单原子掺杂二硫化钼析氢催化的进展和展望

层状二硫化钼由于具有独特的物理化学特性, 在电化学制氢领域受到广泛关注. 二硫化钼的氢惰性表面导致其在酸性和碱性电解液中的析氢活性都比铂差. 将单原子锚定在二硫化钼中能够有效活化惰性的基面,促使其成为先进的析氢电催化剂. 本文从单原子掺杂的二硫化钼的结构出发, 探讨了单原子在提升活性方面的具体机制, 总结了关于单原子掺杂的二硫化钼的制备方法、 表征手段和最新的研究进展, 以及单原子掺杂所产生的缺陷对于活性提升的重要作用. 最后, 基于单原子掺杂二硫化钼在析氢反应中的最新进展, 总结了该领域中相关催化剂的设计思想和主要挑战.     

高分散超薄二硫化钼/硫、氮共掺碳复合材料的电催化析氢性能

氢气是一种清洁可再生能源,有望在未来替代化石燃料成为最主要的能源物质.电催化析氢技术是最有效的产氢途径之一.目前,电催化析氢催化剂主要是贵金属铂,由于其昂贵的价格限制了它的大规模应用.所以在不减少催化剂活性的前提下尽量减少贵金属的使用或者寻找替代物质,降低成本是工业化大规模使用析氢反应(HER)催化剂的前提.二硫化钼基催化剂因其价格低廉、资源丰富且具有优异的催化析氢性能而引起研究者的广泛关注.实验和理论研究都证明了二硫化钼的催化性能和其催化活性位点有关.所以,开发一种具有丰富的活性位点、良好的导电性的二硫化钼基催化剂可以获得高的产氢性能和良好的稳定性.因此,对于提高MoS2的电催化析氢性能的研究主要集中于增加MoS2暴露活性位点的个数和导电性.然而,二硫化钼层与层之间的相互作用可能导致其发生聚集,较低的导电率都有可能降低它的电催化活性.我们通过水热的方法直接制备出了固体的硫、氮共掺杂的、具有石墨化结构的碳复合材料(SNC).将钼酸钠加入到反应中后,多钼酸盐通过化学交互作用均匀地嵌入、分散到SNC中.经高温处理后,SNC放出S2-,多钼酸盐结合S2-生成二硫化钼.SNC有效地防止了二硫化钼聚集成大的颗粒.我们成功地制备出具有较好析氢性能的、高度分散于SNC中的二硫化钼纳米片.通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、元素分析、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等测试手段对材料进行了表征,通过电催化析氢、电化学阻抗以及稳定性测试等手段研究了其电催化性能.由MoS2/SNC-900-12h的TEM图片可以看出,二硫化钼纳米片高度分散于碳复合材料中,且层数只有一到几层,暴露出了更多的催化活性位点.拉曼光谱图的D带(1341 cm-1)和G带(1584 cm-1)体现出了材料具有较好的石墨化结构,提高了材料的导电性.XPS C 1s谱图中存在C–S和C–N键,S 2p谱图中存在C–S–C、C=S和C–SOx–C键,N 1s谱图中存在吡啶氮和石墨氮,结合元素分析,说明该碳材料确为硫氮共掺杂的碳;Mo谱测试显示出Mo 3d5/2(229.4 eV)和Mo 3d3/2(232.6 eV),证明了二硫化钼成功地嵌入到了碳材料中.电化学性能表征显示MoS2/SNC-900-12h在H2SO4溶液(0.5 mol/L)中展现出较低的起始电位(115 mV)以及低的过电位(237 mV).电化学阻抗测试显示在H2SO4溶液(0.5 mol/L)中过电位为?0.2 V(vs.RHE)时Rct只有124Ω.此外,在?0.3–0 V(vs.RHE)下,经5000圈稳定性测试后性能只有约2.6%(10 mA/cm2)的衰减,说明MoS2/SNC-900-12h同样具有优异的电化学稳定性.     

二硫化钼析氢电催化剂

电解水与一次可再生能源耦合,可同时提供洁净制氢方式与先进的能源转化技术,有望在未来清洁能源经济中扮演重要角色,而实现这一美好愿景的关键在于研发高活性、低成本的析氢/析氧电催化材料。二硫化钼(MoS₂)是颇具代表性的非贵金属析氢电催化材料,纵观其研究历程,先导性理论预测与材料设计、先进制备与表征技术的应用均在改性研究中发挥了至关重要的作用,这也从一个侧面折射出当代电催化剂的研究模式与发展趋势。本文按照重要发现与进展的时间顺序,梳理了MoS₂析氢电催化剂的发展历程,重点论述了增多边缘活性位、提高导电性、构筑基面活性位等改性策略的实施方法、效果与机理,最后从全领域总结了MoS₂析氢电催化剂的研究启示并展望其未来发展趋势。     

金箔上单层MoS2的控制生长及电催化析氢应用

金属衬底上单层MoS₂的可控批量制备是探索其微观形貌、新奇物理化学特性以及潜在应用的重要前提. 最近, 我们利用低压化学气相沉积的方法, 在多晶金箔上实现了高质量、大面积/大批量、畴区尺寸可调(从几百纳米到几十微米)单层MoS₂的可控制备; 利用低能电子显微/衍射实现了直接生长的单层MoS₂畴区取向和畴区边界的原位识别; 利用金箔上合成的纳米尺寸MoS₂作为电催化析氢反应的催化剂, 实现了高效的析氢效果(塔菲尔斜率约61 mV/dec, 交换电流密度约38.1 μA/cm²). 本文将以这些研究成果为主线, 系统地阐述金箔上单层MoS₂的可控制备和转移、畴区的原位识别以及在电催化析氢反应中的应用, 并对该领域的未来发展趋势和所面临的挑战进行简要的展望.     

Ni-W-WC复合电极在碱性介质中的电催化析氢

氢能源作为高效、洁净和理想的二次能源,已受到世界各国广泛的重视［１］．电解水制氢是实现大规模生产氢的重要手段,为降低电解能耗,最行之有效的办法是降低氢的阴极析出电位,因此开发新型廉价高催化性能的析氢材料具有十分重要的意义．具有高催化析氢活性的单一金属和合金材料已广为报导［２－８］．近二十年来,通过复合电沉积技术将一种或数种不溶性固体微粒渗杂到金属材料中所形成的复合镀层,如Ｎｉ－ＷＣ［９］、Ｎｉ－ＰＴＴＥ［１０］、Ｎｉ－ＲｕＯ_２［１１］、Ｎｉ－ＬａＮｉＯ３［１２］等,这些复合镀层因其高比表面而表…     

石墨烯负载超薄二硫化钼杂化材料的电催化析氢性能

以磷钼酸和L-半胱氨酸作为前驱体,还原氧化石墨烯作为载体,采用水热法一步合成了超薄二硫化钼/还原氧化石墨烯杂化材料(UT-MoS_2/rGO)。作为电催化析氢(HER)非贵金属催化剂,对其结构特征和在0.5 mol·L-1H2SO4溶液中氧化还原反应的催化性能进行表征。结果显示,得益于UT-MoS_2暴露的丰富活性位点、导电rGO片的稳定支撑以及MoS_2与rGO的良好结合,UT-MoS_2/rGO显示了优异的电催化性能。其起始过电势为-66 mV;电流密度为-10 mA·cm-2时过电势为-145 mV,Tafel斜率为42.9 mV·dec-1;交流阻抗为0.76Ω;在0.1～0.2 V范围内循环伏安测试1000次后,其催化活性仍能保持98%。     

含稀土的镍基合金的析氢电催化行为

用电沉积方法制备的Ni-Ce-P和Ni-La-P合金作阴极测得析氢阴极极化曲线,结果表明,合金电极上析氢速率比Ni电极上约大10倍,析氢电热政移＞200mV,显示出含稀土的镍基合金具有较高的析氢催化活性,根据XPS谱图讨论了析氢的电催化机制。     

二硫化钼纳米片/碳纳米纤维杂化材料的制备及其析氢性能

以碳纳米纤维(CNFs)作为负载基体和反应器采用静电纺丝技术和碳化工艺生长和调控二硫化钼(MoS_2)纳米片。通过改变前驱体溶液浓度来调控纳米片的形貌和结构,利用MoS_2纳米片的高催化活性和CNFs高比表面积、良好的稳定性以及高电导率的协同作用,研究不同形貌和结构的杂化纳米材料在电催化析氢方面的应用,探索杂化材料形貌与性能之间的潜在规律。运用多种分析测试技术对制备得到的纳米杂化材料进行表征,并对所制备的MoS_2/CNFs杂化材料的电催化析氢性能(HER)进行研究,研究表明近似皮芯结构的MoS_2/CNFs-10杂化材料的电催化析氢性能最好,初始析氢过电位在220 mV,Tafel斜率为110m V·dec~(-1)。     

纳米二硫化钼的掺杂及催化电解水产氢的研究进展

电催化水分解制氢是可以形成闭环的生产过程, 起始原料与副产物均为水、 过程清洁无污染, 是极具希望的产氢策略. 目前制约其发展的瓶颈之一是价格昂贵的Pt基贵金属催化剂. 为推动电催化分解水制氢的普及, 亟待开发低成本非贵金属催化剂. 在众多备选非贵金属催化材料中, 纳米层状结构二硫化钼(MoS₂)因催化效果可期、 价格低而获得了广泛关注. 然而, 通常条件下易于获得的层状结构2H相MoS₂大面积的基面部分显示惰性, 仅在片层边缘处存在少量活性位点, 且导电性较差, 因而尚不能替代Pt基催化剂, 而如何增加其活性位点数量和提高其导电性成为亟待解决的问题; 另一方面, 1T相MoS₂虽然活性高、 导电性好, 但却存在制备困难及稳定性差的问题. 鉴于此, 研究者通过对纳米MoS₂进行掺杂改性实现了其活性与稳定性的有效提升. 本文对非贵金属纳米MoS₂催化剂掺杂改性的方法、 机理及其电催化水解制氢性能的相关研究进行了总结与讨论. 作为典型的非贵金属电解水析氢催化剂, MoS₂具有巨大发展潜力, 本文能够对相关非贵金属催化剂的研发提供有益的参考.     

MoS2 Nanosheets Supported on 3D Graphene Aerogel as a Highly Efficient Catalyst for Hydrogen Evolution

The development of efficient catalysts for electrochemical hydrogen evolution is essential for energy conversion technologies. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) has emerged as a promising electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction, and its performance greatly depends on its exposed edge sites and conductivity. Layered MoS₂ nanosheets supported on a 3D graphene aerogel network (GA‐MoS₂) exhibit significant catalytic activity in hydrogen evolution. The GA‐MoS₂ composite displays a unique 3D architecture with large active surface areas, leading to high catalytic performance with low overpotential, high current density, and good stability.     

Defect Engineering of MoS2 and Its Impacts on Electrocatalytic and Photocatalytic Behavior in Hydrogen Evolution Reactions

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) has been regarded as a favorable photocatalytic co‐catalyst and efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalyst alternative to expensive noble‐metals catalysts, owing to earth‐abundance, proper band gap, high surface area, and fast electron transfer ability. In order to achieve a higher catalytic efficiency, defects strategies such as phase engineering and vacancy introduction are considered as promising methods for natural 2H‐MoS₂ to increase its active sites and promote electron transfer rate. In this study, we report a new two‐step defect engineering process to generate vacancies‐rich hybrid‐phase MoS₂ and to introduce Ru particles at the same time, which includes hydrothermal reaction and a subsequent hydrogen reduction. Compositional and structural properties of the synthesized defects‐rich MoS₂ are investigated by XRD, XPS, XAFS and Raman measurements, and the electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction performance, as well as photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance in the ammonia borane dehydrogenation are evaluated. Both catalytic activities are boosted with the increase of defects concentrations in MoS₂, which ascertains that the defects engineering is a promising route to promote catalytic performance of MoS₂.     

Distance Synergy of MoS2-Confined Rhodium Atoms for Highly Efficient Hydrogen Evolution

Perturbing the electronic structure of the MoS₂ basal plane by confining heteroatoms offers the opportunity to trigger in-plane activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The key challenge consists of inducing the optimum HER activity by controlling the type and distribution of confined atoms. A distance synergy of MoS₂-confined single-atom rhodium is presented, leading to an ultra-high HER activity at the in-plane S sites adjacent to the rhodium. By optimizing the distance between the confined Rh atoms, an ultra-low overpotential of 67 mV is achieved at a current density of 10 mA cm⁻² in acidic solution. Experiments and first-principles calculations demonstrate a unique distance synergy between the confined rhodium atoms in tuning the reactivity of neighboring in-plane S atoms, which presents a volcanic trend with the inter-rhodium distance. This study provides a new strategy to tailor the activity of MoS₂ surface via modulating the distance between confined single atoms.     

3D Carbon Foam Supported Edge-Rich N-Doped MoS2 Nanoflakes for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) is one of the most promising alternatives to the Pt-based electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, its performance is currently limited by insufficient active edge sites and poor electron transport. Hence, enormous efforts have been devoted to constructing more active edge sites and improving conductivity to obtain enhanced electrocatalytic performance. Herein, the 3D carbon foam (denoted as CF) supported edge-rich N-doped MoS₂ nanoflakes were successfully fabricated by using the commercially available polyurethane foam (PU) as the 3D substrate and PMo₁₂O₄₀³⁻ clusters (denoted as PMo₁₂) as the Mo source through redox polymerization, followed by sulfurization. Owing to the uniform distribution of nanoscale Mo sources and 3D carbon foam substrate, the as-prepared MoS₂-CF composite possessed well-exposed active edge sites and enhanced electrical conductivity. Systematic investigation demonstrated that the MoS₂-CF composite showed high HER performance with a low overpotential of 92 mV in 1.0 m KOH and 155 mV in 0.5 m H₂SO₄ at a current density of 10 mA cm⁻². This work offers a new pathway for the rational design of MoS₂-based HER electrocatalysts.     

Self-Assembly Approach Towards MoS2-Embedded Hierarchical Porous Carbons for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution

Transition metal-based nanoparticle-embedded carbon materials have received increasing attention for constructing next-generation electrochemical catalysts for energy storage and conversion. However, designing hybrid carbon materials with controllable hierarchical micro/mesoporous structures, excellent dispersion of metal nanoparticles, and multiple heteroatom-doping remains challenging. Here, a novel pyridinium-containing ionic hypercrosslinked micellar frameworks (IHMFs) prepared from the core–shell unimicelle of s-poly(tert-butyl acrylate)-b-poly(4-bromomethyl) styrene (s-PtBA-b-PBMS) and linear poly(4-vinylpyridine) were used as self-sacrificial templates for confined growth of molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) inside cationic IHMFs through electrostatic interaction. After pyrolysis, MoS₂-anchored nitrogen-doped porous carbons possessing tunable hierarchical micro/mesoporous structures and favorable distributions of MoS₂ nanoparticles exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution reaction as well as small Tafel slope of 66.7 mV dec⁻¹, low onset potential, and excellent cycling stability under acidic condition. Crucially, hierarchical micro/mesoporous structure and high surface area could boost their catalytic hydrogen evolution performance. This approach provides a novel route for preparation of micro/mesoporous hybrid carbon materials with confined transition metal nanoparticles for electrochemical energy conversion.     

Distance Synergy of MoS2‐Confined Rhodium Atoms for Highly Efficient Hydrogen Evolution

Perturbing the electronic structure of the MoS₂ basal plane by confining heteroatoms offers the opportunity to trigger in‐plane activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The key challenge consists of inducing the optimum HER activity by controlling the type and distribution of confined atoms. A distance synergy of MoS₂‐confined single‐atom rhodium is presented, leading to an ultra‐high HER activity at the in‐plane S sites adjacent to the rhodium. By optimizing the distance between the confined Rh atoms, an ultra‐low overpotential of 67 mV is achieved at a current density of 10 mA cm^?2 in acidic solution. Experiments and first‐principles calculations demonstrate a unique distance synergy between the confined rhodium atoms in tuning the reactivity of neighboring in‐plane S atoms, which presents a volcanic trend with the inter‐rhodium distance. This study provides a new strategy to tailor the activity of MoS₂ surface via modulating the distance between confined single atoms.     

二硫化钼纳米片/碳纳米纤维杂化材料的制备及其析氢性能

以碳纳米纤维（CNFs）作为负载基体和反应器采用静电纺丝技术和碳化工艺生长和调控二硫化钼（MoS₂）纳米片。通过改变前驱体溶液浓度来调控纳米片的形貌和结构,利用MoS₂纳米片的高催化活性和CNFs高比表面积、良好的稳定性以及高电导率的协同作用,研究不同形貌和结构的杂化纳米材料在电催化析氢方面的应用,探索杂化材料形貌与性能之间的潜在规律。运用多种分析测试技术对制备得到的纳米杂化材料进行表征,并对所制备的MoS₂/CNFs杂化材料的电催化析氢性能（HER）进行研究,研究表明近似皮芯结构的MoS₂/CNFs-10杂化材料的电催化析氢性能最好,初始析氢过电位在220 mV,Tafel斜率为110 mV·dec^-1。     

Gold Nanoclusters Grown on MoS2 Nanosheets by Pulsed Laser Deposition: An Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

Au nanoparticles were decorated on a 2H MoS₂ surface to form an Au/MoS₂ composite by pulse laser deposition. Improved HER activity of Au/MoS₂ is evidenced by a positively shifted overpotential (−77 mV) at a current density of −10 mA cm⁻² compared with pure MoS₂ nanosheets. Experimental evidence shows that the interface between Au and MoS₂ provides more sites to combine protons to form an active H atom. The density functional theory calculations found that new Au active sites on the Au and MoS₂ interface with improved conductivity of the whole system are essential for enhancing HER activity of Au/MoS₂.