非等温黏弹性复杂流动的改进SPH方法模拟

非等温黏弹性流体广泛存在于自然界和工业生产中,准确预测黏弹性流体的非等温流动机理和复杂流变特性有着重要的应用价值.文章提出一种改进的光滑粒子流体动力学(smoothed particle hydrodynamics,SPH)方法对非等温黏弹性复杂流动进行了数值模拟,其中流体的黏弹特性通过eXtended Pom-Pom本构模型来表征.为了提高模拟结果的精度,采用了一种核函数梯度的修正算法;为了灵活地施加边界条件,发展了边界粒子和虚拟粒子相联合的边界处理方法;为了消除流动过程中的拉伸不稳定性,施加了粒子迁移技术.运用改进SPH方法数值模拟了液滴撞击固壁和F型腔注塑成型问题,通过与Basilisk软件得到的结果进行比较验证了改进SPH方法求解非等温黏弹性流体的有效性.通过利用不同粒子初始间距进行计算,评价了改进SPH方法的数值收敛性.研究了非等温流动相较于等温流动的不同流动特征,深入分析了不同热流变参数对流动过程的影响.数值结果表明,文章提出的改进SPH方法可稳定、准确地描述非等温黏弹性复杂流动的传热机理、复杂流变特性和自由面变化特性.     

颗粒在黏弹性流体扩张和收缩流中沉降的格子Boltzmann模拟分析

对于Oldroyd-B型黏弹性流体,本文应用格子Boltzmann方法(LBM),实现了流体在二维1:3扩张流道及3:1收缩流道中流动的数值模拟,获得了黏弹性流体在扩张和收缩流道中的流场分布．结合颗粒的受力和运动规则,基于点源颗粒模型,数值分析了颗粒在扩张流和收缩流中的沉降过程和特征,讨论了颗粒相对质量和起始位置以及雷诺数Re和威森伯格数Wi对颗粒沉降特征的影响．结果表明,颗粒相对质量和起始位置以及Re对颗粒沉降轨迹和落点影响较大,而Wi的影响则较小．     

同心旋转圆柱间强弹性流的非线性稳定性分析

基于Oldroyd-B型粘弹性流体模型，采用同心旋转圆柱间非线性动力系统分析了流体的弹性对轴对称Taylor涡稳定性的影响．分析结果表明，对于弱弹性流体，Taylor涡出现时，系统存在超临界分岔；而对于强弹性流体则出现亚临界分岔．在小间隙大扰动条件下，采用有限差分法分析了非线性效应对系统稳定性的影响．数值计算结果表明，随着流动速度的增加，润滑油膜的失稳结构与流体的弹性有关，对于弱弹性流，流体以同宿轨道分岔失稳；强弹性流则出现倍周期分岔，直至发生混沌，流场最终发展为湍流．     

线黏弹性球面发散应力波的频率响应特性

基于线黏弹性球面波Laplace域的理论解, 得到了不同传播距离处粒子速度、粒子位移、应力、应变等力学量的传递函数。以标准线性固体模型为例, 重点讨论了粒子速度频率响应函数的传播特征, 指出随着传播距离的增加, 粒子速度幅频响应函数的高频响应会低于低频响应, 而在理想弹性条件下, 粒子速度幅频响应函数的高频响应一直高于低频响应。以弹性半径为0.025 m的空腔爆炸为例, 采用Laplace数值逆变换方法对粒子速度波形的演化进行了分析, 给出了粒子速度强间断幅值及粒子速度峰值随传播距离变化的衰减规律曲线, 指出黏弹性介质中粒子速度幅值的衰减曲线介于理想弹性介质中粒子速度幅值衰减曲线和黏弹性介质中粒子速度强间断幅值衰减曲线之间。     

黏弹性流体扩展及收缩流动的格子Boltzmann模拟分析

本文应用格子Boltzmann 方法(LBM)并结合Oldroyd-B 模型,讨论了不可压缩的 Navier-Stokes 方程和平流扩散本构方程的解耦及各自求解方法,以及两类问题的边界处理格式,实现了黏弹性流体在二维1:3 扩展流道以及3:1 收缩流道中的流动的数值模拟．获得了不同雷诺数Re 和维森伯格数Wi 以及黏度vs 下流动的流线分布,计算给出了漩涡的涡心位置和大小,并分析了参数Re、Wi 和vs 对流动特点的影响．模拟结果表明本文所采用模型和边界处理方法具有良好的精度和稳定性．     

自主泳动弹性绳的轨迹模拟

研究柔性结构与流体间耦合作用,可以促进软体机器人的发展.通过速度快、精度高的数值模拟方法模拟水下机器人的实时运动轨迹,可以为真实实验提供测试方向与理论牵引,增大实验成功的可能性.本文研究有自主运动趋势的弹性绳在二维流场中的运动轨迹.首先,对弹性绳离散化建模并同时考虑拉压与扭转弹性力,从能量角度建立动力学方程,此模型可以较为真实地反映弹性绳内力对其运动产生的作用.然后基于半拉格朗日法建立流体求解器. 最后,提出简化的基于动量方程的浸入边界法作为耦合算法,通过直接修正网格速度代替浸入边界力法中力源项的作用.使用这种算法求解耦合作用兼具简便性与快速性.对弹性绳模型、流体模型与简化耦合模型依次解算,模拟了正弦形式波动弹性绳在水中的运动轨迹.结果显示,弹性绳在弹性内力与流固相互作用力共同影响下,该种新的浸入边界法可以实现对水下弹性绳运动轨迹的模拟.数值实验显示弹性绳的自主运动参考模型的初相位改变时,其前进方向会发生改变.该仿真模拟算法与平台可以为细长形软体水生机器人的研发提供参考.      

自主泳动弹性绳的轨迹模拟

研究柔性结构与流体间耦合作用,可以促进软体机器人的发展.通过速度快、精度高的数值模拟方法模拟水下机器人的实时运动轨迹,可以为真实实验提供测试方向与理论牵引,增大实验成功的可能性.本文研究有自主运动趋势的弹性绳在二维流场中的运动轨迹.首先,对弹性绳离散化建模并同时考虑拉压与扭转弹性力,从能量角度建立动力学方程,此模型可以较为真实地反映弹性绳内力对其运动产生的作用.然后基于半拉格朗日法建立流体求解器.最后,提出简化的基于动量方程的浸入边界法作为耦合算法,通过直接修正网格速度代替浸入边界力法中力源项的作用.使用这种算法求解耦合作用兼具简便性与快速性.对弹性绳模型、流体模型与简化耦合模型依次解算,模拟了正弦形式波动弹性绳在水中的运动轨迹.结果显示,弹性绳在弹性内力与流固相互作用力共同影响下,该种新的浸入边界法可以实现对水下弹性绳运动轨迹的模拟.数值实验显示弹性绳的自主运动参考模型的初相位改变时,其前进方向会发生改变.该仿真模拟算法与平台可以为细长形软体水生机器人的研发提供参考.     

多孔介质内黏弹性流体的热对流稳定性研究

基于修正的Darcy模型, 介绍了多孔介质内黏弹性流体热对流稳定性研究的现状和主要进展. 通过线性稳定性理论, 分析计算多孔介质几何形状(水平多孔介质层、多孔圆柱以及多孔方腔)、热边界条件(底部等温加热、底部等热流加热、底部对流换热以及顶部自由开口边界)、黏弹性流体的流动模型(Darcy-Jeffrey, Darcy-Brinkman-Oldroyd以及Darcy-Brinkman -Maxwell模型)、局部热非平衡效应以及旋转效应对黏弹性流体热对流失稳的临界Rayleigh数的影响. 利用弱非线性分析方法, 揭示失稳临界点附近热对流流动的分叉情况, 以及失稳临界点附近黏弹性流体换热Nusselt数的解析表达式. 采用数值模拟方法, 研究高Rayleigh数下黏弹性流体换热Nusselt数和流场的演化规律,分析各参数对黏弹性流体热对流失稳和对流换热速率的影响.主要结果:(1)流体的黏弹性能够促进振荡对流的发生;(2)旋转效应、流体与多孔介质间的传热能够抑制黏弹性流体的热对流失稳;(3)在临界Rayleigh数附近,静态对流分叉解是超临界稳定的, 而振荡对流分叉可能是超临界或者亚临界的,主要取决于流体的黏弹性参数、Prandtl数以及Darcy数;(4)随着Rayleigh数的增加,热对流的流场从单个涡胞逐渐演化为多个不规则单元涡胞, 最后发展为混沌状态.      

多孔介质内黏弹性流体的热对流稳定性研究

基于修正的Darcy模型,介绍了多孔介质内黏弹性流体热对流稳定性研究的现状和主要进展.通过线性稳定性理论,分析计算多孔介质几何形状(水平多孔介质层、多孔圆柱以及多孔方腔)、热边界条件(底部等温加热、底部等热流加热、底部对流换热以及顶部自由开口边界)、黏弹性流体的流动模型(Darcy-Jeffrey, DarcyBrinkman-Oldroyd以及Darcy-Brinkman-Maxwell模型)、局部热非平衡效应以及旋转效应对黏弹性流体热对流失稳的临界Rayleigh数的影响.利用弱非线性分析方法,揭示失稳临界点附近热对流流动的分叉情况,以及失稳临界点附近黏弹性流体换热Nusselt数的解析表达式.采用数值模拟方法,研究高Rayleigh数下黏弹性流体换热Nusselt数和流场的演化规律,分析各参数对黏弹性流体热对流失稳和对流换热速率的影响.主要结果:(1)流体的黏弹性能够促进振荡对流的发生;(2)旋转效应、流体与多孔介质间的传热能够抑制黏弹性流体的热对流失稳;(3)在临界Rayleigh数附近,静态对流分叉解是超临界稳定的,而振荡对流分叉可能是超临界或者亚临界的,主要取决于流体的黏弹性参数、Prandtl数以及Darcy数;(4)随着Rayleigh数的增加,热对流的流场从单个涡胞逐渐演化为多个不规则单元涡胞,最后发展为混沌状态.     

基于虚拟区域法的黏弹性流体中微生物游动的数值模拟和应用

微生物是自然生态系统的重要组成部分,掌握微生物在复杂流体中的运动特性可以为微型器件的设计制造提供理论指导.壁面效应是微生物游动研究中的重要问题之一,已有研究表明微生物在壁面附近存在复杂的行为特征.然而已有研究大多集中于微生物在牛顿流体中的游动模拟,仅有少数涉及黏弹性流体等非牛顿流体.本文采用直接力虚拟区域法与乔列斯基分解相结合的数值方法,引入Squirmer微生物游动模型,研究了微生物在黏弹性流体中的游动问题.首先给出求解黏弹性流体本构方程的数值格式;并将该方法应用于研究微生物游动中的壁面效应.研究结果表明,游动方向是影响微生物颗粒壁面效应的重要因素.流体弹性应力会对微生物产生一个反向转矩,影响微生物的游动方向,从而阻碍微生物逃离壁面.微生物颗粒在黏弹性流体中与壁面作用时间较长,几乎达到牛顿流体的两倍以上.     

Effect of Shape on Inertial Particle Dynamics in a Channel Flow

Particle dynamics in a channel flow are investigated using large eddy simulation and a Lagrangian particle tracking technique. Following validation of single-phase flow predictions against DNS results, fluid velocities are subsequently used to study the behaviour of particles of differing shape assuming one-way coupling between the fluid and the particles. The influence of shape- and orientation-dependent drag and lift forces on both the translational and rotational motion of the particles is accounted for to ensure accurate representation of the flow dynamics of non-spherical particles. The size of the particles studied was obtained based on an equivalent-volume sphere, and differing shapes were modelled using super-quadratic ellipsoid forms by varying their aspect ratio, with their orientation predicted using the incidence angle between the particle relative velocity and the particle principal axis. Results are presented for spherical, needle- and platelet-like particles at a number of different boundary layer locations along the wall-normal direction within the channel. The time evolution and probability density function of selected particle translational and rotational properties show a clear distinction between the behaviour of the various particles types, and indicate the significance of particle shape when modelling many practically relevant flows.     

Multi-level DEM study on silo discharge behaviors of non-spherical particles

The silo discharge of non-spherical particles has been widely practiced in engineering processes, yet the understanding of multi-level mechanisms during solid transportation is still lacking. In this study, a high-fidelity super-ellipsoid Discrete Element Method (DEM) model is established to investigate the discharge behaviors of non-spherical particles with different size distributions. After the comprehensive model validations, we investigated the effects of particle shape (aspect ratio and particle sharpness) on the particle level discharge behaviors. The discharge rates of the ellipsoid particles used in the current work are larger than the spherical particles due to the larger solid fraction. The discharge rates of the cuboid-like particles are determined by the combined effect of the solid fraction and the contact force. Parcel level data show that the translational movements of the ellipsoid particles are more ordered, which is supported by the global level data. Strong correlations exist between the particle level and parcel level data, especially the ellipsoid particles and the large particles in the polydispersed cases.     

Pure axial flow of viscoelastic fluids in rectangular microchannels under combined effects of electro-osmosis and hydrodynamics

This paper presents an analysis of the combined electro-osmotic and pressure-driven axial flows of viscoelastic fluids in a rectangular microchannel with arbitrary aspect ratios. The rheological behavior of the fluid is described by the complete form of Phan-Thien–Tanner (PTT) model with the Gordon–Schowalter convected derivative which covers the upper convected Maxwell, Johnson–Segalman and FENE-P models. Our numerical simulation is based on the computation of 2D Poisson–Boltzmann, Cauchy momentum and PTT constitutive equations. The solution of these governing nonlinear coupled set of equations is obtained by using the second-order central finite difference method in a non-uniform grid system and is verified against 1D analytical solution of the velocity profile with less than 0.06% relative error. Also, a parametric study is carried out to investigate the effect of channel aspect ratio (width to height), wall zeta potential and the Debye–Hückel parameter on 2D velocity profile, volumetric flow rate and the Poiseuille number in the mixed EO/PD flows of viscoelastic fluids with different Weissenberg numbers. Our results show that, for low channel aspect ratios, the previous 1D analytical models underestimate the velocity profile at the channel half-width centerline in the case of favorable pressure gradients and overestimate it in the case of adverse pressure gradients. The results reveal that the inapplicability of the Debye–Hückel approximation at high zeta potentials is more significant for higher Weissenberg number fluids. Also, it is found that, under the specified values of electrokinetic parameters, there is a threshold for velocity scale ratio in which the Poiseuille number is approximately independent of channel aspect ratio.     

Effects of shear thinning on migration of neutrally buoyant particles in pressure driven flow of Newtonian and viscoelastic fluids

The pattern of cross stream migration of neutrally buoyant particles in a pressure driven flow depends strongly on the properties of the suspending fluid. These migration effects have been studied by direct numerical simulation in planar flow. Shear thinning has a large effect when the inertia or elasticity is large, but only a small effect when they are small. At moderate Reynolds numbers, shear thinning causes particles to migrate away from the centerline, creating a particle-free zone in the core of the channel, which increases with the amount of shear thinning. In a viscoelastic fluid with shear thinning, particles migrate either toward the centerline or toward the walls, creating an annular particle-free zone at intermediate radii. The simulations also give rise to precise determination of slip velocity distributions in the various cases studied.     

Orientation tensors in simple flows of dilute suspensions of non-Brownian rigid ellipsoids,comparison of analytical and approximate solutions

General analytical solutions are obtained for the planar orientation structure of rigid ellipsoid of revolutions subjected to an arbitrary homogeneous flow in a Newtonian fluid. Both finite and infinite aspect ratio particles are considered. The orientation structure is described in terms of two-dimensional, time-dependent tensors that are commonly employed in constitutive equations for anisotropic fluids such as fiber suspensions. The effect of particle aspect ratio on the evolution of orientation structure is studied in simple shear and planar elongational flows. With the availability of analytical solutions, accuracies of quadratic closure approximations used for nonhomogeneous flows are analyzed, avoiding numerical integration of orientation distribution function. In general, fourth-order orientation evolution equations with sixth-order quadratic closure approximations yield more accurate representations compared to the commonly used second-order evolution equations with fourth-order quadratic closure approximations. However, quadratic closure approximations of any order are found to give correct maximum orientation angle (i.e., preferred direction) results for all particle aspect ratios and flow cases.     

近壁泊肃叶流中活性粒子迁移规律研究

研究活性粒子在剪切流中的迁移规律对实现颗粒分离和过程强化均具有重要意义.基于耗散粒子动力学理论,建立了描述微通道内近壁泊肃叶流中活性粒子迁移运动的数学模型,考察了活性粒子圆周运动角速度、手性诱导角速度、直行运动速度和转向扩散系数对大肠杆菌和常规活性粒子横向迁移速度和受迫转向频率的影响规律,并确定近壁剪切流中活性粒子横向迁移的形成机制.结果表明,近壁剪切流场中大肠杆菌的横向迁移速度随剪切速率增大先快速增加继而趋于稳定;大肠杆菌横向迁移速度随圆周运动角速度增大而减小,随手性诱导角速度、直行运动速度和转向扩散系数的增大而增大;大肠杆菌的受迫转向频率受圆周运动角速度、直行运动速度和转向扩散系数的影响小,而随手性诱导角速度的增大而加快;相比大肠杆菌,常规活性粒子横向迁移速度显著减小、受迫转向频率明显变慢,二者受直行运动速度和转向扩散系数的影响规律与大肠杆菌类似.直行运动是活性粒子形成横向迁移运动的前提,其他运动参数和结构参数均可一定程度促进或抑制活性粒子在近壁剪切流场中的横向迁移.     

Fully resolved simulations of viscoelastic suspensions by an efficient immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method

An efficient immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method (IB-LBM) is proposed for fully resolved simulations of suspended solid particles in viscoelastic flows. Stress LBM based on Giesekus and Oldroyd-B constitutive equation are used to model the viscoelastic stress tensor. A boundary thickening-based direct forcing IB method is adopted to solve the particle–fluid interactions with high accuracy for non-slip boundary conditions. A universal law is proposed to determine the diffusivity constant in a viscoelastic LBM model to balance the numerical accuracy and stability over a wide range of computational parameters. An asynchronous calculation strategy is adopted to further improve the computing efficiency. The method was firstly applicated to the simulation of sedimentation of a single particle and a pair of particles after good validations in cases of the flow past a fixed cylinder and particle migration in a Couette flow against FEM and FVM methods. The determination of the asynchronous calculation strategy and the effect of viscoelastic stress distribution on the settling behaviors of one and two particles are revealed. Subsequently, 504 particles settling in a closed cavity was simulated and the phenomenon that the viscoelastic stress stabilizing the Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities was observed. At last, simulations of a dense flow involving 11001 particles, the largest number of particles to date, were performed to investigate the instability behavior induced by elastic effect under hydrodynamic interactions in a viscoelastic fluid. The elasticity-induced ordering of the particle structures and fluid bubble structures in this dense flow is revealed for the first time. These simulations demonstrate the capability and prospects of the present method for aid in understanding the complex behaviors of viscoelastic particle suspensions.     

考虑等效曲率的超二次曲面单元非线性接触模型

基于连续函数包络的超二次曲面单元可有效地描述自然界和工业生产中的非球体颗粒形态, 并通过非线性迭代方法精确计算单元间的接触力. 对于具有复杂几何形态的超二次曲面单元, 线性接触模型不能准确地计算不同接触模式下的作用力. 考虑超二次曲面单元相互作用时不同颗粒形状及表面曲率的影响, 本文发展了相应的非线性黏弹性接触模型. 该模型将不同接触模式下的法向刚度和黏滞力统一表述为单元间局部接触点处等效曲率半径的函数; 切向接触作用则借鉴基于Mohr-Coulomb摩擦定律的球体单元非线性接触模型的计算方法. 为检验超二次曲面单元接触模型的可靠性, 对球形颗粒间的法向碰撞、椭球体颗粒间的斜冲击过程、圆柱体的静态堆积和椭球体的动态卸料过程进行离散元模拟, 并与有限元数值结果及试验结果进行对比验证. 计算表明, 考虑接触点处等效曲率半径的超二次曲面非线性接触模型可准确地计算单元间的接触碰撞作用, 并合理地反映非球形颗粒体系的运动规律. 在此基础上进一步分析了不同长宽比和表面尖锐度对卸料过程中颗粒流动特性的影响, 为非球形颗粒材料的流动特性分析提供了一种有效的离散元方法.      

An experimental investigation of negative wakes behind spheres settling in a shear-thinning viscoelastic fluid

We present detailed experimental results examining “negative wakes” behind spheres settling along the centerline of a tube containing a viscoelastic aqueous polyacrylamide solution. Negative wakes are found for all Deborah numbers (2.43≤De(˙γ)≤8.75) and sphere-to-tube aspect ratios (0.060≤a/R≤0.396) examined. The wake structures are investigated using laser-Doppler velocimetry (LDV) to examine the centerline fluid velocity around the sphere and digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) for full-field velocity profiles. For a fixed aspect ratio, the magnitude of the most negative velocity, U _min , in the wake is seen to increase with increasing De. Additionally, as the Deborah number becomes larger, the location of this minimum velocity shifts farther downstream. When normalized with the sphere radius and the steady state velocity of the sphere, the axial velocity profiles become self-similar to the point of the minimum velocity. Beyond this point, the wake structure varies weakly with aspect ratio and De, and it extends more than 20 radii downstream. Inertial effects at high Reynolds numbers are observed to shift the entire negative wake farther downstream. Using DPIV to investigate the transient kinematic response of the fluid to the initial acceleration of the sphere from rest, it is seen that the wake develops from the nonlinear fluid response at large strains. Measurements of the transient uniaxial extensional viscosity of this weakly strain-hardening fluid using a filament stretching rheometer show that the existence of a negative wake is consistent with theoretical arguments based on the opposing roles of extensional stresses and shearing stresses in the wake of the sphere. Received: 10 November 1997 Accepted: 1 May 1998     

Examination of large-scale structures in turbulent microchannel flow

Microscopic particle image velocimetry was performed on turbulent flow in microchannels of various diameters and aspect ratios to evaluate the characteristics of large-scale turbulent structures. Spatial correlations of velocity fluctuations were measured along the channel centerlines and at four other locations, and characteristic turbulent length scales were defined. For square microchannels, excellent agreement was observed between the measured length scales and results for macro-scale duct flow. Along the centerline of the square microchannels the normalized longitudinal length scale, 2Lx _uu /W, ranged from 0.30 to 0.37, the lateral length scale, 2Ly _uu /W, ranged from 0.16 to 0.18, and the ratio between the two length scales, Lx _uu /Ly _uu ranged from 1.88 to 2.00, results which agree well with macroscale results. Results for non-square microchannels indicate that as aspect ratio increases, the ratio Lx _uu /Ly _uu also increases, ranging from 2.29 for an aspect ratio of 2.09 up to 3.75 for an aspect ratio of 5.68. Measurements were repeated at various distances from the side walls of the microchannels. For the square microchannels the turbulent structures are smaller near the side walls than near the center of the microchannel with 2Lx _uu /W ranging from 0.30 to 0.38 along the centerline, but dropping to 0.04–0.06 at y/(W/2)=0.94. Similar results were observed for the rectangular microchannels. For the rectangular microchannels 2Lx _uu /W ranged from 0.32 to 0.42, compared to 0.30–0.38 for the square microchannels.