗粒粒度分布方法中的3个步骤,即超声波衰减谱测量、严格数学模型的选型以及颗粒粒度分布的反演计算.通过发射脉冲超声波并利用变声程方法测量25 ℃时2%(体积分数)的纳米ATO-H2O分散液的超声衰减谱;选取McClements理论模型叠加BLBL理论模型共同描述纳米ATO颗粒分散液中的超声衰减现象;采用最优正则优化反演算法反演得到纳米ATO颗粒的粒度分布以及平均粒径.脉冲超声法检测结果显示,纳米ATO颗粒的平均粒径为25.6 nm,粒度分布为11.4 ～47.1 nm,CPS离心沉降纳米粒度分析仪测定结果分别为22.1 nm和10.1 ～62.6 nm.脉冲超声法检测结果与透射电镜图像以及离心沉降纳米粒度分析仪检测结果吻合较好,证明了脉冲超声波测量纳米颗粒粒度分布以及平均粒径的可行性与可靠性.     

水性聚氨酯甲阶酚醛水分散液微观形态及杂化膜的性能

以自乳化型聚氨酯和甲阶酚醛制备了聚氨酯 酚醛复合水分散液 .pH值与酚醛溶解度的关系表明甲阶酚醛的溶解是酚羟基电离的结果 .聚氨酯 甲阶酚醛水分散液粒子的形态有核壳结构、不完善的核壳结构及纯聚氨酯颗粒三种 ,后者粒径最小 .随着酚醛用量的增大 ,粒子平均粒径增大 .酚醛含量增加使体系热稳定性、机械稳定性、冻融稳定性及临界聚沉值下降 ,pH值稳定范围变窄 .分散液稳定性和电性能考察证明 ,本复合分散液的稳定性主要由分散液的电性能所决定 ,属真溶胶 ,但在一定程度上也具有大分子溶液的特性 .复合液涂膜的性能较纯聚氨酯有所改善 ,尤其在添加了硅溶胶之后     

重油掺水乳化分散度的研究

70年代以来人们研究和开发了油掺水乳化燃烧的新技术 ,包括油水乳化方法和高效表面活性剂的研制[1～ 3] ,并在燃油设备上使用了这一技术。此外 ,国内外学者对重油掺水燃烧技术的燃烧机理进行了较多的研究[4 ,5] ,对乳化重油分散体系性质系统实验研究较少。工业炉窑燃用掺水乳化重油效果的好坏 ,除了与其粘度、稳定性有关外[6,7] ,与乳化重油的分散相(水 )微粒大小也有很大关系。水在油中分散得越均匀 ,分散的颗粒越微细 ,其在燃烧过程中的“微爆”效果则越佳 ,雾化效果越好 ;并且 ,分散体系中分散相颗粒粒径与比表面积的大小也决定着分散相…     

表面活性剂HLB值与渣油乳化体系分散性及电学性质的关系研究

为了研究表面活性剂亲水亲油平衡值（HLB值）与渣油乳化体系分散性和电学性质的关系,采用粒径和粒径分布相结合的方法来评价乳化体系的分散性,利用电导率值的变化来反应体系电学性质的差异,以表面活性剂B和A复合成实验用渣油乳化分散剂来分散渣油加氢裂化水溶性盐,考察了表面活性剂HLB值对渣油包盐水体系的分散性和电学性质的影响。结果表明,随表面活性剂HLB值从小到大的变化,不同水溶性盐在同种油中的分散性和电学性质不同,同种盐在不同油中的变化也存在着差异。乳化体系的分散性及电学性质随着HLB值的增加呈非线性变化。     

由氨解PDVB-alt-MAH纳米粒子作稳定剂的超声乳化-Pickering乳液聚合反应研究

采用以氨解的聚(二乙烯基苯-马来酸酐)交联共聚物纳米粒子(PDVB-alt-MAH nanoparticles,PDMNPs)为稳定剂、偶氮二异丁腈为引发剂、去离子水为分散介质、苯乙烯(St)为单体构成的体系,制备出聚苯乙烯(PSt)微球.利用扫描电子显微镜、激光粒度仪等仪器考察了PSt微球的形貌和粒径,分别探讨了单体乳液的稳定性、机械搅拌速率、稳定剂用量对聚合反应的影响,结果指出超声乳化和机械搅拌是必要的工艺条件,同时,发现在0.58 wt%~11.76 wt%(g/g St)的范围内增大稳定剂用量,PSt微球产物的尺寸由200 nm减小至90 nm;利用凝胶渗透色谱对聚合过程动力学进行了追踪分析;利用红外吸收光谱、X射线光电子能谱对PSt微球的化学结构进行了表征.研究结果表明,由氨解PDMNPs稳定的超声乳化-Pickering乳液聚合体系具有如下特点:(1)PDMNPs稳定效率高;(2)超声辅助的乳化设备简单;(3)所制备的球形PSt粒子表面无皂洁净、粒径分布较窄.该聚合方法用于甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)、甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)和α-甲基苯乙烯(AMS)等其他常见单体的聚合,结果表明,该方法对制备油溶性单体的聚合物微球具有普适性和通用性.     

纳米碳材料负载铂催化剂在环己烷脱氢反应中的催化性能研究

制备了纳米碳材料负载铂的催化剂,通过N₂吸附、TEM、XRD技术分别对载体的BET比表面积和催化剂结构、形貌和粒径大小进行了表征。考察了不同催化剂在环己烷脱氢反应中的催化性能以及温度对纳米碳颗粒负载铂催化剂活性的影响。结果表明,锚定在不同碳载体上的铂有较好的分散性,粒径较小,粒度分布范围较窄并且具有相同的晶型结构。孔状纳米碳颗粒负载铂催化剂的活性高于碳纳米管和高比表面的活性炭负载铂催化剂,并且在低温条件下已经显示了较高的活性,尤其是中空碳颗粒负载铂催化剂在环己烷脱氢反应中显示了好的活性和稳定性。     

WPU预聚体中羧基含量及其位置对树脂的粒径及其耐水性之影响的研究

本文先将马来酸酐与多元醇作用，然后再与其它单体反应，合成了含有羧基的聚氨酯预聚体，并用丁酮稀释后，在普通搅拌条件下使预聚体分散于三乙醇胺的水溶液中，合成出以水为分散介质的聚氨酯分散体系（WPU）。并通过改变羧基在预聚体中的含量和位置，发现随着羧基含量的增加，WPU的粒径减小，而耐水性下降。同时发现，在一定的羧基含量下，同侧羧基相比，端羧基更有利于预聚体的乳化，制得的WPU不仅颗粒较小，而且树脂耐水性明显优于侧基羧预聚体制备的WPU，从而提出羧基的运动自由度是影响羧基乳化活性和树脂耐水性的重要因素。     

聚苯乙烯单分散微球粒径可控性探讨

在系统研究分散聚合反应中的原料组成(分散稳定剂、单体、引发剂)和反应条件(反应介质极性、反应体系温度、搅拌速度)对所制备的聚合物微球的粒径大小及粒径分布和聚合反应速率影响的基础上,根据各因素的影响效应,优化设计分散聚合的反应条件,成功地制备出1μm~10μm粒径范围内不同粒径级别的微米级单分散聚合物微球,实现了不同粒径大小及粒径分布的微米级单分散聚合物微球制备的控制设计。     

镍系胶体催化丁二烯聚合反应的研究Ⅰ: 催化剂的相态

研究了Ni(naph)~2-Al(i-Bu)~3-(BF~3·OEt~2+n-C~8H~1~7OH)催化体系的相态。通过Tyndall效应、电镜观察和超过滤实验,证明镍催化体系在溶有丁二烯的加氢汽油中以小颗粒分散,粒径在1～100nm之间,为胶体催化剂,属高度分散的多相催化体系。催化剂的活性中心位于胶粒表面,催化剂颗粒是无定形的。催化剂各组分配比影响胶粒形态,其中以较佳配比所得到的催化剂颗粒较小、分布均匀,催化丁二烯聚合反应活性高。     

在农村中如何利用土硷制肥皂

在农村里做肥皂的实验,有时不易买到苛性钠或纯碱。但是桐壳硷、木梓硷、竹硷、葵茎硷等却很容易买到或制备。只要把上面那些物质烧成灰(用灶灰亦可),放在箩中用热水淋出溶液,澄清或过滤,蒸干则得土硷。如用以制苛性钾可不蒸干。直接放在铁锅中,浓度以波美12°(Be')或10%为适宜;再用消石灰与水反应制成石灰乳,加入锅中,溶液与干燥的硝石灰,重量比约为1:0.7石灰可过量以促使反应完成。土硷主要成分是碳酸钾与消石灰起复分解反应生成碳酸钙沉淀及苛性钾.K_2Co_3 Ca(OH)_2=CaCo_3↓ 2KOH,加热并用铁器搅拌,至澄清的溶液加入盐酸不发生气泡为止。K_2CO_3 2HCl=CO_2↑ H_2O 2KCl,如反应不完全可再加入消石灰,澄清倾出上面的清液即是苛性钾溶液,     

Nanostructure and irreversible colloidal behavior of Ca(OH)2: implications in cultural heritage conservation

Although Ca(OH)2 is one of the oldest art and building material used by mankind, little is known about its nanostructural and colloidal characteristics that play a crucial role in its ultimate performance as a binder in lime mortars and plasters. In particular, it is unknown why hydrated lime putty behaves as an irreversible colloid once dried. Such effect dramatically affects the reactivity and rheology of hydrated lime dispersions. Here we show that the irreversible colloidal behavior of Ca(OH)2 dispersions is the result of an oriented aggregation mechanism triggered by drying. Kinetic stability and particle size distribution analysis of oven-dried slaked lime or commercial dry hydrate dispersions exhibit a significant increase in settling speed and particle (cluster) size in comparison to slaked lime putty that has never been dried. Drying-related particle aggregation also leads to a significant reduction in surface area. Electron microscopy analyses show porous, randomly oriented, micron-sized clusters that are dominant in the dispersions both before and after drying. However, oriented aggregation of the primary Ca(OH)2 nanocrystals (approximately 60 nm in size) is also observed. Oriented aggregation occurs both before and during drying, and although limited before drying, it is extensive during drying. Nanocrystals self-assemble in a crystallographically oriented manner either along the 100 or equivalent 110 directions, or along the Ca(OH)2 basal planes, i.e., along [001]. While random aggregation appears to be reversible, oriented aggregation is not. The strong coherent bonding among oriented nanoparticles prevents disaggregation upon redispersion in water. The observed irreversible colloidal behavior associated with drying of Ca(OH)2 dispersions has important implications in heritage conservation, particularly considering that nowadays hydrated lime is often the preferred alternative to portland cement in architectural heritage conservation. Finally, our study demonstrates that, fortuitously, hydrated lime could be one of the first nanomaterials used by mankind.     

混合沉淀法处理冶金及机械行业实验室废液

提出了一种混合沉淀法处理冶金及机械行业实验室废液的新方法.在适量铁(Ⅱ)存在下,用含块粒状氢氧化钙、碳酸钙、石灰石的石灰乳调节至溶液出现浅棕色,再用精石灰乳调节溶液至pH 8.0～9.3,生成金属的微溶氢氧化物、铁氧体、碳酸盐等混合沉淀.结合间歇往复运动,静置沉降6 h,虹吸分离上清液.生石灰中的脉石成分降至2％.并探...     

Highly Dispersed and Small‐Sized Nickel(II) Hydroxide Co‐Catalyst Prepared by Photodeposition for Hydrogen Production

Photodeposition has been widely used as a mild and efficient synthetic method to deposit co‐catalysts. It is also worth studying how to synthesize non‐noble metal photocatalysts with uniform dispersion. Different synthetic conditions in photodeposition have a certain influence on particle size distribution and photocatalytic activity. Therefore, we designed experiments to prepare the inexpensive composite photocatalyst Ni(OH)₂/g‐C₃N₄ by photodeposition. The Ni(OH)₂ co‐catalysts disperse uniformly with particle sizes of about 10 nm. The photocatalytic hydrogen production rate of Ni(OH)₂/g‐C₃N₄ reached about 19 mmol g^?1 h^?1, with the Ni(OH)₂ deposition amount about 1.57 %. During 16 h stability testing, the rate of hydrogen production did not decrease significantly. The composite catalyst also revealed a good hydrogen production performance under sunlight. The Ni(OH)₂ co‐catalyst enhanced the separation ability of photogenerated carriers, which was proved by surface photovoltage and fluorescence analysis.     

Thermomechanical treatment of two Ecuadorian zeolite-rich tuffs and their potential usage as supplementary cementitious materials

Two Ecuadorian zeolite-rich tuffs, coded as Zeo1 (Mordenite) and Zeo2 (Clinoptilolite–Heulandite–Mordenite), were treated and used as supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) so as to study the effect of the thermal and mechanical treatments on pozzolanic reaction in mortars. The treatment was carried out by means of thermomechanical process according to a central composite-blocked cube-star experimental design. In this experimental design as independent factors the milling time (48, 60, 90, 120 and 132 min) and the heating temperatures (559, 600, 700, 800 and 841 °C) were used but keeping a constant heating time (5 h), and zeolite-rich tuffs as experimental blocks. The proportion of SCM was kept constant i.e. 15 %. On the other hand, the compressive strength, fixed lime, normalized water in hydrates and mg Ca(OH)₂ per mg Cement at 7, 28 and 45 days, as well as hydration products related to dehydration degree of the zeolitic tuffs (DOD) were used as dependent factors. In addition, Quantitative and High-temperature chamber XRD, TG-DSC, particle size distribution and SEM-EDS were also carried out. The most significant factor was calcination leading to increase in the compressive strength compared to control, but just up to 800 °C because of recrystallization. As a conclusion, a meaningful loss of crystal structure of zeolites was not observed; but instead, the treatment could only lead to removing the water in cages and voids, thus improving the reaction with Ca(OH)₂, producing more hydrates. In addition, lime was not only fixed by pozzolanic reaction, but also by carbonation.     

煤中负载氢氧化钙对催化气化和甲烷化反应的影响

以不连沟次烟煤为研究对象,在加压固定床中研究Ca(OH)_2对煤气化及负载Ca(OH)_2煤热解半焦的甲烷化反应活性。结果表明,煤中添加Ca(OH)_2能够明显促进气化反应的进行和甲烷的生成,随着气化温度的升高和负载量的增加,碳转化率增加,但负载量存在饱和点。不同的催化剂负载方式对Ca的分散有一定的影响,进而影响其催化性能。含有Ca的半焦能够明显促进甲烷化的进行,出口气甲烷含量随甲烷化温度和催化剂负载量的升高而增强。采用红外光谱分析揭示了煤负载Ca(OH)_2的离子交换机理和扩散过程,这一过程影响煤气化反应性能。     

Synthesis and dispersion of Ni(OH)2 platelet-like nanoparticles in water

Synthesis of nanometric platelet-like Ni(OH)2 particles is described. The role of several experimental parameters on the particle size is investigated. A colloidal dispersion of particles is produced by adsorbing ionizable organic ligands (trisodium citrate) on the particle surface. The stability of this colloidal dispersion and the particle charge density are determined for different citrate ions concentrations.     

Fabrication and Characteristics of a Nano-TiO2 Concentrated Dispersion

A high-concentration dispersion with nanometer TiO₂ particles has been fabricated by a hyperdispersant. The particle distribution, composition, viscosity, thermal stability were investigated by transmission electron microscopy, and laser size analyzer, x-ray diffraction, rheometer, differential thermal analysis, and thermogravimetry, respectively. The mean particle size of the nano-TiO₂ concentrated dispersion was 72 nm with an especially narrow distribution, and near to monodispersion. The viscosity of 55 wt% nano-TiO₂ dispersion is 30 mPa·s at 344 s^?1. The dried dispersion composition made from the nano-TiO₂ and the hyperdispersant has good thermal stability.     

Effect of Silica Particle Size on Texture,Structure, and Catalytic Performance of Cu/SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Catalysts for Glycerol Hydrogenolysis

The influences of carrier particle sizes of Cu/SiO₂ catalysts for hydrogenolysis of glycerol were studied use mono-dispersed silica as models. Catalysts were prepared by precipitation method with the average size of the mono-dispersed silica supports varying of 10, 20, and 90 nm. Characterization of the catalysts show that the physical properties such as pore volume and BET surface area of the catalysts were largely affected by the carrier particle size of silica. However, the copper dispersion of the three samples were similar. XPS patterns show a difference in the chemical states of copper species, small carrier particle size induced formation of copper phyllosilicate, which benefits on the stability of copper species in reaction. The overall activity in the reaction of glycerol hydrogenolysis shows a correlation with the carrier particle size. The small carrier particles prevent the copper species from aggregation thus such catalysts exhibit good catalytic activity and stability.     

Oxidative lime pretreatment of high-lignin biomass

Lime (Ca[OH]₂) and oxygen (O₂) were used to enhance the enzymatic digestibility of two kinds of high-lignin biomass: poplar wood and newspaper. The recommended pretreatment conditions for poplar wood are 150°C, 6 h, 0.1 g of Ca(OH)₂/g of dry biomass, 9 mL of water/g of dry biomass, 14.0 bar absolute oxygen, and a particle size of −10 mesh. Under these conditions, the 3-d reducing sugar yield of poplar wood using a cellulase loading of 5 filter paper units (FPU)/g of raw dry biomass increased from 62 to 565 mg of eq. glucose/g of raw dry biomass, and the 3-d total sugar (glucose + xylose) conversion increased from 6 to 77% of raw total sugars. At high cellulase loadings (e.g., 75 FPU/g of raw dry biomass), the 3-d total sugar conversion reached 97%. In a trial run with newspaper, using conditions of 140°C, 3 h, 0.3 g of Ca(OH)₂/g of dry biomass, 16 mL of water/g of dry biomass, and 7.1 bar absolute oxygen, the 3-d reducing sugar yield using a cellulase loading of 5 FPU/g of raw dry biomass increased from 240 to 565 mg of eq. glucose/g of raw dry biomass. A material balance study on poplar wood shows that oxidative lime pretreatment solubilized 38% of total biomass, including 78% of lignin and 49% of xylan; no glucan was removed. Ash increased because calcium was incorporated into biomass during the pretreatment. After oxidative lime pretreatment, about 21% of added lime could be recovered by CO₂ carbonation.     

Radioactive waste treatment products studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy II. Iron hydroxide precipitation systems

Different iron hydroxide precipitation processes simulating radioactive waste, treatment have been investigated by Mössbauer spectroscopy at room temperature and at 80 K. Magnetic oxides (hematite or magnetite) partially affected by superparamagnetic relaxation have been observed. The crystallization degree and the particle size depend on the concentration and the addition order of chemicals. Much smaller particles were precipitated with Ca(OH)₂ than with NaOH as neutralization reagent.