切应力协同下受热过冷层流液膜的破断特性

针对界面切应力协同下受热过冷层流液膜流动的破断过程, 建立了不同气液流向下的临界液膜厚度和最小润湿量的理论模型, 分析了不同驱动力作用下, 接触角、流体温度、界面切应力和壁面热流密度对液膜破断特性的影响. 研究表明: 临界液膜厚度和最小润湿量均随壁面热流密度的增加而增大; 重力驱动下的接触角影响在不同热流密度下有所不同, 流体温度在不同驱动力下对最小润湿量的影响截然相反; 同向切应力驱动下临界液膜厚度和最小润湿量随切应力增加而减小; 在重力和切应力协同驱动下, 同向切应力对最小润湿量的影响与重力和切应力所起作用的相对大小有关, 反向切应力使得临界液膜厚度和最小润湿量有所增大.      

垂直沉积干燥薄膜的剪切模量粒径依赖研究

作者前期在关于胶体颗粒粒径对干燥薄膜的初始裂纹形成影响的研究论文中报道了:对于相同厚度薄膜的初始裂纹,其裂纹间距随颗粒粒径的增大而减小.本文从这一实验现象出发,针对垂直沉积干燥薄膜的剪切模量进行了进一步的理论分析.结果表明此薄膜的剪切模量同样具有粒径依赖的特性.同时,通过与颗粒聚集体材料剪切模量的粒径依赖性的比较,我们发现二者有所差异,这表明干燥薄膜的剪切模量不仅仅由其固相部分决定,其液相部分的影响不可忽视.     

双层薄膜与弹性梯度基底三层结构表面失稳分析

硬薄膜/软基底结构的表面失稳问题一直是柔性电子器件的难题,基于此,本文考虑了双层结构与弹性梯度基底间的界面剪切力,建立了双层薄膜/弹性梯度基底模型;利用位移协调条件,理论推导得到了双层薄膜/弹性梯度基底结构的临界应变和失稳波长的表达式并通过有限元仿真,验证了本研究解析解的有效性。在此基础上,应用此解析解进一步研究了弹性梯度基底的材料、双层薄膜结构厚度比等参数对临界应变和波长的影响。结果表明：减小器件层的厚度或者增加封装层的厚度,可以提高双层膜/弹性梯度基底结构的稳定性;当弹性梯度材料基底表面“较软”或器件层“较硬”时,器件层与基底界面的剪切力的影响较大,可以提升三层膜/基结构抵抗界面破坏的能力。本研究成果将为硬薄膜/弹性梯度基底结构的柔性电子器件的制备提供理论支撑。     

热扩散不稳定和流体动力学不稳定对氢气/空气爆炸胞状火焰的影响

为揭示氢气/空气爆炸球形胞状火焰的传播特性,运用高速摄影技术实验研究了热扩散不稳定和流体动力学不稳定对胞状火焰结构、临界火焰半径、临界Peclet数和火焰燃烧速度的影响。结果表明:随着流体动力学不稳定的凸显,Lewis数大于1的火焰胞格尺度远大于Lewis数小于1的胞格尺度;同一初始压力下,火焰厚度随着当量比的增大呈先减小、后增大的趋势,临界火焰半径会随着当量比的增大而增大;同一当量比下,火焰厚度和临界火焰半径都会随着初始压力的升高而减小;当量比低于2.0时,不同初始压力下的临界Peclet数会随当量比的增大而线性增大;当量比为0.6,初始压力为0.05 MPa时的火焰燃烧速度最大。     

高Z材料中X光散射规律的数值研究

用数值模拟研究以钨圆柱体或钨球作为客体的闪光照相系统中记录平面上散射成分随柱半径R、柱体高度H或球半径R变化的规律。结果表明：当柱体R固定时，散射照射量先随H增加而先增加后减小，最大散射发生在H=3cm处；当H固定时，散射照射量随柱体R增加而增加。在球形几何无后锥时，散射照射量先随球外半径R增加而先增加后减小，最大散射发生在R=1．75cm处；后锥是散射的主要来源。直散比既随H增加而单调减小，也随柱体R增加而单调减小；对于球形几何，直散比随球的外半径R增加而单调减小。     

菱形多孔结构线性性能分析

为确定菱形多孔结构材料的线性性能,采用几何分析方法,推导出了精确的相对密度计算公式;并根据六边形多孔蜂窝结构的计算方法,推导出了菱形多孔结构的弹性模量、泊松比和剪切模量的计算公式。利用控制变量分析方法,揭示了菱形多孔结构剪切模量和两个方向弹性模量的变化规律及其敏感参数。通过有限元软件建立了菱形多孔结构模型,并对弹性模量、泊松比和剪切模量计算公式进行了仿真验证分析。结果表明:本文推导出的计算公式是正确的,且计算误差小于5%;菱形多孔结构的泊松比仅与夹角有关,而弹性模量和剪切模量随边长增大而减小,并随厚度增大而增大。     

辽西风积土动剪切模量与阻尼比特性试验研究

研究辽西风积土的动力特性离不开其动剪切模量与阻尼比这两个最基本的参数. 通过一系列动三轴试验, 分析了围压、固结比、振动频率对原状风积土的动剪切模量与阻尼比的影响情况, 并探讨了其产生的机理. 通过试验数据分析表明, 风积土的动剪切模量随围压的增大而增大, 但阻尼比随围压的增大而减小; 动剪切模量随固结比的增大而增大, 阻尼比随固结比的增大而减小; 动剪切模量和阻尼比均随振动频率的增大而增大, 但影响较小, 不如前两个因素明显.     

不同拉压特性的双层厚壁圆筒极限承载力解答

采用统一强度理论并考虑材料拉伸与压缩弹性模量的差异性,建立均匀内压作用下双层厚壁圆筒的应力表达式,获得了其内压相应的弹性极限解答、塑性极限解答,并分析拉压强度比、拉压模量系数、统一强度理论参数、半径比及分层半径对弹性、塑性极限内压的影响规律．研究结果表明：弹性、塑性极限内压随拉压强度比的增加而减小,但随统一强度理论参数、半径比的增加而增大;弹性极限内压随分层半径的增加呈现先增大后减小变化,随拉压模量系数的增加而一直减小;塑性极限内压与拉压模量系数、分层半径无关．应用于实际工程时,可根据所得结果选择合理的壁厚及分层半径,再根据材料特性确定其他参数,以便更加准确地计算结构的受力状况．     

弹-塑性圆管受纯弯载荷作用的实验研究

报导了长圆管的四点弯曲实验,并对圆管在纯弯曲载荷作用下的弹塑性屈曲特性进行了分析。目的是了解在弯曲过程中出现的截面扁化和较薄壳体在其受压面沿长度方向出现的小波纹等不同的失稳现象,以及这些现象对圆管抗弯能力的影响。另外,探讨圆管直径与壁厚比D/t和壳体材料对圆管失稳模态,以及弯矩与曲率关系的影响。实验对象为四种不同径厚比D/t(20,25,34,42),并且分属三种不同材料（LY11M,LY12M,LF2M）的铝制圆管。     

高瓦斯煤层冲击地压发生条件与影响因素

针对高瓦斯煤层冲击地压问题,用解析方法得到冲击地压发生条件,分析了主要影响因素对满足冲击地压发生条件的临界塑性区半径和临界应力的影响规律.结合五龙矿开采实际情况对影响高瓦斯煤层冲击地压的煤的模量比、煤层瓦斯孔隙压力、支护应力和内摩擦角4个因素做了对比分析.研究发现:高瓦斯煤层在巷道掘进面附近由于存在开挖面空间效应,掘进面前方尚未开挖的煤体对巷道变形起到了限制作用,减少了冲击地压的发生,随着掘进面向前推进,后方一定距离范围内的巷道支护应力增大.随着瓦斯解吸渗流的进行,巷道壁处孔隙压力降低,巷道冲击地压危险性明显提高,此时提高支护应力,冲击危险性有所降低.高瓦斯煤层巷道发生冲击地压的临界塑性区半径和临界应力随模量比、瓦斯孔隙压力的增大而快速减小,随支护应力的增大而增大,临界塑性区半径随内摩擦角的增大而增大,临界应力与内摩擦角不是单调函数关系,存在一个极小值点,当内摩擦角小于此极小值时,临界应力随内摩擦角增大而减小;当内摩擦角大于此极小值时,临界应力随内摩擦角增大而增大.     

不同拉压特性的厚壁圆筒极限内压统一解

厚壁圆筒在实际工程领域中应用广泛,若能精确计算出极限内压,对预防事故发生,降低风险有重要意义.工程中存在许多材料,其拉压强度和拉压模量均存在差异,这些差异对极限内压的大小有显著影响.以往研究表明,仅考虑拉压强度与拉压模量的一个方面,计算结果与实际情况存在一定的误差.本文基于双剪统一强度理论,综合考虑中间主应力效应及材料拉压强度和拉压模量的不同,推导了内压作用下厚壁圆筒的弹、塑性状态的应力分布及弹性极限内压、塑性极限内压与安定极限内压的统一解,通过与其他文献对比分析验证了本文计算结果的正确性,分析了半径比、统一强度理论参数、拉压强度比与拉压模量系数对弹性极限内压、塑性极限内压及安定极限内压的影响.结果表明:统一解均随半径比和统一强度理论参数的增大而增大,随拉压强度比的增大而减小,弹性极限内压随材料拉压模量系数的增大而减小,当壁厚增加到一定值后,安定极限内压随材料拉压模量系数的增大而减小;材料的拉压模量不同、拉压强度差异对厚壁圆筒的安定性影响显著,考虑中间主应力效应可使材料的潜能得到更充分发挥,极限内压随半径比的变化规律可为选择合理壁厚提供参考,该结论可为厚壁圆筒的工程应用提供理论依据.     

Small-scale effect on torsional buckling of multi-walled carbon nanotubes

The small-scale effect on the torsional buckling of multi-walled carbon nanotubes coupled with temperature change is investigated in this paper. A nonlocal multiple-shell model for the multi-walled carbon nanotubes surrounded an elastic medium under torsional and thermal loads is established, and then general solutions are obtained from the governing equations. The influence of the nonlocal effect on critical shear force and change in temperature is investigated. It is demonstrated that the critical shear force could be overestimated by the classical continuum theory and the nonlocal effect on critical buckling force decreases as the change in temperature increases at room or low temperature but increases as the change in temperature increases at higher temperature. Meanwhile, the effect of small size-scale is dependent on the buckling mode under different thermal environments. It is also shown that the innermost radius and the number of layer can affect the small-scale effect on critical change in temperature and buckling shear force. When the ratio of tube length and outmost radius are given, the critical shear force in each layer decreases and the nonlocal effect on the critical shear force becomes weaker as the innermost radius and the layer number increase.     

夹层FGM圆柱壳在扭转载荷作用下的弹性稳定性

采用半解析方法研究了两端简支的功能梯度夹层圆柱壳在端部扭转载荷作用下的弹性稳定性.考虑圆柱壳的里外表层为均匀材料,中间层为材料性质沿厚度方向连续变化的功能梯度材料,并且在界面处的材料性质保持连续. 基于Flügge薄壳理论,建立了位移形式的结构静态屈曲控制方程.根据边界条件将位移表示为三角级数形式,获得包含柱壳端部扭转载荷参数的近似线性代数特征值问题,并通过数值方法求得了表征结构失稳特征的临界载荷. 数值结果表明,临界载荷随着半径与厚度比的增加而减小,随着功能梯度中间层的弹性模量的平均值的增加而增加.      

Shear wave velocity in sand considering the effects of frequency based on particle contact theory

Since the shear waves involved in in-situ and laboratory measurement methods vary significantly in terms of the frequency range, it is necessary to consider the effects of frequency on the shear wave velocity. In this study, sand particles are assumed to be spherical solid particles with an equal radius and identical material properties, and sand skeletons are regarded as granular aggregations generated through the random packing of sand particles. It is also assumed that the sand particles only undergo elastic deformation during shear wave propagation. Based on a spherical particle model, a formula is obtained for calculating the shear wave velocity in sand, with the shear wave frequency as an extra influencing parameter. The quantitative calculations demonstrate that the shear wave velocity decreases with an increase of sand porosity, and accelerates with increases of vertical effective stress and elastic modulus of the sand particles. It is also indicated that both the particle density and Poisson’s ratio of the sand particles have negligible effects on the shear wave propagation. The frequency dispersion characteristics of shear wave propagating in sand are also discussed. Moreover, the critical frequency is defined and its analytical expression is derived. The calculation results obtained using the proposed equations agree well with the in-situ measurement results and bender element test data.     

类岩石材料力学特性的试验及数值模拟研究

在进行多组不同配比类岩石材料单轴压缩试验和巴西试验的基础上,详细分析了石膏水泥比和石英砂含量对类岩石材料的单轴抗压强度、抗拉强度及弹性模量等力学参数的影响规律,力图找到适合模拟现场砂质泥岩的类岩石材料及配合比。利用颗粒流程序(PFC)模拟,进一步研究了高径比和围压对类岩石材料力学特性的影响。结果表明:随着石膏水泥比的增大,抗压强度和弹性模量均逐渐减小,而抗拉强度逐渐增大;随着石英粉含量的增大,抗压强度和弹性模量均先增大后减小,而抗拉强度则为先减小后增大。结合单轴压缩过程的声发射特征,揭示了裂纹扩展与声发射有密切的关系。PFC2D模拟获得的力学参数与室内试验相近,破裂模式也与实际情况相似。通过尺寸效应的研究可知试样的高径比在2.0~2.5较合理。随着围压的增大,试样的峰值强度、残余强度、峰值应变及弹性模量等力学参数均增大,且围压会改变试样的破裂模式。     

Tailored heterogeneity increases overall stability regime of composites having a negative-stiffness inclusion

Recent theoretical and experimental results have shown the possibility of enormous increases in composite material overall elastic stiffness, damping, thermal expansion, piezoelectricity, etc., when the composite contains a tuned non-positive-definite (i.e., negative stiffness) constituent. For such composite materials to have practical utility, they must be stable. Recent research has shown they can be, for a limited range of constituent negative stiffness. This research has treated linear elastic composite materials with homogeneous phases, via the energy method and full dynamic stability analyses.In the present work, we first show how to analyze the composites previously treated by the comprehensive but simpler static stability approach, obtaining closed-form results. We then employ this approach to show that permitting heterogeneity of the positive-definite phase can substantially increase the range of constituent negative stiffness while maintaining overall composite stability. We first treat the positive-definite phase heterogeneity as piecewise homogeneous, and then treat it as continuously-varying. In the continuously-varying heterogeneity case, we seek the radially optimal distribution of the elastic moduli in the coatings, under constant coating average moduli constraint, to permit the most negative possible inclusion stiffness while maintaining overall composite stability. This is accomplished for three coating cases: constant bulk modulus but arbitrarily radially-varying shear modulus; constant shear modulus but arbitrarily radially-varying bulk modulus; and both moduli arbitrarily radially varying. We find the optimal coatings to be: a heterogeneous one with shear modulus being a specific continuously decreasing function of radius for the first case; a homogeneous one for the second case; and a heterogeneous one with both moduli being either Dirac-delta or Heaviside-step decreasing functions of radius for the last case (if the coating moduli are unrestricted in magnitude or have upper limits, respectively). The results show a substantial increase in the permissible inclusion negative stiffness range is provided by coating heterogeneity, while maintaining overall composite stability. Such an increased range of constituent negative stiffness provides an enlarged tuning parameter range for the development of novel, high-performance composite materials.     

Boundary film shear elastic modulus effect in hydrodynamic contact. Part II: influence of operational parameters

The present paper is the subsequent research of the first part (Theor Comput Fluid Dyn, 2009). It investigates the boundary film shear elastic modulus effect in a hydrodynamic contact in different operating conditions. The hydrodynamic contact is one-dimensional, composed of two parallel plane surfaces, which are respectively rough rigid with rectangular micro projections in profile periodically distributed on the surface and ideally smooth rigid. The whole contact consists of cavitated area and hydrodynamic area. The hydrodynamic area consists of many micro Raleigh bearings which are discontinuously and periodically distributed in the contact. The hydrodynamic contact in a micro Raleigh bearing consists of boundary film area and fluid film area which, respectively, occur in the outlet and inlet zones. In boundary film area, the film slips at the upper contact surface due to the limited shear stress capacity of the film–contact interface, while the film does not slip at the lower contact surface due to the shear stress capacity of the film–contact interface large enough. In boundary film area, the viscosity, density, and shear elastic modulus of the film are varied across the film thickness due to the film–contact interactions, and their effective values are used in modeling which depends on the film thickness. In fluid film area, the film does not slip at either of the contact surfaces, and the shear elastic modulus of the film is neglected. It is found from the simulation results that the boundary film shear elastic modulus influences are normally negligible on the mass flow through the contact, the carried load of the contact and the overall film thickness of the contact, and the boundary film shear elastic modulus would normally influence the local film thickness in an elastic contact when the local film thickness is on the film molecule diameter scale. It is also found that the boundary film shear elastic modulus effect has the tendency of being increased with the reduction of the width of a micro contact. It is increased with the reduction of the boundary film–contact interfacial shear strength or with the increase of the critical boundary film thickness, while it is strongest at certain values of the contact surface roughness, the width ratio of fluid film area to boundary film area, and the lubricant film shear elastic modulus.

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Nonlinear viscoelastic properties of MR fluids under large-amplitude-oscillatory-shear

Nonlinear viscoelastic properties of the MR fluid, MRF-132LD, under large-amplitude oscillatory shear were investigated. This was accomplished by carrying out the experiments under the amplitude sweep mode and the frequency sweep mode, using a rheometer with parallel-plate geometry. Investigations under the influence of various magnetic field strength and temperatures were also conducted. MR fluids behave as nonlinear viscoelastic or viscoplastic materials when they are subjected to large-amplitude shear, where the storage modulus decreases rapidly with increasing strain amplitude. Hence, MR fluid behaviour ranges from predominantly elastic at small strain amplitudes to viscous at high strain amplitudes. Large-amplitude oscillatory shear measurements with frequency sweep mode reveal that the storage modulus is independent of oscillation frequency and approaches plateau values at low frequencies. With increasing frequency, the storage modulus shows a decreasing trend before increasing again. This trend may be explained by micro-structural variation. In addition, the storage modulus increases gradually with increasing field strength but it shows a slightly decreasing trend with temperature.     

Axially compressed buckling of pressured multiwall carbon nanotubes

This paper studies axially compressed buckling of an individual multiwall carbon nanotube subjected to an internal or external radial pressure. The emphasis is placed on new physical phenomena due to combined axial stress and radial pressure. According to the radius-to-thickness ratio, multiwall carbon nanotubes discussed here are classified into three types: thin, thick, and (almost) solid. The critical axial stress and the buckling mode are calculated for various radial pressures, with detailed comparison to the classic results of singlelayer elastic shells under combined loadings. It is shown that the buckling mode associated with the minimum axial stress is determined uniquely for multiwall carbon nanotubes under combined axial stress and radial pressure, while it is not unique under pure axial stress. In particular, a thin N-wall nanotube (defined by the radius-to-thickness ratio larger than 5) is shown to be approximately equivalent to a single layer elastic shell whose effective bending stiffness and thickness are N times the effective bending stiffness and thickness of singlewall carbon nanotubes. Based on this result, an approximate method is suggested to substitute a multiwall nanotube of many layers by a multilayer elastic shell of fewer layers with acceptable relative errors. Especially, the present results show that the predicted increase of the critical axial stress due to an internal radial pressure appears to be in qualitative agreement with some known results for filled singlewall carbon nanotubes obtained by molecular dynamics simulations.