砷的代谢机制、毒性和生物监测

砷化合物是备受关注的一类污染物,特别是饮用水中的砷污染引发了全球性的健康问题.本文综述了近年来人们对砷的代谢机制、毒性和生物监测的研究进展.砷在生物体内的代谢过程十分复杂,在氧化还原酶和甲基转移酶的参与下,产生一系列的代谢产物和中间产物.其中,砷的原始摄入形态、代谢产物及中间产物由于不同的物理化学性质,体现了不同的毒性.人类和不同的动物由于不同的砷代谢机理和甲基化能力,也表现了对砷毒性抵抗能力的差异.在生物体内,一些砷化合物与生物蛋白相互作用,影响它们的存在形式、分布和传输,是砷的生物代谢和毒理研究中不可或缺的内容.生物监测是一种直接有效的污染物健康风险评估方法.在尿液、血液、唾液、头发和指甲中砷化合物直接反映了暴露主体的砷暴露程度,这5种生物介质作为砷暴露的生物标志物各有优缺点.在砷的研究中,代谢机制和毒性的研究可以帮助选择合适的生物监测方法,做出合理准确的健康风险评估.生物监测也可促进对砷的代谢机制和毒性的理解,推断可能的代谢途径,定量毒性剂量效应,两者相互依赖相互促进.     

氟调醇的环境污染与毒理学研究

多氟和全氟烷基化合物（PFASs）由于其独特的稳定性、疏水性和疏油性被广泛用于生产和生活中。PFASs的生产方式有两种：电化学氟化法（ECF）和调聚反应。由于持久性、毒性和生物富集性,ECF生产过程中产生的全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）及其盐和全氟辛基磺酰胺（POSF）于2009年被正式列入《斯德哥尔摩公约》的POPs名单,发达国家也开始逐渐停止用ECF方法生产PFASs。因此,调聚反应产生的PFASs前驱体氟调醇（FTOHs）的产量不断增加。研究表明,FTOHs经生物或非生物转化能够生成全氟烷基羧酸（PFCAs）,可能是PFCAs污染的间接来源。此外,FTOHs的一些中间代谢产物能够与多种生物分子共价结合,引起严重的毒性效应,而代谢终产物又能引起肝毒性和肾毒性等。近年来,FTOHs的环境问题已成为环境科学、毒理学和流行病学领域的研究热点。本文综述了FTOHs的生产状况、环境污染水平和相关代谢产物的毒性。最后讨论了目前存在的问题,并对未来的研究进行了展望。     

全氟/多氟化合物分析方法的研究进展

随着全氟和多氟化合物（perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances,PFASs）被列入《斯德哥尔摩公约》的持久性有机污染物名录,各国对于该类物质的关注逐步升高。该类物质在环境中的广泛检出,使得其环境行为研究不断扩展和加深。目前,针对不同类型PFASs的样品前处理方式与检测方法也在不断发展中,而从中选择最合适的前处理和分析方法是开展PFASs环境科学、管理和污染控制研究的前提。该文针对传统PFASs及其异构体、PFASs前体物和新型PFASs等的样品前处理方法、色谱-质谱分析方法进行归纳总结,认识其现状和问题,并在此基础上对其发展进行了展望。     

短链氯化石蜡(SCCPs)的分析方法、环境行为及毒性效应研究进展

短链氯化石蜡(SCCPs)组成复杂,具有远距离环境迁移的能力、环境持久性、生物蓄积性和一定的生物毒性,已被提议列入《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》的附件A、B或C.我国是氯化石蜡生产和使用最多的国家,且尚未限制SCCPs的生产.几个研究已揭示了SCCPs在我国的环境中存量较高,因此应对其所引起的生态环境风险和人体健康风险给予关注.本文重点评述了SCCPs的分析方法,包括样品前处理、色谱分离、质谱检测、定量分析及国际实验室分析比对情况,同时也对SCCPs的环境行为、生物累积和毒性效应进行了综述.     

环境中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)预处理技术研究进展

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是一类具有生态风险的新型环境有机污染物。PBDEs作为阻燃剂已愈来愈广泛地被添加到工业产品中,并对大气、水体、沉积物、土壤等环境介质产生污染,最终危害生物和人类健康。本文概述了环境样品中PBDEs分析方法研究进展,对样品前处理技术作了评述和比较,并从不同离子源和质谱类型的角度分析比较了气相色谱-质谱联用在PBDEs检测中的应用。     

基于超分子大环功能材料在PFASs污染物检测与吸附分离中的应用

水污染问题目前已成为世界上最为紧迫的环境问题之一.全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质(PFASs)因其具有高毒性、持久性、生物积累性、远距离迁移性等性质,对人类健康和生态环境产生了严重的危害.开发PFASs的检测和去除技术成为了当今社会的关注重点.超分子大环材料作为一类新兴的多功能材料,具有丰富的主客体分子识别、良好的环境适应性和结构的可设计性等优点.超分子大环材料的可设计性赋予其特定的多功能性,使其成为同时检测和去除环境水中PFASs的理想平台.本文综述了超分子大环及其衍生物在检测和吸附去除PFASs中的应用,首先对常见的PFASs分类进行了介绍,接下来探讨了具有PFASs高吸附效率的特定超分子结构类别及相关吸附机理.最后介绍了超分子吸附剂再生的方法.同时也为具有改进PFASs去除性能的下一代功能超分子材料的设计提供了一些见解.     

土壤样品中微塑料的分析方法研究进展

微塑料作为一种新型污染物,因其粒径小、难以降解、本身含有多种污染物、且易吸附疏水性有机污染物和重金属等产生复合污染,已成为国内外学者研究的热点问题.微塑料广泛存在于土壤环境中,进入土壤中的微塑料会影响土壤理化性质,同时影响土壤动物生长、植物生长和微生物活动等,并且,微塑料会在土壤中发生迁移或沿食物链传递从而对人类健康构...     

效应引导的污染物分析与识别方法

识别环境样品中主要贡献污染物有助于确定环境风险的来源,是环境治理的前提。单一的化学分析和生物学检测方法常常遗漏主要贡献污染物的信息。效应引导的污染物识别(effected-directed analysis, EDA)是以生物检测引导组分分离、化学分析与污染物鉴定的实用方法,是环境风险评价以及环境样品中主要贡献污染物筛查与识别的有力手段。该方法已成功用于环境中遗传毒物、内分泌干扰物和芳香烃受体效应污染物等污染物的鉴定,为特定污染地区贡献污染物及其来源的确定提供了宝贵的基础数据。本文综述了EDA中所应用的样品提取、分离策略、生物效应检测以及贡献化合物的识别方法,总结了近年来以EDA为手段在环境中识别的效应污染物并对目前EDA应用所存在的问题与未来的发展趋势进行了分析。     

典型蓝藻多肽的浓度水平、毒性及光化学行为的研究进展

由于人为活动和气候变化,蓝藻水华污染已成为全球性环境问题。水华发生时藻类产生的毒性代谢物蓝藻多肽大量释放至水中,对生态系统和人类健康造成风险。本文系统梳理了包含微囊藻毒素在内的6种典型蓝藻多肽的浓度水平和毒性,并探讨了蓝藻多肽的光化学行为。结果显示,蓝藻多肽的浓度水平一般处于μg/L范围,其主要毒性位点为肝、肾和神经系统,致毒浓度LC₅₀在μmol/L范围。蓝藻多肽以间接光解为主,半衰期长短与蓝藻多肽本身的结构和所含的氨基酸基团种类以及环境水体pH大小等有关。本研究为解析蓝藻多肽的环境影响和环境归宿提供参考。     

成组毒理学分析仪在污染物识别与毒性测试中的应用

成组毒理学分析仪（Integrated toxicology analyzer,ITA）是我国自主研制的国际上首套具备化学分析与毒理学评价在线测试功能的新仪器系统。该系统是以高通量多靶点毒性测试及复杂污染物在线分离鉴定为核心,实现复杂介质样品毒性效应综合评估及目标污染物鉴定的通用技术平台。ITA系统通过多种自动化设备的连接与耦合,形成了复杂样品分离与制备、效应物质结构鉴定、多靶点毒性效应评价及数据一体化分析多个功能区,可完成复杂样品的高通量自动化前处理、组分分离、毒性测试与结构解析,显著提高了污染物筛查的可靠性和效率。ITA应用范围广泛,已服务于我国环境保护、食品安全、国家安全等各个领域。该文总结了ITA在环境与健康研究中污染物识别与毒性测试方面的应用进展,并对其未来发展及应用前景进行了展望。     

Recent developments in methods for analysis of perfluorinated persistent pollutants

Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are proliferated into the environment on a global scale and present in the organisms of animals and humans even in remote locations. Persistent organic pollutants of that kind therefore have stimulated substantial improvement in analytical methods. The aim of this review is to present recent achievements in PFASs determination in various matrices with different methods and its comparison to measurements of Total Organic Fluorine (TOF). Analytical methods used for PFASs determinations are dominated by chromatography, mostly in combination with mass spectrometric detection. However, HPLC may be also hyphenated with conductivity or fluorimetric detection, and gas chromatography may be combined with flame ionization or electron capture detection. The presence of a large number of PFASs species in environmental and biological samples necessitates parallel attempts to develop a total PFASs index that reflects the total content of PFASs in various matrices. Increasing attention is currently paid to the determination of branched isomers of PFASs, and their determination in food.

Electrochemical Sensors,a Bright Future in the Fabrication of Portable Kits in Analytical Systems

Analysis of food, pharmaceutical, and environmental compounds is an inevitable issue to evaluate quality of the compounds used in human life. Quality of drinking water, food products, and pharmaceutical compounds is directly associated with human health. Presence of forbidden additives in food products, toxic compounds in water samples and drugs with low quality lead to important problems for human health. Therefore, attention to analytical strategy for investigation of quality of food, pharmaceutical, and environmental compounds and monitoring presence of forbidden compounds in materials used by humans has increased in recent years. Analytical methods help to identify and quantify both permissible and unauthorized compounds present in the materials used in human daily life. Among analytical methods, electrochemical methods have been shown to have more advantages compared to other analytical methods due to their portability and low cost. Most of big companies have applied this type of analytical methods because of their fast and selective analysis. Due to simple operation and high diversity of electroanalytical sensors, these types of sensors are expected to be the future generation of analytical systems. Therefore, many scientists and researchers have focused on designing and fabrication of electroanalytical sensors with good selectivity and high sensitivity for different types of compounds such as drugs, food, and environmental pollutants. In this paper, we described the mechanism and different examples of DNA, enzymatic and electro‐catalytic methods for electroanalytical determination of drug, food and environmental compounds.     

Environmental Risk Assessment Resulting from Sediment Contamination with Perfluoroalkyl Substances

Due to wide use of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) (e.g., in metal-plating, in fire-fighting foam, lubricants) and their resistance to degradation, they occur widely in the environment. The aim of this study was to estimate the environmental risk resulting from the presence of PFASs in the Gulf of Gdansk. Therefore, 17 PFASs concentrations were determined using ultra performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection (UPLC-MS/MS). Additionally, sediment ecotoxicity was investigated. The results of the chemical analysis were used to asses environmental risk of PFASs. In samples collected around discharge collectors from a wastewater treatment plant and the Vistula mouth, Σ17PFASs values were 0.00403 ÷ 40.6 and 0.509 ÷ 614 ng/g d.w., respectively. In samples collected around discharge collectors, PFHxA, PFPeA, PFHpA, and PFOA were dominating, while at the Vistula River mouth, PFHxS, PFDS, and PFBS were prevalent. For most sediments, no toxic effect was observed in the toxicity tests with Heterocypris inconguens and Aliivibrio ficsheri. There was no observed correlation between the PFASs level and their ecotoxicity. Generally, the results of environmental risk assessment indicate that the PFASs would not generate high impact on the aquatic life (five water samples have shown medium risk related to PFBS and PFDoA).     

A review of silver nanoparticles in food packaging technologies: Regulation,methods, properties,migration, and future challenges

The development of antimicrobial food packaging is needed for food preservation and quality maintenance. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been widely used as an antimicrobial agent in food packaging technologies. However, the risks associated with their potential migration into foods are a major concern. This paper comprehensively reviews the use of AgNPs in food packaging technologies. The application of AgNPs in food packaging technologies has been regulated by the United States Food and Drug Administration and the European Food Safety Authority. The addition of AgNPs into food packaging can improve their barrier, mechanical, and antibacterial properties, as well as maintain the quality of foods. Migration of AgNPs from food packaging into foods is still a concern as it has implications for human health associated with their toxicity properties. A study on the toxicological properties of AgNPs released from food packaging needs to be carried out intensively to ensure their safety before being widely implemented. Moreover, comprehensive economic evaluation to implement AgNPs in food packaging is needed as such a study is missing in the literature.     

Recent Advances in Biopolymer-Based Dye Removal Technologies

Synthetic dyes have become an integral part of many industries such as textiles, tannin and even food and pharmaceuticals. Industrial dye effluents from various dye utilizing industries are considered harmful to the environment and human health due to their intense color, toxicity and carcinogenic nature. To mitigate environmental and public health related issues, different techniques of dye remediation have been widely investigated. However, efficient and cost-effective methods of dye removal have not been fully established yet. This paper highlights and presents a review of recent literature on the utilization of the most widely available biopolymers, specifically, cellulose, chitin and chitosan-based products for dye removal. The focus has been limited to the three most widely explored technologies: adsorption, advanced oxidation processes and membrane filtration. Due to their high efficiency in dye removal coupled with environmental benignity, scalability, low cost and non-toxicity, biopolymer-based dye removal technologies have the potential to become sustainable alternatives for the remediation of industrial dye effluents as well as contaminated water bodies.     

Preconcentration procedures for the determination of chromium using atomic spectrometric techniques: A review

Chromium is one of the regulated toxic metals in the environment. Naturally, this element exists mainly in two oxidation: Cr(III) and Cr(VI). In general, Cr(VI) is more toxic than Cr(III). Cr(VI) affects human physiology, accumulates in the food chain and causes severe health problems ranging from simple skin irritation to lung carcinoma. Hence, the determination of chromium traces as well as its speciation in environmental samples is a very important task. In recent years, several preconcentration methods such as coprecipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, cloud point extraction, and solid phase extraction have been developed and widely used. The aim of this study is to review the recent literature (mainly last 5 years) on the preconcentration technologies those have been used in chromium removal before the determination step by atomic spectrometric techniques. Their advantages and limitations in application are also evaluated.     

微塑料介导重金属在陆生植物中迁移及生物效应的影响

随着地膜在现代化农业中的广泛应用,微塑料在土壤中的残留问题日益严重。环境中释放的微塑料可能会与先前存在的重金属相互作用,导致生物效应(生物积累/毒性),并对人类健康和农产品安全构成威胁。目前,大多数研究集中于单一影响因素在土壤系统中的暴露和转化分析,有关微塑料和共存金属对环境联合影响的相当有限。本文综述了微塑料与重金属来源、相互作用机理与影响因素的研究现状,阐述了陆生植物对二者联合污染的生理响应。此外,未来的研究还应重点探讨微塑料与重金属共同在植物上暴露的具体分子机制、通过食物链对人类健康的影响、与其他混合污染物联合作用及微塑料老化过程对重金属迁移动态变化过程的影响。     

Challenges encountered in the analysis of phthalate esters in foodstuffs and other biological matrices

Phthalate esters are ubiquitous environmental pollutants and are recognized as environmental endocrine disruptors because of their potential to elicit reproductive and developmental toxicity. Several phthalate esters have been listed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as chemicals of concern. Determination of concentrations of phthalate esters in foodstuffs, typically present at sub to low nanogram-per-gram concentrations (between 0.1 and 100?ng?g^?1), is essential for assessment of human dietary exposure. However, phthalate esters are commonly present as contaminants in several laboratory products, including organic solvents, that are used in sample preparation and analysis. Therefore, accurate analysis of phthalates in food samples is a challenging task. In this review, we summarize the methods available for the determination of phthalate esters in foodstuffs and report on concentrations of phthalates in foodstuffs and potential sources of contamination by phthalates in the analysis of foodstuffs. We offer suggestions to eliminate and/or reduce background levels of contamination by phthalates in the analysis of food and other biological samples. We also introduce methods that are suitable for trace analysis of phthalates in a variety of liquid and solid food samples, in particular, a liquid–liquid extraction method for removal of lipids from food samples, because these can substantially reduce background levels of phthalates in the analytical procedure.     

用于食品安全分析样品前处理的共价有机聚合物的制备及应用进展

食品安全关系身体健康和生命安全,是全球关注的热点之一。食品基质复杂,痕量有毒有害物质分析之前必须经过有效的前处理。目前发展的前处理技术如固相萃取、磁固相萃取、固相微萃取等,其关键是吸附介质。共价有机聚合物是一类通过共价键连接而成的有机多孔材料,具有质轻、稳定性好、比表面积大、结构可控、易于修饰等特性,是一类优异的新型吸附材料。该文综述了近年来共价有机聚合物(COPs)在食品安全分析前处理中的应用进展。共价有机聚合物及其功能化复合材料通过简单的装填、聚合反应或化学键合固定到小柱或毛细管柱中用作固相萃取的吸附介质;通过一锅法、原位还原法、原位生长法或共沉淀法生成具有磁性的固相萃取吸附介质;或者通过物理涂覆、化学键合、溶胶凝胶法及原位生长法制备固相微萃取纤维。基于以上高吸附容量共价有机聚合物的样品前处理技术,食品中农残兽残、添加剂、环境污染物及生物毒素等得到了有效富集。最后,展望了COPs在食品分析样品前处理应用中的发展方向:简单高效绿色制备方法的开发,功能化COPs的设计合成;萃取机理的研究;高通量、高灵敏度分析方法研究。这些研究将促进COPs在样品前处理领域获得更广泛的应用。