非对称势阱对三稳态压电俘能器性能的影响分析

为了探讨具有非对称势能函数的三稳态压电俘能器的优点,提出了一种具有不对称势能函数的三稳态结构.基于广义Hamilton变分原理,考虑梁端磁铁偏心距和转动惯量的影响,建立了非对称三稳态压电悬臂梁俘能系统的动力学方程,利用龙格-库塔法和多尺度法分析了初始振动点、外界激励等对存在非对称势阱的磁力式三稳态压电俘能系统响应的影响...     

附磁压电悬臂梁流致振动俘能特性分析

流致振动蕴含巨大的能量, 本文基于流致振动理论,设计了一种附加磁力激励的压电悬臂梁流致振动俘能器,并通过理论和实验研究其振动俘能特性.该俘能器由压电悬臂梁、圆柱绕流体和磁铁组成;首先基于Euler-Bernoulli梁理论,推导了流致振动附磁压电俘能器的能量函数,利用Hamilton原理建立了流致振动附磁压电俘能器的机电耦合方程;利用数值方法研究详细分析了流速、圆柱绕流体直径和长度、磁间距、磁极和外接电阻等系统参数对压电俘能器振动特性和输出电压的影响.分析结果表明, 该型压电俘能器的振动幅值在低流速条件下产生涡激振动,并产生最大的输出电压;磁力可以降低压电俘能器的共振频率并能够拓宽压电俘能器频带带宽,因此,附磁压电俘能器具有相比没有附磁的压电俘能器更适用于低速层流环境;实验结果与数值结果吻合较好,验证了附磁压电悬臂梁流致振动俘能器的理论分析的正确性.      

附磁压电悬臂梁流致振动俘能特性分析

流致振动蕴含巨大的能量,本文基于流致振动理论,设计了一种附加磁力激励的压电悬臂梁流致振动俘能器,并通过理论和实验研究其振动俘能特性.该俘能器由压电悬臂梁、圆柱绕流体和磁铁组成;首先基于Euler-Bernoulli梁理论,推导了流致振动附磁压电俘能器的能量函数,利用Hamilton原理建立了流致振动附磁压电俘能器的机电耦合方程;利用数值方法研究详细分析了流速、圆柱绕流体直径和长度、磁间距、磁极和外接电阻等系统参数对压电俘能器振动特性和输出电压的影响.分析结果表明,该型压电俘能器的振动幅值在低流速条件下产生涡激振动,并产生最大的输出电压;磁力可以降低压电俘能器的共振频率并能够拓宽压电俘能器频带带宽,因此,附磁压电俘能器具有相比没有附磁的压电俘能器更适用于低速层流环境;实验结果与数值结果吻合较好,验证了附磁压电悬臂梁流致振动俘能器的理论分析的正确性.     

三稳态压电俘能器的势能函数及对其性能的影响

基于压电本构方程、牛顿第二定律和基尔霍夫定律,推导了机械式三稳态非线性压电俘能器的数学模型,采用数值方法研究了压电俘能器的势能函数及其对系统动力学响应和俘能特性的影响,同时,分析了刚度比和弹簧位置参数对势能函数性状的影响.研究结果表明:三稳态压电俘能器系统的势能函数具有三个势阱且具有对称性,当系统初始位置位于较浅的势阱...     

多稳态俘能系统的准确磁力建模方法

混沌和分岔使得多稳态俘能系统的非线性动力学响应对系统结构参数非常敏感, 导致了系统的非线性特性正向设计比较困难. 为了定量地表征非线性恢复力与结构参数的关系, 提出了一种多稳态俘能系统的准确磁力建模方法. 推导了多稳态俘能系统端部磁铁和外部磁铁的相对距离和转角位置, 并采用磁荷理论建立了多稳态系统的非线性磁力模型. 通过搭建实验平台测量了不同结构参数条件下多稳态系统的非线性磁力, 并对比了本方法与传统方法和实验测量的结果. 结果表明: 本方法的磁力计算结果与实验测量值吻合较好, 双稳态系统和三稳态系统的磁力峰值误差分别仅为4.3%和6.49%, 验证了本方法计算多稳态系统非线性磁力的有效性. 此外, 基于本方法探究了多稳态系统结构参数对系统势阱的影响机理, 获取了多稳态系统的稳态临界位置, 研究了双稳态和三稳态系统在不同结构参数下的响应电压规律. 参数优化结果表明, 双稳态系统在竖直距离为34 mm时, 均方电压最大为10.22 V; 三稳态系统在竖直距离为28 mm且水平距离为8 mm时, 均方电压最大为12.7 V. 该研究提出的模型以期为多稳态系统的输出性能优化设计提供借鉴.      

附磁阶梯变厚度悬臂梁压电俘能器的理论建模及分析

论文建立了一种附磁阶梯变厚度压电悬臂梁的动力学模型并分析了系统的俘能特性。基于Euler-Bernoulli梁理论分段建立系统能量函数并引入非线性磁势能,利用Lagrange方程建立了系统机电耦合动力学方程;利用数值方法分析了磁间距对系统振动特性的影响,此外还研究了系统单稳态和双稳态响应,探讨了厚度比、长度比、磁间距和外激励幅值对系统动力学响应和俘能特性的影响。结果表明,磁间距是影响系统势能的主要因素,调节磁间距可使系统产生单稳态和双稳态响应,从而有效提高俘能器俘能特性;与传统等截面悬臂梁压电俘能器相比,通过优化结构参数,附磁阶梯变厚度悬臂梁压电俘能器能够发生明显的非线性振动现象,实现宽频带振动能量采集。     

磁耦合式双稳态宽频压电俘能器的设计和俘能特性

为了同时提高振动能量俘获系统的效率和实用性, 俘能器主结构的振动特性与环境振动特性的匹配度显得尤为重要. 非线性系统复杂的动力学行为为设计高效的俘能器奠定了基础, 但结构一旦被设计、生成出来, 其工作频率往往是固定的, 无法根据环境中的振动而发生相应的改变. 本文利用可移动铰支座和非线性磁力设计了一种具有双稳态特性的宽频压电俘能器, 通过拓宽压电俘能器的工作频带, 来匹配环境中较宽的振动频率. 为了保证系统低频宽带的俘能效果, 详细分析了结构的长度比、磁间距、负载阻抗、外激励频率和幅值等对系统线性刚度、非线性刚度以及动力学行为的影响, 并进行了实验验证. 首先将系统简化为欧拉-伯努力梁, 利用拉格朗日方程建立系统的非线性动力学方程, 并利用谐波平衡法进行求解. 针对理论分析给出的不同外激励频率下的最优长度比, 搭建了实验平台进行验证. 理论和实验的结果表明: 非线性磁力的引入使系统呈现负刚度特性, 使俘能器能够在单稳态和双稳态之间的变换, 实现低频俘能效果; 通过调节可移动铰支座的位置, 改变系统的长细比, 能够实现从0到16 Hz的宽频俘能效果.      

基于多尺度法双稳态压电俘能器动力特性分析

基于欧拉-伯努利梁假设,推导了双稳态悬臂式压电俘能系统的分布参数模型,建立了分析该模型的多尺度法并获得了系统的动力响应解析表达式,论证了多尺度法分析双稳态压电俘能器性能的可行性;研究了磁铁间距、外部激励的幅值、阻尼比、力电耦合系数、负载阻抗等参数对俘能系统性能的影响。结果表明:产生阱间运动的激励幅值阈值与激励频率、两磁铁间距有关,低于激励阈值仅有阱内运动产生;输出功率并不是随着力电耦合系数增大而增加,而是存在最优力电耦合系数产生最大的输出功率,力电耦合系数大于最优值后,阱间运动输出功率减小;随着两磁铁间距的增大,阱间运动的频带宽度减小;减小系统的阻尼比可以有效地拓宽系统的阱间运动频带并获得较高的输出功率。通过优化设计、合理地调节各参数,可以提高压电俘能系统的输出功率和拓宽系统的工作频带宽度。     

双稳态压电俘能器的簇发振荡与俘能效率分析

本文从理论上分析了双稳态压电俘能器在高频激励下的动力学行为和低频激励下的簇发振荡, 旨在为系统找到多条高能轨道从而提高俘能效率. 首先, 介绍了双稳态压电俘能器的结构以及一般模型. 与工程上研究俘能器的目的不同, 本文主要从动力学方面分析了俘能器的运动, 电压输出与效率, 包括高频激励下系统的低能阱内周期运动、阱间混沌运动等, 并说明了单个低频激励下双稳态压电俘能器会在阱间高能轨道上发生簇发振荡, 但在阱内低能轨道上只做周期运动. 同时, 结合振幅以及势阱深度等因素对簇发振荡的存在性和强度进行分析. 为了说明高能轨道与低能轨道对系统俘能效率的影响, 讨论了不同的等效阻尼、负载电阻下俘能器输出电压的变化, 找到了最优匹配. 最后, 对于多个低频外激励的情况, 从不同的轨道组合模式上得到了双高能簇发振荡模式输出的电压最大, 其次是单高能簇发振荡与单低能周期振荡的组合模式, 输出电压最低的是双低能周期振荡模式. 并与单个外激励进行对比, 表现了多个激励的良好性能.      

不倒翁式电磁俘能器的非线性动力学特性研究

海洋波浪能作为一种可再生能源,将其俘获并转化为电能为无线传感器持续供电,可以推动海洋环境监测的数字化改造升级.然而,海浪能的低频与随机性等特征导致其俘获难度大.不倒翁结构具有不同于传统结构的超低频振动特性,并且其对低频激励敏感的特点,可以吸收周围振动能量.为此,文章通过引入不倒翁机制与Halbach磁铁阵列,构建了磁非线性力,设计一种不倒翁式电磁俘能器,以实现提高低频波浪能的俘获效果.首先,基于拉格朗日方程建立不倒翁式电磁俘能器的理论模型,并用谐波平衡法推导了不倒翁摆角与输出电压的频率响应关系.将解析解与数值解进行对比验证.其次,探究了激励频率与幅值等参数对系统动力学行为的影响规律.最后,研制了不倒翁式电磁俘能器原理样机,搭建俘能试验平台并进行试验,验证了理论模型的正确性.研究表明:引入磁非线性力使得系统呈现刚度硬化特征,有利于提升低频俘能效率.不倒翁式电磁俘能器随激励频率与幅值的变化,呈现周期、准周期及混沌运动等复杂动力学行为.低频与大激励条件更容易造成俘能器系统的混沌运动,有利于提高俘能效果.本研究为不倒翁式电磁俘能器的设计及在低频波浪能高效俘获的应用提供了理论支持.     

Accurate modeling,comparative analysis,and performance enhancement of broadband piezoelectric energy harvesters with single and dual magnetic forces

The accurate electromechanical modeling and effectiveness of a piezoelectric energy harvester having dual magnetic forces at its tip is evaluated for low-frequency excitation purposes. To accurately represent the magnetic force, the exact finite element magnetic force is accurately fitted with a fifth-order polynomial representation in order to use it for low spacing distances between the two magnets. A comparative study is then carried out between the performances of piezoelectric energy harvesters having single and dual magnetic forces. It is indicated that hardening nonlinear behaviors take place in the dual attractive magnets compared to softening behaviors in the single magnet design. Static and eigenvalue problem analyses are also performed in order to determine the impacts of the spacing distance between the magnets on the static deflection and fundamental natural frequency of the energy harvester. The results show that the inclusion of a second magnetic force with an attractive interaction results in a delay in the static pull-in and a decrease in the fundamental natural frequency for same spacing distances. After that, a nonlinear distributed-parameter model is derived using the Galerkin discretization and used to study the performance and effectiveness of a piezoelectric energy harvester with dual attractive magnetic forces. The results show that the attractive dual magnets with same spacing distances lead to the presence of broadband resonance regions when the spacing distance between the magnets decreases to lower values. In addition, unlike the dual magnetic forces configuration which has only cubic nonlinearity, it is demonstrated that the single magnetic force configuration results in the presence of the quadratic nonlinearity which allows the energy harvester to have a softening behavior.     

动态多稳态压电风能俘能结构设计与实验验证

传统的线性颤振式风能俘能结构在变风速环境下转换效率不高。针对此问题,本文提出了一种动态多稳态颤振式压电俘能结构,可在较宽的风速范围内保持较高的电压输出。该结构由矩形平板、压电悬臂梁与3块永磁体组成,并通过磁吸力实现结构的多稳态。通过在不同风速下开展的能量转换特性实验研究,发现当风速较小时,该结构具有双稳态特性;而当风速较大时,会出现新的稳定位置,结构变为三稳态系统。这样的动态稳定位置,可以保证结构在很宽的风速范围内出现阱间跳跃,进而保持大的电能输出。实验结果表明,这种动态多稳态结构,风速在2.0m/s—7.5m/s区间变化时,能够激发并保持阱间跳跃,甚至相干共振,产生较大的电能输出。     

Investigations on the presence of electrical frequency on the characteristics of energy harvesters under base and galloping excitations

The characteristics and performance of piezoelectric energy harvesters concurrently subjected to galloping and base excitations when using a complex electrical circuit are studied. The considered energy harvester is composed of a bilayered cantilever beam with a square cylindrical structure at its tip. Euler–Bernoulli beam theory, nonlinear quasi-steady hypothesis, and Galerkin method are used to develop a reduced order model of this system. The electrical circuitry of the harvester consists of a load resistance, a capacitance, and an inductance. The impacts of the electrical components of the harvester’s circuitry, the wind speed, and the base excitation frequency and acceleration on the broadband characteristics of the harvester, quenching phenomenon, and appearance of new nonlinear behaviors are deeply investigated and discussed. Different methods were used to characterize the new nonlinear phenomena that took place due to mechanical electrical interaction like the power spectrum and time history. When both coupled frequencies of electrical and mechanical types exist and are far from each other, it is shown that the quenching phenomenon is only related to the coupled frequency of mechanical type. It was also proven that this configuration results on high harvested power with low displacement near the electrical frequency. On the other hand, for a well-defined choice of the electrical components, the results show that a broadband configuration of the harvester can be designed. It is also indicated that the quenching phenomenon interacts with the appearance of hysteresis regions that depends on the value of the base acceleration and initial conditions. Moreover, it was shown that the presence of this inductance may result in broadband system harvesting more power from both galloping and base excitation.     

Nonlinear characterization of concurrent energy harvesting from galloping and base excitations

An energy harvester is proposed to concurrently harness energy from base and galloping excitations. This harvester consists of a triangular cross-sectional tip mass attached to a multilayered piezoelectric cantilever beam and placed in an incompressible flow and subjected to a harmonic base excitation in the cross-flow direction. A coupled nonlinear-distributed-parameter model is developed representing the dynamics of the transverse degree of freedom and the generated voltage. The galloping force and moment are modeled by using a nonlinear quasi-steady approximation. Under combined loadings and when the excitation frequency is away from the global natural frequency of the harvester, the response of the harvester mainly contains these two harmonic frequencies. Thus, the harvester’s response is generally aperiodic and is either periodic with large period (i.e., period- \(n\) ), or quasi-periodic, or chaotic. To characterize the harvester’s response under a combination of vibratory base excitations and aerodynamic loading, we use modern methods of nonlinear dynamics, such as phase portraits, power spectra, and Poincaré sections. A further analysis is then performed to determine the effects of the wind speed, frequency excitation, base acceleration, and electrical load resistance on the performance of the harvester under separate loadings.     

Energy harvesting from the secondary resonances of a nonlinear piezoelectric beam under hard harmonic excitation

Meccanica - This paper investigates the dynamical response of a nonlinear piezoelectric energy harvester under a hard harmonic excitation and assesses its output power. The system is composed of a...     

Piezoelectric energy harvesting from concurrent vortex-induced vibrations and base excitations

We investigate the potential of using a piezoelectric energy harvester to concurrently harness energy from base excitations and vortex-induced vibrations. The harvester consists of a multilayered piezoelectric cantilever beam with a circular cylinder tip mass attached to its free end which is placed in a uniform air flow and subjected to direct harmonic excitations. We model the fluctuating lift coefficient by a van der Pol wake oscillator. The Euler–Lagrange principle and the Galerkin procedure are used to derive a nonlinear distributed-parameter model for a harvester under a combination of vibratory base excitations and vortex-induced vibrations. Linear and nonlinear analyses are performed to investigate the effects of the electrical load resistance, wind speed, and base acceleration on the coupled frequency, electromechanical damping, and performance of the harvester. It is demonstrated that, when the wind speed is in the pre- or post-synchronization regions, its associated electromechanical damping is increased and hence a reduction in the harvested power is obtained. When the wind speed is in the lock-in or synchronization region, the results show that there is a significant improvement in the level of the harvested power which can attain 150 % compared to using two separate harvesters. The results also show that an increase of the base acceleration results in a reduction in the vortex-induced vibrations effects, an increase of the difference between the resonant excitation frequency and the pull-out frequency, and a significant effects associated with the quenching phenomenon.