Simulation of the Double Proton Transfer Dynamics in the Benzoic Acid Dimer

A numerical simulation of the rate constants of the double proton transfer in the benzoic acid dimer at partial and complete deuteration of hydrogen bonds in the dimer as well as at different hydrostatic pressures applied to the sample has been carried out on the basis of the model of a multistage process activated by equilibrium radiation. It has been shown that this model, as opposed to the known approach based on the synthesis of two processes — activation (Boltzmann–Arrhenius model) and molecular tunneling (Goldanskii model) — can describe both low- and high-temperature rate constants of reactions using a single set of parameters characterizing the process of interaction of the transforming molecule with the thermal field.     

Time-Division Observation of Plastic Deformation Process Using Digital Speckle Pattern Interferometry

Time-division digital speckle pattern interferometry to observe temporal variation of in-plane deformation fields of a whole process of plastic deformation until fracture was proposed. Experiment of tensile test of an aluminum plate exhibited dynamic movements of successive fringe patterns which were very complicated. They suggest that plastic deformation propagates nonlinearly in the specimen by repetition of energy relaxation processes and concentration processes.Presented at 1996 International Workshop on Interferometry (IWI ‘96), August 27-29, Wako, Saitama, Japan.     

Random depth access full-field low-coherence interferometry applied to a small punch test

In small punch testing, with approximate preknowledge of the sample deformation, profile measurement need only be made at selected locations in depth. To date, profilometry through full-field low-coherence interferometry has not been applied to small punch testing—conventional methods typically measure the maximum displacement as the sample is deformed, ignoring useful shape and profile information. A modification of full-field low-coherence interferometry is presented, where a digital stepper motor is combined with piezoelectric transducer scanning to achieve random depth access three-dimensional micrometer profile measurement. Offering a rapid, inexpensive, and functional machine vision system, the measurement technique is applied to a small punch test.     

Lax Pair Tensors and Integrable Spacetimes

The use of Lax pair tensors as a unifying framework for Killing tensors of arbitrary rank is discussed. Some properties of the tensorial Lax pair formulation are stated. A mechanical system with a well-known Lax representation—the three-particle open Toda lattice—is geometrized by a suitable canonical transformation. In this way the Toda lattice is realized as the geodesic system of a certain Riemannian geometry. By using different canonical transformations we obtain two inequivalent geometries which both represent the original system. Adding a timelike dimension gives four-dimensional spacetimes which admit two Killing vector fields and are completely integrable.     

Hawking Radiation of Rarita—Schwinger Fields of a Stationary Charged Black Hole

Hawking radiation of the Rarita—Schwinger fields in a stationary charged black hole is studied exactly in region near the event horizon by using the Newman—Penrose formalism and the tortoise coordinate. The result shows that the temperature of the thermal radiation spectrum of Rarita—Schwinger fields is exactly the same as that of the scalar, Dirac, and electromagnetic fields.     

Deformation of Cd-based alloys single crystals at very low temperatures

The temperature dependence of the critical resolved shear stress — CRSS on Cd-Ag andCd-Zn single crystals was studied at very low temperatures 1·5–80 K. The deformation experi-ments were made by a creep technique. The CRSS for Cd-Ag alloys was determined from re-constructed shear stress — shear strain curves, while the method of one sample was applied tothe determination of ₀-T dependence for Cd-Zn alloys. The difference in the temperaturedependences of ₀ for both Cd-based alloys can be caused by different methods for determiningthe CRSS.     

The effect of electron beam geometric deformation errors on the small-signal characteristic of ECRM

In this paper is studied the effect of electron beam geometric deformation errors on the small — signal characteristics of the TE _mn ^o mode Electron Cyclotron Resonance Maser (ECRM), based on the elliptically cross—sectional e—beam deformation model. As an example, the effect of small geometric deformation errors on the TE ₀₁ ^o mode fundamental ECRM coupling coefficient is quantitatively shown.     

Residual Representations of Spacetime

Spacetime is modelled by binary relations—by the classes of the automorphisms of a complex two-dimensional vector space with respect to the definite unitary subgroup U(2). In extension of Feynman propagators for particle quantum fields representing only the tangent spacetime structure, global spacetime representations are given, formulated as residues using energy–momentum distributions with the invariants as singularities. The associated quantum fields are characterized by two invariant masses—for time and position—supplementing the one mass for the definite unitary particle sector with another mass for the indefinite unitary interaction sector without asymptotic particle interpretation.     

Gravitational Fields and Nonlinear σ-Models

It is shown that different types of gravitational fields can be analyzed as nonlinear -models. We show that the Einstein—Hilbert action for stationary aximmetric fields, Einstein—Rosen gravitational wave, and Gowdy cosmological models can be expressed in terms of a Lagrangian density for the SL(2, R)/SO(2) -model. We discuss the possibility of using these results to quantize gravitational fields.     

Laser spectroscopy 9. Prospects and applications

This concluding article in the series discusses the prospects of realizing the ultimate parameters — spectral resolving power and sensitivity — and some fields of application — nuclear physics, chemical kinetics and molecular physics, quantum metrology — of laser spectroscopy.     

A Kinetic Theory Approach to Quantum Gravity

We describe a kinetic theory approach to quantum gravity by which we mean a theory of the microscopic structure of space-time, not a theory obtained by quantizing general relativity. A figurative conception of this program is like building a ladder with two knotty poles: quantum matter field on the right and space-time on the left. Each rung connecting the corresponding knots represents a distinct level of structure. The lowest rung is hydrodynamics and general relativity; the next rung is semiclassical gravity, with the expectation value of quantum fields acting as source in the semiclassical Einstein equation. We recall how ideas from the statistical mechanics of interacting quantum fields helped us identify the existence of noise in the matter field and its effect on metric fluctuations, leading to the establishment of the third rung: stochastic gravity, described by the Einstein–Langevin equation. Our pathway from stochastic to quantum gravity is via the correlation hierarchy of noise and induced metric fluctuations. Three essential tasks beckon: (1) deduce the correlations of metric fluctuations from correlation noise in the matter field; (2) reconstituting quantum coherence—this is the reverse of decoherence—from these correlation functions; and (3) use the Boltzmann–Langevin equations to identify distinct collective variables depicting recognizable metastable structures in the kinetic and hydrodynamic regimes of quantum matter fields and how they demand of their corresponding space-time counterparts. This will give us a hierarchy of generalized stochastic equations—call them the Boltzmann–Einstein hierarchy of quantum gravity—for each level of space-time structure, from the the macroscopic (general relativity) through the mesoscopic (stochastic gravity) to the microscopic (quantum gravity).     

ВЛИЯНИЕ ПЛАСТИЧЕСКОЙ ДЕФОРМАЦИИ НА ХАРАКТЕР ЭКСТИНКЦИИ И ОСТАТОЧНЫЕ ИСКАЖЕНИЯ РЕШЕТКИ ЧИСТОГО ПОРОШКОВОГО АЛЮМИНИЯ

The integrated intensities and widths of the X-ray diffraction lines of pure powder aluminium (99·99%) were measured after annealing above the recrystallization temperature and once more after the following plastic deformation at room temperature.An analysis of the values measured for the integrated intensities of the diffractions shows that, in the annealed state and in states after plastic deformation by grinding in an organic liquid medium, the primary extinction of this substance predominates. The corresponding magnitude of the mosaic blocks is 4×10^–4 cm and the minimum dislocation density calculated from it is 2×10⁷ cm^–2. On the other hand, an analysis of a sample of unannealed fillings from the same material shows that both kinds of extinction — primary and secondary — play equalroles.Measurement of the (420) diffraction line widths showed that plastic deformation at room temperature leads to a clear broadening of the diffractions in spite of the process of recovery intensively taking place. An interpretation of these broadenings by micro stresses in the region of individual grains led to values of the mean stress function of 7–8×10⁸ dyne cm^–2. This value is compared with the yield point and the corresponding values of the stored energy are calculated. The hypothesis is put forward that the maintenance of these stresses in the grains is due to the oxide envelope surrounding the grains.For plastically deformed samples the diffraction broadening led to maximum dislocation densities of the order of 2×10¹⁰–3×10¹⁰cm^–2 and thus to maximum stored energy values of the order of 1×10^–2 to 2×10^–2 cal/g.     

Structural and magnetic studies of Fe2O3/SiO2 granular nanocomposites

Fe₂O₃/SiO₂ nanocomposites were synthesized by mechanical alloying, using Fe and SiO₂ powders as precursors. After 340 h milling, the sample essentially consists of hematite and amorphous silica. TEM images show hematite particles embedded in and surrounded by an amorphous silica matrix. A broad size distribution—5–50 nm—of hematite particles is found, and other group of very small—2–3 nm—unidentified particles are observed. Room temperature Mössbauer spectra show a paramagnetic doublet, which may correspond to a non-crystalline phase in the sample (probably the small unidentified particles), and a sextet corresponding to hematite. Magnetic properties were investigated by measuring hysteresis curves at different temperatures (5–300 K) and by zero-field-cooled (ZFC) and field-cooled (FC) magnetization curves (10 mT). The hysteresis loops were well fitted by a ferromagnetic contribution. No evidence of Morin transition is found down to 5 K.     

Quantitative structural characterization of the mechanical properties of isotactic polypropylene

This investigation introduces quantitative morphological criteria for defining the structural state of a polymer sample and develops a general structural state deformation model for characterizing mechanical behavior. This general model discards the present fragmented view of the autonomy of observed mechanical processes (yielding, fracture, recovery, etc.) and brings the fabrication process, the mechanical tests, and even the construction of the sample (fiber or film) into focus as simply different aspects of a single process of deformation. The fabrication, fracture, yielding, and recovery behavior of two series of uniaxially drawn isotactic polypropylene films and two series of drawn isotactic polypropylene fibers, totaling thirty different structural states, have been deter-mined. The structural state of each of these samples is known quantitatively. The measurements were made over a range of strain rates from 1 to 1,000,000%/min and temperatures from 23° to -196°C. This study has resulted in new quantitative relationships between mechanical properties and morphological structure and has developed a deeper insight into the underlying deformation mechanisms that are occurring.     

Axiomatic renormalization of the stress tensor of a conformally invariant field in conformally flat spacetimes

Using only the general properties which the renormalized stress-energy tensor T_μν should satisfy—and not relying on any assumptions associated with specific renormalization techniques—we derive the expression for T_μν for conformally invariant fields in conformally flat spacetimes of two and four dimensions. In two dimensions, these arguments rederive the Davies-Fulling-Unruh expression for the stress tensor of a scalar field; in four dimensions the results agree with those of Brown and Cassidy, except that we exclude the local curvature term depending on fourth-order derivatives of the metric. The dynamics of a k = 0 Robertson-Walker universe filled with radiation of the conformally invariant field is investigated and it is found that the equations cease to admit a solution when the Planck density is reached.     

Virtual fields method coupled with moiré interferometry: Special considerations and application

The virtual fields method (VFM) is a novel highly efficient non-iterative tool for the identification of the constitutive parameters of materials. The VFM can obtain several constitutive parameters based on the full-field deformation of the specimen measured in a single test. However, the available results demonstrate that the accuracy of the identification result is strongly dependent on the quality of the deformation field, which is generally measured using optical methods. Especially, in the case where a small deformation is applied under elastic loading, the image noise and measurement error will exhibit a significant influence on the identification results. By combining the VFM with moiré interferometry (MI), a MI-based VFM is used to identify the parameters of an orthotropic linear elastic material. A numerical experiment is conducted to examine the feasibility of this method. From the analysis results, we determine that two factors exhibit an influence on the identification accuracy. The reinforcement direction of the orthotropic material is one factor, and the other is the noise in the deformation field. This MI-based VFM is then applied to determine the mechanical parameters of a unidirectional carbon fiber composite material. In the measurement, a three-point bending load is applied to the specimens. A high density grating with a frequency of 1200 line/mm grating is replicated on the specimen surface and used for measuring the in-plane deformation fields using a moiré interferometer. The obtained deformation fields are taken as the inputs of the VFM identification process, and the elastic properties of the materials are identified. The obtained results verify the advantage of the proposed method with respect to high accuracy and good noise immunity.     

Analysis of plastic strain localization by a combination of the speckle interferometry with the bulge test

The process of localization of strains, diffuse and localized necking, up to fracture in equi-biaxial loading was analyzed through the images obtained by electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI). The problem of localization is important in the sheet metal forming processes. The ESPI technique is used to have a better resolution on the measured strains (10⁻⁵) than other technique such as the image correlation (10⁻², 10⁻³). The bulge test is currently used to determine the mechanical properties of materials by measuring the deformation that occurs in response to the application of a controlled pressure. This test is used to determine the mechanical properties of sheet metals submitted to an equi-biaxial loading path, the strains at failure are used as data to determine forming limit diagrams (FLDs).The aim of this study is to detect the localization of plastic strain (diffuse and localized necking) during the bulge test combined with a common speckle interferometer. This paper describes an original technique to detect the localization using the strain rate at different positions on the sample.The main originality of this work is the application of an optical interferometer to determine the field of plastic strain increments and strain rates in the region of the top of the specimen, at various stages of global strains.     

Low energy dynamics of two-dimensional lateral tunnel junctions

We report on the low temperature tunneling characteristics of two-dimensional lateral tunnel junctions (2DLTJs) consisting of two coplanar two-dimensional electron systems separated by an in-plane tunnel barrier. The tunneling conductance of the 2DLTJ exhibits a characteristic dip at small voltages—consistent with the phenomenon of zero-bias anomaly in low-dimensional tunnel junctions—and a broad conductance peak at the Coulombic energy scale. The conductance peak remains robust under magnetic fields well into the quantum Hall regime. We identify the broad conductance maxima as the signature of the pseudogap in the tunneling density of states below the characteristic Coulomb interaction energy of the 2DLTJ.     

Grain size refinement and magnetostriction of ferromagnetic shape memory Fe–Pd–Rh alloys

This paper reports the forging of bulk ferromagnetic shape memory (FSM) Fe–30Pd–2Rh (at%) alloys to a 40% reduction in thickness, followed by thermal annealing at 950–1100 °C for various times and quenching in ice brine to induce recrystallization (i.e. grain size refinement). Investigation with the Vickers microhardness test reveals that the process of recrystallization results in increased ductility of the fine grains. TEM and magnetostriction investigations reveal two kinds of twins contained in the strain-forged sample annealed at 950 °C for 3 h, i.e. deformation and transformation twins, and these twins also improved a higher magnetostriction as well as ductility in the alloys that may be useful in magneto-mechanical applications (such as microactuator or spring).     

Entropy in Kerr–de Sitter Black Holes with Spin Fields

Generalized master equations due to spin fields are given. We obtain the entropy of electromagnetic, gravitational, Dirac, and scalar fields in a unified form by using the improved brick-wall method—membrane model. The results show that, as the cutoff is properly chosen, the entropy in the black hole satisfies the Bekenstein–Hawking area formula.