高超声速飞行复现风洞理论与方法

针对高超声速飞行伴随的热化学反应流动,本文回顾了郭永怀先生的科研理念和学科布局,综述了他亲手成立的高温气动团队在高超声速飞行风洞实验模拟理论与方法方面的研究进展.高温气体的迅速产生与迅速应用是一种理想的风洞运行方法,而激波管就是这样一种实验装备.论文首先介绍了激波管技术的基本理论与方程,指出将其用于高超声速流动实验模拟时所具有的独特优势.然后讨论了应用激波风洞复现需要的高超声速飞行状态的可行性、基本方程和需要解决的关键问题.针对这些关键问题,进一步介绍了如何应用爆轰现象研发激波风洞驱动技术的理论,并给出了基于爆轰驱动方法的技术发展和工程应用验证.最后,论文介绍了爆轰驱动激波风洞的界面匹配条件,该条件奠定了长实验时间激波风洞运行基础,是其他驱动方法尝试解决而没能完全解决的难题.高温气动团队关于高超声速飞行复现风洞的理论与技术研究,实现了郭永怀先生的战略规划,成就了国际领先的高超声速热化学反应流动研究平台.      

高超声速静风洞特点和发展概述

普通的高超声速风洞来流噪声和脉动要比实际飞行高一到两个数量级,要在风洞中进行高超声速转捩机理现象的研究,发展高超声速静风洞是十分必要的。为此,首先介绍了静风洞的基本概念,讨论了静风洞的几个关键技术和层流喷管的设计方法,并对静风洞的噪声特性和诊断手段进行了简单的分析。同时论述了国际上高超声速静风洞的发展现状、基本过程和发展水平,介绍了NASA几个代表性的高超声速静风洞实例。最后,整理了国外发展静风洞的经验和成果,对建设我国高超声速静风洞具有参考和借鉴价值。     

高超声速钝锥流场红外辐射实验研究

报道了在JF-10氢氧爆轰驱动高焓激波风洞中开展的再入流场红外辐射实验研究. 风洞的试 验状态为：驻室总压19.6MPa, 总焓15.5MJ/kg, 自由流速度约5 km/s. 实验以锑化铟多元红外成像系统为测量手段，以球头钝锥体为试验模型，测量激波层与近尾流中红外辐射功率 的横向分布剖面. 试验数据呈现明显的规律性. 试验结果表明，激波层内壁面附近的红外辐 射功率较小，中间有一区域辐射较大且相对均匀，激波层外缘辐射单调减小；尾流中红外辐 射功率在轴线附近的核心区最大，随着离轴线距离的增大而单调减小.     

触摸高温气体动力学

回顾了高温气体动力学与高超声速科技相关的一些重要研究进展,探讨几个具有基础性研究意义的方向：即高超声速流动模拟;高温气体热化学反应机制;高超声速流动滞止区预测;高超声速边界层转捩和激波/激波相互作用诱导的气动热问题．这些研究方向与高温气体效应和强激波密切相关,对高超声速科技关键技术的突破起着重要作用．     

高超声速稀薄流中横向喷流干扰特性实验研究

喷流干扰是高超声速飞行高精度控制的一种有效手段,研究者们以往大部分都主要集中于连续流条件下喷流干扰效应的机理研究,并给出了喷流干扰流场的典型结构,而稀薄流条件下喷流干扰特性的实验数据还十分匮乏.本文利用JFX爆轰激波风洞产生高超声速稀薄自由流,基于平板模型开展不同喷流压力和自由来流参数对横向喷流干扰特性影响的实验研究,采用高速纹影成像及图像处理技术,获得稀薄流条件下喷流干扰流场演化过程及流场结构的变化规律.相比于无喷流条件形成的流场,横向喷流与稀薄自由流相互作用形成的流场结构更为复杂,喷流压力由于受到稀薄来流的扰动,斜激波会短暂穿透喷流干扰流场并延伸至楔形体上部.喷流干扰流场内桶状激波的影响范围随着喷流压力的升高而逐渐变宽,位于三波点上游的斜激波空间位置不会随喷流压力的变化而改变,而位于三波点下游的弓形激波则向上游移动,当喷流压力过低时,桶状激波不会与其他两种激波交汇形成三波点.高超声速稀薄来流压力的降低同样会使桶状激波的影响范围变宽,弓形激波同样也会向上游移动,但基本不会对斜激波空间位置产生任何影响.     

前体涡发生器对轴对称高超声速进气道激波振荡流动的影响实验

激波振荡是高超声速进气道不起动过程中常见的流动现象,会显著降低进气道气流捕获与压缩效率、产生剧烈的非定常气动力载荷而危害飞行器安全. 从激波振荡的控制出发,实验研究了前体转捩带位置的涡发生器对轴对称高超声速进气道激波振荡流动的影响. 分别在起动和激波振荡两种进气道流态下,选择无、0.5 mm与1 mm高度涡发生器工况进行对比研究. 并采用高速纹影与壁面动态测压同步记录非定常流动特征. 结果表明,1 mm高度内的涡发生器对起动状态的进气道主流流场结构、壁面压强分布影响不显著. 但对于激波振荡流动,涡发生器会明显缩小外压缩面分离区运动范围,缩短振荡周期,提升振荡周期内壁面压强的时均值. 涡发生器的影响程度随其高度的增大而增强,其中振荡周期从无涡发生器的4 ms缩短到1 mm高度涡发生器的3.13 ms. 此外,0.5 mm高度涡发生器会使得进气道内部测点的压强振荡幅值整体下降,相比无涡发生器工况的下降幅度可达23%. 流场结构与壁面压强信号的分析表明,涡流发生器主要通过其产生的流向涡影响激波振荡流动,包含流向涡对下游边界层的扰动以及流向涡与分离区的相互干扰.      

高超声速高温气体效应判据

基于动理论的观点, 提出几种定量判据, 用以判断在怎样的飞行条件下, 高超声速飞行器周围高温空气分子的振动、离解、电离效应是重要的.      

高超声速高焓边界层稳定性与转捩研究进展

边界层由层流向湍流的转捩是高超声速飞行器设计面临的重大空气动力学问题. 随着飞行速域与空域的不断拓展, 高超声速高焓边界层中的高温气体效应会使得量热完全气体假设失效, 从而深刻影响流动转捩过程. 相关研究涉及多个学科, 是典型的多物理场耦合问题. 近年来, 随着相关飞行器技术的快速发展, 高超声速高焓边界层转捩问题的重要性越来越得到体现, 相关研究已成为国际上的热点领域. 本文综述相关研究进展, 首先介绍目前常用的高温气体物理模型, 尤其关注热化学非平衡模型, 并介绍激波捕捉、激波装配和边界层方程解等常用的高焓流动求解方法, 以及相关风洞和飞行试验技术的进展. 然后综述高温气体效应对转捩过程中的感受性、模态增长、瞬态增长和非线性作用等的影响的相关研究, 其中流向不稳定性中出现较大增长率的第三模态和超声速模态引起了广泛的研究兴趣. 最后进行总结, 并对未来发展略作展望.      

高超声速MHD球头激波脱体距离理论求解

高超声速飞行器强激波后高温气体形成具有导电性的等离子体流场, 电离气体为磁场应用提供了直接工作环境, 磁流体流动控制技术利用外加磁场影响激波后的离子或电子运动规律, 这可以有效改善高超声速飞行器气动特性. 激波脱体距离作为高超声速磁流体流动控制较为直观的气动现象, 受到研究者重点关注; 磁场添加后激波脱体距离发生变化, 其变化幅度直接反映磁控效果, 然而基于高超声速磁流体流动控制的相关理论模型较少, 需要进一步发展. 本文基于低磁雷诺数假设和偶极子磁场分布的条件, 通过对连续方程沿径向积分以及对动量方程采用分离变量的方法, 推导了高超声速磁流体流动控制下的球头激波脱体距离解析表达式. 理论分析结果表明, 激波脱体距离随着磁相互作用系数的增加而变大; 随着来流速度的增加, 磁相互作用系数变为影响激波脱体距离大小的主要因素. 本文理论模型可以达到快速评估磁控效果的目的, 对高超声速磁流体流动控制实验方案设计和结果分析具有一定的指导意义.      

高超声速风洞马赫数4.5喷管气动设计和数值验证

常规跨超声速风洞进行马赫数4.5试验时,常常伴有空气液化现象,造成试验数据可信度低,在高超声速风洞研制马赫数4.5喷管,具有对气流加热的能力,可以提供更加准确的试验数据。目前国内0.5 m量级高超声速风洞还不具备马赫数4.5的试验能力。通过无黏流计算方法计算轴对称喷管型面,并采用Sivells-Payne方法进行附面层修正,然后进行数值验证,证明了计算出的型面满足国军标对马赫数的设计要求,可以投入加工生产。     

Investigation of hypersonic nozzle flow uniformity using NO fluorescence

Planar laser-induced fluorescence visualisation is used to investigate nonuniformities in the flow of a hypersonic conical nozzle. Possible causes for the nonuniformity are outlined and investigated, and the problem is shown to be due to a small step at the nozzle throat. Entrainment of cold boundary layer gas is postulated as the cause of the signal nonuniformity. PACS 47.80.Jk, 47.40.Ki, 47.60.+i     

Asymptotic nature of hypersonic flow in a conical nozzle

This study investigates hypersonic flow in a conical nozzle at large distances from the throat with account for the interaction with the laminar boundary layer.A study of the asymptotic nature of the hypersonic flow of an ideal gas in an expanding nozzle whose wall was close to a kth-power parabola was made by Ladyzhenskii [1], who showed in particular that for 00)_0* the nonuniformity in the distribution of all the gasdynamic parameters in the flow is hydraulic in nature; in this case the maximal Mach number is determined from the boundary-layer joining condition at the nozzle centerline; 2) for Reynolds numbers much larger than (R₀)_0*, when most of the gas is concentrated near the outer edge of the potential core, the region of isentropic flow is bounded in the direction of the stream by the interaction of the compressed gas layers.The author wishes to thank V. N. Gusev and V. N. Zhigulev for helpful discussions of this study.     

Numerical investigation of hypersonic nozzle flows at high reynolds numbers

The direct problem of viscous gas flow in a hypersonic nozzle of given geometry is solved on the basis of simplified Navier-Stokes equations. At a stagnation pressure of the order of several thousands of atmospheres, a compressibility factor is introduced into the equation of state. The gasdynamic parameter profiles and the Mach number distribution along the nozzle axis are obtained. The results of earlier calculations of profiled nozzles are revised. Novosibirsk. Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 161–164, January–February, 1999.     

Starting of an axisymmetric convergent-divergent nozzle in a hypersonic flow

The starting of an axisymmetric convergent-divergent nozzle, with the result that supersonic flow is formed within almost the entire channel, is modeled, as applied to the hypersonic aerodynamic setup of the Institute of Mechanics of Moscow State University. A successful starting is realized when the nozzle is thrown in a uniform supersonic air flow at a fairly high Mach number. The steady flow structure is studied. It is numerically shown that in the convergent section of the channel there arises an oblique shock wave whose interaction with the nozzle axis leads to the formation of a reflected shock and a curvilinear Mach disk with a region of unsteady subsonic flow in the vicinity of the throat. The mathematical model is based on the two-dimensional Euler equations for axisymmetric gas flows.     

Design of the optimal nozzle of a hypersonic flight vehicle for given overall dimensions and moment

The problem of designing the optimal nozzle of a hypersonic ramjet engine for a given isoperimetric condition imposed on the moment and restricted overall dimensions is solved by the method of an indefinite control contour. The lift of the flight vehicle is treated as the optimized functional. It is shown that an increase in the moment due to the replacement of thrust optimization by lift optimization is efficiently compensated by taking the moment constraint into account. Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 118–124, January–February, 1999.     

On nitrogen condensation in hypersonic nozzle flows: numerical method and parametric study

A numerical method for calculating two-dimensional planar and axisymmetric hypersonic nozzle flows with nitrogen condensation is developed. The classical nucleation theory with an empirical correction function and the modified Gyarmathy model are used to describe the nucleation rate and the droplet growth, respectively. The conservation of the liquid phase is described by a finite number of moments of the size distribution function. The moment equations are then combined with the Euler equations and are solved by the finite-volume method. The numerical method is first validated by comparing its prediction with experimental results from the literature. The effects of nitrogen condensation on hypersonic nozzle flows are then numerically examined. The parameters at the nozzle exit under the conditions of condensation and no-condensation are evaluated. For the condensation case, the static pressure, the static temperature, and the amount of condensed fluid at the nozzle exit decrease with the increase of the total temperature. Compared with the no-condensation case, both the static pressure and temperature at the nozzle exit increase, and the Mach number decreases due to the nitrogen condensation. It is also indicated that preheating the nitrogen gas is necessary to avoid the nitrogen condensation even for a hypersonic nozzle with a Mach number of 5 operating at room temperatures.     

A review of some plasticity and viscoplasticity constitutive theories

The purpose of the present review article is twofold:

•

recall elementary notions as well as the main ingredients and assumptions of developing macroscopic inelastic constitutive equations, mainly for metals and low strain cyclic conditions. The explicit models considered have been essentially developed by the author and co-workers, along the past 30 years;     

Numerical design of multimodal axisymmetric hypersonic nozzles for wind tunnels

A method for design of hypersonic nozzles for wind tunnels is developed and implemented on the basis of solving direct problems with various models of the medium and numerical methods of integration of gas-flow equations. Multimodal nozzles for operation in Mach number ranges M _out =8–14 and M _out =14–20 satisfying specified requirements are designed.