纸基病原体核酸生物传感器的研究进展

由病原体引起的传染性疾病严重威胁人类的生命与健康,快速、准确、即时地检测病原体是有效防控传染病的重要前提。核酸检测具有灵敏度高、特异性好等优点,成为病原体检测的主要技术。然而,传统的病原体核酸检测通常需要专业的技术人员和专门的仪器设备,不利于病原体的现场检测。利用纸基材料构建的生物传感器具有轻巧便携、成本低、结果直观等优点,与核酸扩增检测方法相结合,适用于病原体的现场快速检测。目前,纸基病原体核酸检测技术主要包括侧流层析试纸条和纸基微流控芯片两种类型。本文对侧流层析试纸条、纸基微流控芯片及其制备技术进行了评述,并对集病原体核酸提取、扩增与检测一体化的纸基装置进行介绍,以期为开发纸基病原体现场检测新技术提供参考。     

DNA银纳米簇在功能核酸荧光生物传感器中的应用

DNA银纳米簇(DNA-AgNCs)是以DNA为模板, 通过碱基杂环上的N原子与Ag⁺结合, 用NaBH₄将Ag⁺还原得到的具有荧光性质的新兴纳米探针. 由于DNA-AgNCs具有合成方法简单、 生物相容性好和荧光发射波长可调等优点, 使其在分析检测等领域具有广泛的应用. 本文对DNA-AgNCs的合成和荧光性质两个方面进行了综述, 分类总结了以DNA-AgNCs为无标记荧光探针在功能核酸荧光生物传感器方面的应用, 对其不足与应用潜力进行展望, 以期为未来的研究与应用提供借鉴.     

基于无标记的核酸适配体荧光生物传感器检测凝血酶

设计了一个简单、通用、基于核酸适配体无标记的高敏感、高专一检测凝血酶的荧光方法。以无标记凝血酶核酸适配体单链DNA为识别元素,Pico Green染料传导互补双链的荧光信号。Pico Green是一种不对称菁,当其单独存在时不产生荧光信号,而当其被吸附到互补的双链DNA上时,可产生很强的荧光信号,但被吸附到单链DNA上时,却无明显的信号改变。基于该性质,将其用于凝血酶的检测。该方法对凝血酶的响应线性范围为1.0×10~(-14)~1.0×10~(-7)mol/L,相关系数(r~2)为0.99,检出限为1.0×10~(-14)mol/L。1.0×10~(-8)mol/L两种干扰物质(牛血清蛋白和细胞色素C)的存在不影响凝血酶的检测,表明该方法对凝血酶具有非常好的专一性。该方法成功应用于对人血清样品的检测,其平均回收率为97%~102%。方法可简单、灵敏、特异性地检测凝血酶,有望用于医学临床诊断等领域。     

基于核酸适配体的比色生物传感器研究进展

核酸适配体因能与目标物特异性结合而被用作生物识别元件,广泛用于生物传感器的研究。基于适配体的比色生物传感器,因简便、经济且直观可视等特点,在环境保护、医疗诊断和食品安全等领域备受青睐。随着生物技术和纳米技术的迅速发展,结合不同显色途径和信号放大方法,已建立了多种操作简便、特异性强、灵敏度高的基于适配体的比色传感方法,为现场快速检测技术的发展提供了新思路和新选择。识别元件、信号探针及信号放大策略都是影响比色生物传感器准确性和灵敏度的重要因素,纳米材料和放大策略的选择及设计非常重要。本文主要基于酶催化和等离子体共振比色原理,介绍了近年来比色适配体传感器的研究进展,为高灵敏比色生物传感器的研究和应用提供参考。     

基于共轭聚合物的核酸生物传感器的应用

共轭聚合物的π电子体系及共轭离域结构,使其具有良好的发光性能。聚合物链可充当“分子导线”,能够成倍放大光学信号,从而有效提高检测灵敏度。而核酸适体(aptamer)在特异性、与靶物质亲合力、信号传导方面比其他识别元件具有更大的优势,因此共轭聚合物的核酸生物传感器在生物检测方面得到了迅速发展。本文主要总结了近年来共轭聚合物的核酸生物传感器在生物检测方面的应用,并进一步对该类型传感器的发展趋势作出了展望。     

金属有机框架-核酸复合材料的构建及其在荧光生物医学传感中的应用

金属有机框架材料(metal-organic frameworks, MOFs)是一类由无机金属节点和有机配体自组装而成的新型多孔材料,因其具有可定制的结构和功能、大的比表面积及多功能化位点等诸多优点,在生物医学、生物传感等领域应用广泛.此外,核酸分子以其特有的分子识别和灵活的可编辑性,近年来在靶标识别、分子检测领域取得了令人瞩目的成就. MOFs与核酸的有机整合能够有效扩展两种单体的功能及应用范围,目前已成为化学及生物医学等领域的研究热点.本文综述了近年来MOFs-核酸复合材料荧光生物传感器的构建及其在生物医学领域中的应用进展.首先介绍了MOFs-核酸复合材料传感器的构建方法;其次,根据MOFs所发挥功能的不同,分别从基于荧光淬灭、发光以及刺激响应三大方面对MOFs-核酸复合材料在荧光生物医学传感中的应用进行了分类概述;最后分析了该研究领域目前面临的挑战,并对其未来发展进行了展望.     

荧光蛋白结构改造及其生物传感应用

荧光蛋白自发现以来,因其具有基因编码、可以自主发出稳健荧光的特点,在生命科学领域中发挥着重要作用.随着对荧光蛋白的结构和功能有了更清晰的认识,在蛋白质工程技术和有机合成迅速发展的基础上,科研工作者可以对荧光蛋白的结构进行设计改造和模拟,赋予其新的性质和功能,扩宽其在生物传感、生物成像等生命领域的应用.本文以绿色荧光蛋白的结构改造为主线,从局部结构改变、桶状结构重构和表面重构等不同层面阐述了荧光蛋白结构改造的方法以及荧光蛋白模拟物的研究进展,并介绍了这些荧光蛋白及其模拟物在生物领域的代表性应用.     

基于核酸外切酶Ⅲ及DNAzyme的铅离子荧光传感器的研究

利用DNAzyme及核酸外切酶Ⅲ(ExoⅢ)构建了荧光生物传感器用于检测铅离子(Pb²⁺)。DNAzyme与底物探针结合并在Pb²⁺辅助作用下切割底物,使发夹结构的底物探针在环上修饰有RNA碱基处断裂,切割断裂底物探针后,DNAzyme被释放,继续与下一个底物探针结合并切割,利用DNAzyme可循环反复催化裂解底物的特性实现循环反应。底物探针被切割断裂后,形成的Y字形探针可与信标探针结合并打开其发夹结构,产生荧光信号,同时在ExoⅢ的作用下降解,从3′端开始切割水解被打开的信标探针,释放出底物探针,继续与下一个信标探针结合切割,形成第二步的循环信号放大。经过两步的循环反应,荧光信号得到不断增强,从而达到高灵敏检测的目的。200μL反应体系在37℃反应60 min后,其荧光信号与Pb²⁺浓度在0.05～200 nmol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,检出限为0.01 nmol/L。用于实际样品中Pb²⁺的检测,加标回收率为96.3%～108.3%。本方法具有简单、快速、高选择性、高灵敏的特点,在Pb     

核酸功能化稀土基纳米材料在生物检测中的应用

体内一些生物分子和离子的水平通常与细胞、组织、器官等结构和功能的变化相关,从而直接影响到疾病的预防、诊断和治疗,因此对体内这些物质的生物检测在医疗和健康领域具有重要的意义.基于稀土基纳米材料构建的纳米荧光探针具有灵敏度高、简单高效、抗干扰能力强等优点,在生物检测方面具有巨大的潜力.对稀土基纳米材料的核酸功能化能够进一步为纳米荧光探针提供更好的特异性识别能力和生物相容性,从而增强其在复杂样品中的生物检测能力.本综述总结了核酸功能化的稀土基纳米材料作为纳米荧光探针在生物检测领域的研究进展,简要介绍了其主要种类和性能、检测机理及检测物质,最后对该领域面临的挑战及未来的发展方向进行了展望.     

l-DNA Duplex Formation as a Bioorthogonal Information Channel in Nucleic Acid-Based Surface Patterning

Photolithographic in situ synthesis of nucleic acids enables extremely high oligonucleotide sequence density as well as complex surface patterning and combined spatial and molecular information encoding. No longer limited to DNA synthesis, the technique allows for total control of both chemical and Cartesian space organization on surfaces, suggesting that hybridization patterns can be used to encode, display or encrypt informative signals on multiple chemically orthogonal levels. Nevertheless, cross-hybridization reduces the available sequence space and limits information density. Here we introduce an additional, fully independent information channel in surface patterning with in situ l -DNA synthesis. The bioorthogonality of mirror-image DNA duplex formation prevents both cross-hybridization on chimeric l -/d -DNA microarrays and also results in enzymatic orthogonality, such as nuclease-proof DNA-based signatures on the surface. We show how chimeric l -/d -DNA hybridization can be used to create informative surface patterns including QR codes, highly counterfeiting resistant authenticity watermarks, and concealed messages within high-density d -DNA microarrays.     

Tellurium-Modified Nucleosides,Nucleotides, and Nucleic Acids with Potential Applications

Tellurium was successfully incorporated into proteins and applied to protein structure determination through X-ray crystallography. However, studies on tellurium modification of DNA and RNA are limited. This review highlights the recent development of Te-modified nucleosides, nucleotides, and nucleic acids, and summarizes the main synthetic approaches for the preparation of 5-PhTe, 2′-MeTe, and 2′-PhTe modifications. Those modifications are compatible with solid-phase synthesis and stable during Te-oligonucleotide purification. Moreover, the ideal electronic and atomic properties of tellurium for generating clear isomorphous signals give Te-modified DNA and RNA great potential applications in 3D crystal structure determination through X-ray diffraction. STM study also shows that Te-modified DNA has strong topographic and current peaks, which immediately suggests potential applications in nucleic acid direct imaging, nanomaterials, molecular electronics, and diagnostics. Theoretical studies indicate the potential application of Te-modified nucleosides in cancer therapy.     

锁核酸分子信标在分子识别与生物分析中的应用

分子信标是一种荧光探针,闭合时呈发夹结构。其5'末端修饰荧光基团,3'末端修饰猝灭基团。当目标存在时,环部与目标结合,发夹打开,发出荧光。锁核酸是一类双环状寡核苷酸衍生物,能够遵循碱基互补配对原则与核酸结合。锁核酸分子信标技术,结合了分子信标无需分离未结合探针而直接检测的优势和锁核酸亲合力强、热稳定性好、抗酶切以及体内无毒等特点,在核酸检测方面具有灵敏度高、特异性好的独特优势,近年来得到广泛关注。本文介绍了锁核酸修饰分子信标的结构、功能、设计要点,及其研究现状和一些重要进展,并讨论了目前锁核酸分子信标在分子识别及生物分析中的应用及存在的问题和发展前景。     

基于核酸分子识别的电化学分析方法与应用

核酸作为生物体遗传信息的载体以及分子生物学和生物分析化学中重要的功能分子,近年来在电化学分析中受到了越来越多的重视。本文以作者所在研究组的工作为实例,对核酸分子识别的电化学分析方法作出简要的评述,内容涉及核酸序列和基因变异的电化学分析以及核酸作为功能分子进行识别检测的电化学分析等等。     

纳米荧光探针用于核酸分子的检测及成像研究

核酸,包括脱氧核糖核酸和核糖核酸,在生物的生长、发育、突变、炎症、癌症等正常或异常的生命活动中发挥着重要的作用,它们的异常表达与多种疾病的发生、发展也密切相关.因此,发展准确、有效的方法实现核酸分子的检测,对深入探究核酸的功能调控以及相关疾病的早期检测与治疗都具有重要的意义.荧光检测法与荧光成像技术具有灵敏度高、时空分辨率高等优点,为实时、准确的检测核酸分子提供了有力的工具.本文着重综述了近年来发展的纳米荧光探针用于疾病相关核酸分子的检测与细胞和活体成像工作的研究进展,最后提出了进一步构建新型纳米荧光探针用于核酸检测面临的挑战、未来发展方向与展望.     

From Peptide Nucleic Acids to Supramolecular Structures of Nucleic Acid Derivatives

Nucleic acids play a pivotal role in life processes. The endeavours to shed light on the essential properties of these intriguing building blocks led us to the synthesis of different analogues and the investigation of their properties. First various peptide nucleic acid monomers and oligomers have been synthesized, using an Fmoc/acyl protecting group strategy, and their properties studied. The serendipitous discovery of a side reaction of coupling agents led us to the elaboration of a peptide sequencing method. The capricious behaviour of guanine derivatives spurred the determination of their substitution pattern using ¹³C, ¹⁵N NMR, and mass spectrometric methods. The properties of guanines initiated the logical transition to the study of supramolecular systems composed of purine analogues. Thus, xanthine and uracil derivatives have been obtained and their supramolecular self-assembly properties scrutinized in gas, solid, and liquid states and at solid-liquid interfaces.     

Design and Synthesis of Novel Peptide Nucleic Acid Monomers

All of the four nucleobases in DNA have replaced the 4‐hydroxy group of N‐[2‐(tert‐butoxycarbonylaminomethyl)‐trans‐4‐hydroxy] tetrahydropyrrole acetic acid methyl ester with cis ‐stereochemistry. An efficient route for the synthesis of N‐[2‐(tert‐butoxycarbonylaminomethyl)‐trans‐4‐hydroxy]‐tetrahydropyrrole acetic acid methyl ester has been developed. Starting with this intermediate, the protected monomers were synthesized by the Mitsunobu reaction or via its tosylate.     

Advances in Medical Wearable Biosensors: Design,Fabrication and Materials Strategies in Healthcare Monitoring

In the past decade, wearable biosensors have radically changed our outlook on contemporary medical healthcare monitoring systems. These smart, multiplexed devices allow us to quantify dynamic biological signals in real time through highly sensitive, miniaturized sensing platforms, thereby decentralizing the concept of regular clinical check-ups and diagnosis towards more versatile, remote, and personalized healthcare monitoring. This paradigm shift in healthcare delivery can be attributed to the development of nanomaterials and improvements made to non-invasive biosignal detection systems alongside integrated approaches for multifaceted data acquisition and interpretation. The discovery of new biomarkers and the use of bioaffinity recognition elements like aptamers and peptide arrays combined with the use of newly developed, flexible, and conductive materials that interact with skin surfaces has led to the widespread application of biosensors in the biomedical field. This review focuses on the recent advances made in wearable technology for remote healthcare monitoring. It classifies their development and application in terms of electrochemical, mechanical, and optical modes of transduction and type of material used and discusses the shortcomings accompanying their large-scale fabrication and commercialization. A brief note on the most widely used materials and their improvements in wearable sensor development is outlined along with instructions for the future of medical wearables.     

Modification of Nucleic Acids by Azobenzene Derivatives and Their Applications in Biotechnology and Nanotechnology

Azobenzene has been widely used as a photoregulator due to its reversible photoisomerization, large structural change between E and Z isomers, high photoisomerization yield, and high chemical stability. On the other hand, some azobenzene derivatives can be used as universal quenchers for many fluorophores. Nucleic acid is a good candidate to be modified because it is not only the template of gene expression but also widely used for building well‐organized nanostructures and nanodevices. Because the size and polarity distribution of the azobenzene molecule is similar to a nucleobase pair, the introduction of azobenzene into nucleic acids has been shown to be an ingenious molecular design for constructing light‐switching biosystems or light‐driven nanomachines. Here we review recent advances in azobenzene‐modified nucleic acids and their applications for artificial regulation of gene expression and enzymatic reactions, construction of photoresponsive nanostructures and nanodevices, molecular beacons, as well as obtaining structural information using the introduced azobenzene as an internal probe. In particular, nucleic acids bearing multiple azobenzenes can be used as a novel artificial nanomaterial with merits of high sequence specificity, regular duplex structure, and high photoregulation efficiency. The combination of functional groups with biomolecules may further advance the development of chemical biotechnology and biomolecular engineering.