Efficient coupling of a laser to a waveguide using a taper designed by conformal mapping

Maximising the optical power collected in a waveguide from the diffracting field of a semiconductor laser is desirable in optical fibre communication systems. However, the spot size and phase front curvature of the laser field usually makes a poor overlap with the mode of the receiving waveguide. Various proposals have been made to improve this coupling. This paper presents the design of a tapered waveguide section, having the correct geometry and refractive index profile, to efficiently capture and transform the rapidly diffracting light from a semiconductor laser to a planar wavefront in a straight waveguide. Experimentally, such an approach requires the refining of available techniques (UV exposure, ion implantation or diffusion) to obtain the required grading of the refractive index profile within the tapered input section of the receiving waveguide.     

Waveguide tapering for beam-width control in a waveguide transducer

In a waveguide transducer that transmits an ultrasonic wave through a waveguide unit to a test structure, it is most preferred to send a non-dispersive ultrasonic wave of a narrow beam width. However, there is an unresolved conflict between the generation of the non- or less-dispersive wave and the transmission of a narrow-beam wave into a test structure. Among others, the thickness of the waveguide unit in a waveguide transducer is the key variable determining these two conflicting criteria, but the use of a uniformly-thick waveguide of any thickness cannot fulfill the two conflicting criteria simultaneously. In this study, we propose a specially-engineered tapered waveguide unit for the simultaneous satisfaction. An excitation unit is installed at the end of the thin region of the tapered waveguide and generates only the lowest non-dispersive shear-horizontal wave. Then the generated wave propagates through the tapered region of the waveguide unit and reaches the thick region of the waveguide with insignificant mode conversion to higher modes. If the tapered waveguide is used, the surviving lowest mode in the thick region of the waveguide is shown to carry most of the transmitted power and is finally propagated into a test structure. Because the beam size of the propagated wave and the thickness of the contacting waveguide region are inversely related, the thick contacting region of the tapered waveguide ensures narrow beam width. Numerical and experimental investigations were performed to check the effectiveness of the proposed waveguide-tapering approach.     

Hybrid vertical directional coupling between a long range surface plasmon polariton waveguide and a dielectric waveguide

To investigate light coupling between a long range surface plasmon polariton (LRSPP) waveguide and a conventional integrated optical component, a hybrid vertical directional coupler consisting of a LRSPP waveguides and a dielectric waveguide is investigated and fabricated. In the proposed coupler the dielectric waveguide and LRSPP waveguide are vertically configured for dense integration and strong coupling. The characteristics of the even and odd super-modes of the coupler are also analyzed to design the device. The fabricated device exhibits damped sinusoidal behavior along the coupling length due to propagation loss of the LRSPP waveguide. The maximum power transfer of 86% from the LRSPP waveguide to the dielectric waveguide is achieved at the coupling length of 600 μm. The measured characteristics of the device are in relatively good agreement with a theoretical analysis.     

Grazing diffraction of X-ray radiation in a planar single-crystal waveguide

The propagation of an X-ray beam through a plane-parallel waveguide is studied with allowance for Bragg grazing diffraction on the crystalline structure of the plates. Expressions for the waveguide modes are obtained and nondecaying waveguide modes are shown to exist at angles that are larger than the critical one (the angle of total external reflection), which permits one to increase the capture angle of radiation incident on the waveguide. The calculated intensity at the waveguide output is compared with the intensity of waveguide modes in the absence of grazing diffraction in the waveguide material.     

Magnetotransport in a dual waveguide coupled by a finite barrier： Energy filter and directional coupler

We propose in this paper that a dual waveguide coupled by a finite barrier be able to serve as an energy filter under a perpendicular magnetic field. In the waveguide direction, the conductance exhibits a periodic square-wave pattern in which the miniband is controlled by the magnetic and potential modulation. The electrons with energies in the miniband can completely transfer along one waveguide while the other electrons undergo filtration. Compared with the coupled waveguide without magnetic modulation, the structure under magnetic field is found to be a good directional coupler. By adjusting the potential barrier and magnetic field, the electrons input from one port of waveguide can transfer to any other ports.     

X-ray focusing within a single-crystal waveguide under grazing-incidence diffraction conditions

X-ray-beam propagation through a parallel-plate waveguide is investigated with allowance for grazing-incidence Bragg diffraction at the crystalline structure of the plates. Expressions for the waveguide modes are derived. It is demonstrated that undamped waveguide modes exist at angles exceeding the critical value (total external-reflection angle), thereby making it possible to increase the angle of capture of radiation incident on the waveguide. The calculated output intensities of the waveguide are compared with the waveguide-mode intensities in absence of grazing-incidence diffraction in the waveguide material.     

同轴线-矩形波导结散射特性的数值分析

 提出了一种数值分析同轴线-矩形波导结散射特性的模式匹配方法。采用同轴线和矩形波导的本征模函数表示电磁场分量,通过同轴线-矩形波导结截面横向场分量匹配获得波导结的散射参数,引入电场模式匹配矩阵的解析形式提高了计算效率。给出了基于模式匹配法数值仿真的各种同轴线-矩形波导结散射特性及仿真结果分析,并与3维全电磁波分析软件HFSS的仿真结果进行了比较,二者非常吻合。模式匹配法计算效率高,能广泛应用于微波毫米波元器件及系统结构的设计与优化。     

Low-loss waveguides written with a femtosecond laser for flexible interconnection in a planar light-wave circuit

We describe a low-loss single-mode waveguide in planar light-wave circuit (PLC) glass doped with boron and phosphorus, which is more difficult to write than pure-silica glass. The written waveguide has a rectangular core, a symmetric near-field pattern, and a propagation loss of 0.35 dB/cm. The loss that originates from the mode-field mismatch between the mode-field diameters of the written and the PLC waveguides is less than 0.1 dB/point. In addition, we successfully connected PLC waveguides with a 500-microm-long waveguide written with a laser. The laser-written waveguide can flexibly connect PLC waveguides with a low coupling loss.     

Optical imaging system with a waveguide

The problem of image transmission through a waveguide is considered. The transfer function of a step rectangular waveguide is obtained, and it is concluded that direct image transmission is possible over large distances without significant loss of quality. An optical system with a waveguide in which an image is formed with a single objective is proposed. The process of image transmission through a step planar dielectric waveguide is experimentally investigated, and the influence of parameters of the waveguide on the resulting image is revealed. The conditions for image transmission through waveguides of other types are discussed.     

Second quantization in a waveguide with variable cross section

The motion of a system consisting of noninteracting bosons in a waveguide with variable cross section is studied. These particles have transverse as well as longitudinal degrees of freedom, but only a finite number of transverse modes can propagate in the waveguide. While for a waveguide with constant cross section, the numbers of particles in a given state of longitudinal and transverse modes remain constant, in the case of a waveguide with variable cross section there is conversion between these modes, although the total number of particles is conserved. By considering the equations of motion for the annihilation (or creation) operator, it is shown that the boundaries act as an external force, and thus generate localized transverse modes in the waveguide.     

Integral Representations of a Pulsed Signal in a Waveguide

Acoustical Physics - The problem of pulsed excitation of an acoustic waveguide with a constant cross section is considered. Absorption is ignored. As the most general model of such a waveguide,...     

Unruh effect in a waveguide

Here we demonstrate that photons launched into a specially designed metamaterial waveguide act as massive quasi-particles, which experience strong acceleration. Laser light propagating through such a waveguide may be used as a thermometer which would measure the Unruh temperature. Moreover, the metamaterial waveguide design may be approximated by a tapered optical waveguide.     

Simple process for fabricating a monolithic polymer optical waveguide

A simple and economical fabrication process for a monolithic polymer optical waveguide in which different materials are serially grafted is proposed and demonstrated. A cladding layer with a waveguide core groove is fabricated by microtransfer molding. An epoxy resin solution is spin coated onto the cladding before selective photoexposure to form a transparent waveguide core. An optical functional polymer solution is then spin coated to form a serially grafted waveguide structure. Thus two types of polymer fill the groove to realize a monolithically integrated waveguide. Controlling the groove shape results in a flat surface. A low connection loss between the two polymers, less than 0.01 dB/point, is obtained.     

Ka波段二次谐波损耗波导回旋行波管非线性分析

 建立了由损耗段和铜段组成的波导结构的Ka波段二次谐波回旋行波放大器理论模型,并进行了非线性理论研究。基于稳定性分析,确定35 GHz TE₀₂模二次谐波回旋行波放大器的基本工作参数:波导半径为1.02 cm,电子注工作电压为90 kV,工作电流为25 A,工作磁场为0.642 6 T,横纵速度比为1.2;然后通过模拟详细分析了工作电流、波导损耗和速度零散等因素对该放大器性能的影响。研究表明：在该结构中损耗段可以有效地抑制模式竞争从而提高输出功率和带宽;工作电流对输出功率的影响存在最大值;速度零散对输出功率有很大的影响。     

Diffraction of a sound wave by the open end of a flanged waveguide with impedance walls

Diffraction of a plane sound wave by the open end of an impedance-wall waveguide connected to an opening in an impedance screen is considered. The plane wave is incident on the waveguide from a free half-space. Two versions of the problem are considered: for a semi-infinite waveguide and for a finite-length waveguide with a specified bottom impedance; the impedances of the walls, screen, and waveguide bottom can be different. The finite-length waveguide can be treated as an open cavity in the impedance screen. For the cavity of zero length, the problem is reduced to the diffraction by an impedance insert in the impedance screen. The solution in the external region determines the scattered field; the solution in the internal region allows one to determine the directional pattern of an array of receivers located in the cavity. The problem is solved using the integral Helmholtz equation with a specially selected Green’s function that provides the fulfillment of the boundary conditions. Formally, the problem is reduced to an infinite system of algebraic equations. The computational results obtained for bistatic and monostatic scattering patterns are presented.     

Mathematical modeling of a cylindrical waveguide with a deformed lateral surface

A mathematical model of a waveguide with re-entrant corners in its variable cross section is considered. The influence of the re-entrant corner on the waveguide field mode structure is investigated.     

一种柱-锥盘荷波导的色散关系

 导出了柱-锥盘荷波导的色散方程，并通过数值计算分析了这种慢波结构的几何参数对相对论行波管运行频率和通带的影响，与柱形盘荷波导相比，这种慢波结构的上截止频率高于柱形盘荷波导,因此，可以得到较高的运行频率和较大的通带,为设计这种慢波器件提供了依据。     

Optimal design for a flat-top AWG demultiplexer by using a fast calculation method based on a Gaussian beam approximation

Passband broadening of an AWG (array waveguide grating) demultiplexer with an MMI (multimode interference) coupler connected at the end of a tapered input waveguide is considered. An explicit formula based on the field propagation of an approximate Hermit-Gaussian beam is used to calculate quickly and reliably the spectral response of the AWG demultiplexer. The widths of the input waveguide, the output waveguides and the MMI coupler are optimized. The optimal design is verified with the experimental measurement.     

Analytical model of a corrugated optical waveguide

An analytical model of the diffraction energy exchange between the radiative and the waveguide modes in a planar optical waveguide corrugated by a waveguide grating with an arbitrary form of teeth is developed on the basis of the coupled-wave method. It is shown that the mechanism of the energy exchange between the modes is determined by the partial interaction of all components of the spatial frequency spectrum of the waveguide modes with the corresponding components of the spatial frequency spectrum of the grating. It is established that gratings with an asymmetric tooth profile providing a shift of the peak of the spatial frequency spectrum toward matching are characterized by a higher diffraction efficiency α; however, at small thicknesses δ of the waveguide grating, the efficiency is almost independent of the tooth profile. It is shown that gratings with a symmetric profile give on average a decreasing dependence α(δ), while gratings with an optimized asymmetric profile yield a monotonically increasing saturating dependence α(δ).