有机聚合物整体柱的制备与应用的研究进展

整体柱具有通透性能良好和传质速度快等特点,可实现快速、高效、高通量的分离,近年来已引起人们的热切关注。聚合物整体柱是其中应用最为广泛的一种,它是由单体、交联剂、致孔剂和引发剂等通过原位聚合得到的连续均一的棒状聚合物,具有取材广泛,使用pH范围比较宽,生物兼容性好等特点,通过化学修饰,可以用作多种色谱模式的固定相。该文主要综述了2003年至2006年期间有关聚合物整体柱制备和应用的研究进展。     

有机-硅胶杂化整体柱的制备及应用研究进展

有机-硅胶杂化整体柱结合了有机聚合物整体柱和硅胶整体柱的优势, 具有制备简单、机械强度高和通透性好等优点, 近年来备受关注. 有机-硅胶杂化整体柱的制备方法主要有常规溶胶-凝胶法、“一锅法”和其它聚合方法. 目前, 杂化整体柱已被广泛应用于微纳尺度分离分析、样品预处理和固定化酶反应器基质中. 本文综述了有机-硅胶杂化整体柱的制备方法及应用研究进展, 并展望了其今后的发展前景.     

以金纳米溶胶为中间体同时制备阳离子及反相模式整体柱

本文以甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)为单体,二甲基丙烯酸乙二酯(EDMA)为交联剂,环己醇和十二醇为致孔剂,过氧化苯甲酰(BPO)为引发剂,制备了有机聚合整体材料基质,利用金纳米粒子(AuNPs)易与巯基基团(-SH)共价键合的特点和有机聚合整体柱的优点,以半胱胺和金纳米溶胶(AuNPs)为中间体,依次采用2-巯乙基磺酸钠和正十八烷硫醇修饰该柱,制备了表面具有阳离子交换和疏水作用两种模式的整体柱,拓宽了有机聚合物整体柱的应用领域。制备的整体柱适用于不同色谱模式下蛋白质或多肽混合物的分离。     

聚合物整体固定相的制备及条件优化

采用无搅动原位聚合模式,在聚醚醚酮柱管中直接制备了聚合物整体固定相。通过扫描电镜观察到该整体固定相的孔径分布呈双峰模式,且孔结构均匀。用压汞法测定了该固定相的孔径分布、孔隙率及比表面积等参数,考察了致孔剂组成、聚合温度及交联剂含量等参数对固定相孔结构的影响,并对制备条件进行了优化。测定了流速与柱前压的关系,实验表明此整体固定相具有良好的通透性。通过对山羊血清和低聚核苷酸的分离分析,证明了所制备的整体固定相适合用于生物大分子的分离纯化。     

手性有机聚合物毛细管电色谱整体柱研究进展

毛细管电色谱具有高分离效率、多种保留机制和高选择性的优点。近年来,利用毛细管电色谱进行对映异构体的手性拆分受到了广泛关注。相对于传统的填充柱和开管柱,整体柱在手性拆分方面具有显著优势。与手性硅基整体柱相似,手性有机聚合物整体柱由于具有大孔,可产生较高的流速而压降较小。该文综述了近十年手性有机聚合物整体柱制备方法的研究进展,将手性有机聚合物整体柱的制备方法分为"原位聚合法"和"手性修饰法"两种,虽然前者制备简单并广泛应用于早期研究,但聚合混合液成分的微小改变即可引起最终聚合物的形态变化,并且大部分带丙烯基的手性选择剂较难从市场购买。因此,手性修饰法因作为手性选择剂基质的整体柱制备且优化只需进行一次的优势而受到普遍关注。亲核取代、杂环开环和点击化学是常用的修饰手段。该文总结了这两种制备方法的应用,同时对未来的研究方向提出参考性意见。     

二乙烯苯-苯乙烯交联聚合物包覆毛细管硅胶整体柱的制备与评价

在优化条件下制备了一类新型的无机-有机复合型毛细管整体柱.即通过在硅胶毛细管整体柱柱床上包覆纳米级聚合物薄膜得到了二乙烯基苯-苯乙烯交联聚合包覆的硅胶整体柱,突破了有机聚合物和无机硅胶整体柱的界限,使之兼具无机、有机两种基质的优点,从而拓展了硅胶整体柱的应用范围.考察了这种交联聚合物包覆的硅胶毛细管整体柱的结构特征和μ-HPLC性能,并成功分离了稠环芳烃类系列小分子化合物,其对于萘的柱效可达28 000 N/m.     

阴离子交换聚合物整体柱的制备及其在离子色谱中的应用

以偶氮二异丁腈( AIBN)为自由基引发剂,将甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)单体和亚乙基二甲基丙烯酸酯(EDMA)交联剂通过原位聚合的方法,在不锈钢管柱(150 mm ×4.6 i.d.mm)中合成为具有一定机械性能和一定孔径结构的聚合物整体色谱柱;利用三甲胺动态修饰反应将整体柱改性为具有阴离子交换功能的整体型离子色谱分离柱.实验优化了制备条件和改性修饰条件,考察了相关离子交换容量、流体动力学参数和色谱性能等.采用直接紫外检测的方法,在205 nm检测波长下,常规阴离子乙酸根、溴酸根、亚硝酸根、溴离子、硝酸根均能得到较好的分离检测.结果表明,该阴离子交换整体色谱柱制备方法简便,成本较低,可以方便地与常规色谱系统进行联用,具有一定分析实用价值和较大的开发前景.     

光聚合法快速制备甲基丙烯酸酯类毛细管整体柱

采用甲基丙烯酸正丁酯(BMA)为功能单体, 乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯(EDMA)为交联剂, 正丙醇、1,4-丁二醇和水为致孔剂, Irgacure 1800为引发剂, 在毛细管内采用光引发原位聚合150 s快速制备了有机聚合物整体柱. 分别采用电色谱(CEC)、加压电色谱(p-CEC)和低压色谱(LPLC)模式对所制备的整体柱进行了性能评价, 基线分离了硫脲、甲苯、萘和联苯, 在加压电色谱(p-CEC)模式下硫脲的最低理论塔板高度达到了8.0 μm. 扫描电镜结果表明, 整体材料在毛细管柱中形成并与毛细管内壁结合紧密.     

大黄素分子印迹整体柱的合成及性能表征

以大黄素分子为模板,甲基丙烯酸为单体,乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯为交联剂,甲苯和十二醇为混合致孔剂,用原位聚合法合成了一系列分子印迹整体柱,并考察了模板分子在不同条件下合成的印迹聚合物及参考聚合物上保留因子的变化规律.在优化的合成条件下制得的分子印迹整体柱能有效地分离大黄素及其类似物.对分子印迹聚合物及参比聚合物的孔度分析数据表明:分子印迹聚合物中具有两种不同的孔度分布,而参比聚合物中只有一种.     

2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸分子印迹整体柱的制备、表征及色谱性能研究

以2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸分子为模板,甲基丙烯酸为单体,乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯为交联剂,甲苯和十二醇为混合致孔剂,采用热引发原位聚合法制备了作为高效液相色谱固定相的分子印迹整体柱.用红外光谱、扫描电镜、比表面积分析法对聚合物进行了表征.考察了模板分子在不同条件下合成的印迹整体柱及空白整体柱上容量因子的变化规律,同时探讨了流动相中甲醇的体积分数、pH值、流速对印迹整体柱分离性能的影响.结果表明,在优化的合成条件下制备的分子印迹整体柱可在15 min内分离2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸及其类似物苯氧乙酸,分离度为1.52.对柑桔提取液进行了分离测试,结果满意.     

Recent developments in the field of monolithic stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography

This review summarizes the contributions to the rapidly growing area of monolithic columns based on both silica and synthetic polymers for capillary electrochromatography and chip electrochromatography, with a focus on those published during the year 2004. A wide variety of both modified approaches to the "old" monoliths and new monoliths have been reported despite the very short period of time covered. This demonstrates that monolithic stationary phases have become a well-established format in the field of electrochromatography. The simplicity of their preparation as well as the good control over their porous properties and surface chemistries make the monolithic separation media an attractive alternative to capillary columns packed with particulate materials.     

Amino-functionalized monolithic spin-type columns for high-throughput lectin affinity chromatography of glycoproteins

Hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol)-based monoliths were synthesized in the spin-tip format for high-throughput applications via pulsed electron beam irradiation. Monoliths with a homogeneous porous structure and a total porosity of 69% were obtained. The cross-linked polymeric structure was further mechanically stabilized via the incorporation of silica nanoparticles. Amino-functionalization of the monoliths was accomplished by a straightforward, water-based, one-step approach that entailed the electron-beam irradiation-induced grafting of poly(allylamine). The amine functionalized spin columns showed very low unspecific protein adsorption and were successfully applied as adsorbents in lectin affinity chromatography for the purification of ovalbumin. The novel columns also outperformed a commercially available system.     

Porous Monoliths: Stationary Phases of Choice for High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Various Formats

 Modern porous monoliths have been conceived as a new class of stationary phases for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in classical columns in the early 1990s and later extended to the capillary format. These monolithic materials are prepared using simple processes carried out in an external mold (inorganic monoliths) or within the confines of the column (organic monoliths and all capillary columns). These methods afford macroporous materials with large through-pores that enable applications in a rapid flow-through mode. Since all the mobile phase must flow through the monolith, the convection considerably accelerates mass transport within the monolithic separation medium and improves the separations. As a result, the monolithic columns perform well even at very high flow rates. The applications of monolithic capillary columns are demonstrated on numerous separations in the HPLC mode.     

Pressure drop in CIM disk monolithic columns

Pressure drop analysis in commercial CIM disk monolithic columns is presented. Experimental measurements of pressure drop are compared to hydrodynamic models usually employed for prediction of pressure drop in packed beds, e.g. free surface model and capillary model applying hydraulic radius concept. However, the comparison between pressure drop in monolith and adequate packed bed give unexpected results. Pressure drop in a CIM disk monolithic column is approximately 50% lower than in an adequate packed bed of spheres having the same hydraulic radius as CIM disk monolith; meaning they both have the same porosity and the same specific surface area. This phenomenon seems to be a consequence of the monolithic porous structure which is quite different in terms of the pore size distribution and parallel pore nonuniformity compared to the one in conventional packed beds. The number of self-similar levels for the CIM monoliths was estimated to be between 1.03 and 2.75.     

Monolithic bed structure for capillary liquid chromatography

Monolithic stationary phases show promise for LC as a result of their good permeability, ease of preparation and broad selectivity. Inorganic silica monoliths have been extensively studied and applied for separation of small molecules. The presence of a large number of through pores and small skeletal structure allows the chromatographic efficiencies of silica monoliths to be comparable to columns packed with 5 μm silica particles, at much lower back pressure. In comparison, organic polymeric monoliths have been mostly used for separation of bio-molecules; however, recently, applications are expanding to small molecules as well. Organic monoliths with high surface areas and fused morphology rather than conventional globular morphology have shown good performance for small molecule separations. Factors such as domain size, through-pore size and mesopore size of the monolithic structures have been found to govern the efficiency of monolithic columns. The structure and performance of monolithic columns are reviewed in comparison to particle packed columns. Studying and characterizing the bed structures of organic monolithic columns can provide great insights into their performance, and aid in structure-directed synthesis of new and improved monoliths.     

Solid‐phase extraction of explosive nitramines on macroreticular polymers modified by freezing with water or acetone

A novel approach is proposed to modify the porous structure and surface properties of the polymers used in solid‐phase extraction. The approach involves soaking in water or acetone, followed by freezing in liquid nitrogen (77.4 K) and was employed for two polymeric materials: Amberlite XAD‐7 and Amberlite XAD‐16. Variations in the surface properties of the adsorbents were justified by the action of acetone and water as solvents affecting the textural and other characteristic of the materials. The initial and treated adsorbents were used in extraction of explosive nitramines from aqueous samples. The performed modifications of the polymer texture allow us to increase the recovery rate as compared with the initial adsorbents. The results were justified by the swelling of fragments of the polymers and by the additional process of sorption of nitramines. The results indicate that polymeric adsorbents can be easily modified by the soaking/freezing process and the materials can be achieved that prove usefulness for the effective separation of explosive nitramines from aqueous samples.     

Design and evaluation of synthetic silica-based monolithic materials in shrinkable tube for efficient protein extraction

Sample pretreatment is a required step in proteomics in order to remove interferences and preconcentrate the samples. Much research in recent years has focused on porous monolithic materials since they are highly permeable to liquid flow and show high mass transport compared with more common packed beds. These features are due to the micro-structure within the monolithic silica column which contains both macropores that reduce the back pressure, and mesopores that give good interaction with analytes. The aim of this work was to fabricate a continuous porous silica monolithic rod inside a heat shrinkable tube and to compare this with the same material whose surface has been modified with a C(18) phase, in order to use them for preconcentration/extraction of proteins. The performance of the silica-based monolithic rod was evaluated using eight proteins; insulin, cytochrome C, lysozyme, myoglobin, β-lactoglobulin, ovalbumin, hemoglobin, and bovine serum albumin at a concentration of 60 μM. The results show that recovery of the proteins was achieved by both columns with variable yields; however, the C(18) modified silica monolith gave higher recoveries (92.7 to 109.7%) than the non-modified silica monolith (25.5 to 97.9%). Both silica monoliths can be used with very low back pressure indicating a promising approach for future fabrication of the silica monolith inside a microfluidic device for the extraction of proteins from biological media.     

金属有机骨架衍生材料在样品前处理中的应用研究进展

样品前处理技术在复杂样品的整个分析过程中起着至关重要的作用,其不仅可以提高痕量目标物在样品中的浓度,而且能有效消除样品基质对分析的干扰。对于样品前处理技术而言,吸附剂是其最为核心部分。因此开发高效、稳定的新型吸附剂已成为前处理技术领域的研究热点。近年来,由金属有机骨架(metal-organic frameworks, MOFs)衍生的多孔材料因其形貌结构多样、孔径可调、比表面积高、热稳定性良好、耐化学腐蚀等优异性能,使其在样品前处理领域拥有广阔的应用前景,基于MOFs衍生材料的样品前处理新方法也层出不穷。然而,MOFs衍生材料仍存在MOFs前驱体合成工艺复杂、生产成本高、量产困难等问题。该文总结了近几年来MOFs衍生材料在分散固相萃取(dSPE)、磁固相萃取(MSPE)、固相微萃取(SPME)、搅拌棒固相萃取(SBSE)和分散微固相萃取(DMSPE)等样品前处理技术中的研究进展,并对多种MOFs衍生材料的制备方法、功能化调控、富集效率等方面进行了评述。最后,展望了MOFs衍生材料在该领域中的应用前景,为进一步研究MOFs衍生材料的应用提供了参考。     

Polymeric monolithic stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography

This review summarizes the contributions of a number of groups working in the rapidly growing area of monolithic columns for capillary electrochromatography (CEC), with a focus on those prepared from synthetic polymers. Monoliths have quickly become a well-established stationary phase format in the field of CEC. The simplicity of their in situ preparation method as well as the good control over their porous properties and surface chemistries make the monolithic separation media an attractive alternative to capillary columns packed with particulate materials. A wide variety of approaches as well as materials used for the preparation of the monolithic stationary phases are detailed. Their excellent chromatographic performance is demonstrated by numerous separations of different analytes.     

Applications of monolithic columns in gas chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography

Porous monoliths are well‐known stationary phases in high‐performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography. Contrastingly, their use in other types of separation methods such as gas or supercritical fluid chromatography is limited and scarce. In particular, very few studies address the use of monolithic columns in supercritical fluid chromatography. These are limited to silica‐based monoliths and will be covered in this review together with an underlying reason for this trend. The application of monoliths in gas chromatography has received much more attention and is well documented in two reviews by Svec and Kurganov published in 2008 and 2013, respectively. The most recent studies, covered in this review, build on the previous findings and on further understanding of the influence of preparation conditions on porous properties and chromatographic performance of poly(styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene), polymethacrylate, and silica‐based monolithic columns while expanding to polymer‐based monoliths with incorporated metal organic frameworks and to vinylized hybrid silica monoliths. In addition, the potential application of porous layer open tubular monolithic columns in low‐pressure gas chromatography will be addressed.