中变质煤小分子相对煤的吸附及渗流特性影响

为研究煤中小分子对煤的瓦斯吸附及流动特性的影响,采用四氢呋喃溶剂萃取煤中可溶有机小分子,得到萃取后煤样(残煤)。对原煤和残煤分别进行甲烷等温吸附、解吸实验和径向渗流实验;同时,采用氮气吸附法测试了它们的孔隙结构参数。结果表明,残煤的饱和吸附量a值低于原煤,吸附常数b值增大,萃取小分子降低了煤对甲烷的吸附能力,提高了低压段(<4 MPa)煤对甲烷的解吸速率;原煤的孔体积和平均孔径高于残煤,比表面积和微孔孔体积却减少;萃取后,煤粒表面传质阻力和扩散阻力均减小,残煤甲烷解吸速率和解吸量均高于原煤;同一渗流条件下,残煤的渗透率明显高于原煤。分析认为,煤中部分小分子被溶解后,煤孔隙结构的改变,降低了煤对瓦斯的吸附能力,减小了甲烷在煤粒中的内外扩散阻力,扩大了瓦斯在煤中的流动通道,改变了煤层储运特性,为煤储层的化学增透提供依据。     

给水厂污泥吸附磷前后孔隙结构及表面积变化分析

给水厂污泥含有铝铁化合物而具有良好的吸磷潜力,同时其吸附能力与本身的孔隙结构及比表面积均直接相关。确定污泥吸磷前后孔隙结构变化,对研究给水厂污泥吸磷机理及性能评价具有重要的意义。本文采用低温氮气吸附法,对给水厂污泥吸附磷前后的孔隙结构和比表面积进行了分析,绘制吸附-脱附等温曲线和孔径分布图,计算累积孔内表面积和累积孔体积,定量分析污泥吸磷前后孔隙结构的变化。通过吸附-脱附曲线可判断给水厂污泥主体孔径为介孔,污泥基本孔隙类型为"狭缝型"孔隙。BJH模型得到的孔径分布表明,给水厂污泥中孔径为1.0~16nm的孔隙对表面积贡献最大,对其吸附磷发挥关键作用,污泥吸磷后孔内体积减少14.5%。BET方法分析表明,污泥样品吸附磷前后比表面积分别为62.46m2/g和32.35m2/g,吸磷后比表面积减少了48.2%。同时确立了根据吸附前后污泥孔体积的减少量计算污泥对磷的理论吸附量的方法。     

溶剂极性控制下的煤抽余物吸附甲烷能力研究

基于原煤和有机溶剂抽余物的等温吸附实验结果,对比分析溶剂极性与其煤抽余物吸附甲烷能力变化关系,探讨抽提溶剂极性差异对煤抽余物吸附甲烷能力控制的地球化学机理。结果表明,煤溶剂抽余物等温吸附甲烷曲线都遵循Langmuir方程,且二硫化碳(CS₂)和苯(C₆H₆)溶剂抽提作用增大了煤吸附甲烷量,四氢呋喃(THF)和丙酮溶剂抽提作用减小了煤吸附甲烷量。实验发现,煤抽余物吸附甲烷能力变化与抽提溶剂极性成负相关关系,该现象可用相似相容原理解释:CS₂和C₆H₆溶剂极性较弱,抽提出较多具有非极性结构(-CH₃和-CH₂-)的烷烃和芳烃,为甲烷在煤表面吸附增多了吸附位而增强了抽余物吸附甲烷能力,THF和丙酮溶剂极性较强,抽提出较多具有极性结构(-CHO、-OH、和-COOH)的非烃和沥青质,减少了吸附位而降低煤抽余物的甲烷吸附能力。     

溶剂萃取对烟煤孔隙结构和粒度的影响

用二硫化碳-N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮（CS2-NMP）(1∶1, V/V) 混合溶剂、丙酮和吡啶对南桐烟煤逐级萃取，得到各级残余物。通过比表面积及孔快速测试仪和扫描电镜，对煤及各萃取残余物的氮气吸附行为、粒度进行测试，考察了溶剂萃取对煤的BET比表面积与BJH孔容、孔面积随孔径分布规律以及粒度的影响。结果表明通过“溶解”小分子物质，溶剂萃取能够有效地改善煤的吸附性、比表面积和孔隙结构，降低其粒度，但不能破坏其基本结构单元，在本质上仍属于物理作用。根据最可几孔径计算出南桐烟煤胶态分子团结构模型中基本结构单元的粒径在3.5 nm左右，证实了煤分子胶态团结构模型的假设。     

煤及其溶剂萃取产物的氮气吸附行为

用二硫化碳-N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮（CS2-NMP）(1∶1, V/V) 混合溶剂，以及丙酮和吡啶将云南褐煤和南桐烟煤逐级萃取，去除萃取溶剂后得到各级固态级分。通过ASAP 2010型比表面积及孔快速测试仪，对原煤及萃取级分的氮气吸附行为进行测试，分别用BET模型、线型方程对实验结果进行拟合。结果表明对于萃取率较高的煤，溶剂萃取能较大地增加其孔隙率；煤对氮气的吸附行为遵从Henry定律，因此只需在氮气饱和气压的沸点（77 K）下，测出少数几个压力点的吸附量，就可以得到一条准确的等温吸附线。     

单壁碳纳米管中甲烷吸附的分子模拟

采用巨正则系统MonteCarlo方法研究了甲烷在单壁碳纳米管(Singlewallcarbonnanotube,SWNT)中于低温74.05K下的吸附等温线及吸附机理,发现在两个较小的孔径(1.225nm和1.632nm)下单壁碳纳米管中甲烷的吸附有着明显的微孔所独有的“填充效应”,而在2.04nm以上的孔的吸附中会出现毛细凝聚现象。通过模拟知道发生毛细凝聚的必要条件是孔内能至少容纳下两层粒子,此外还导出在恒定温度下毛细凝聚吸附量与SWNT孔径关系。本文还模拟了常温300K下甲烷在SWNT内的吸附,对比了2.04nm和4.077nm两种孔径的SWNT吸附甲烷的等温线,推荐在4.077nm孔中的适宜吸附存储压力为5.0～6.0MPa,吸附质量分数可达16%～19%.     

含水量对神府煤快速热解过程气体释放及孔隙结构变化的影响

通过外添加水分改变神府煤含水量,利用高频加热炉进行快速热解,研究了含水量对神府煤快速热解过程的影响,考察了四种含水量神府煤快速热解气相产物分布及变化规律,利用孔/表面分析仪表征了固相产物的结构变化。结果表明,随着煤中含水量升高,热解气总体积和最大释放速率减小;热解焦的比表面积和孔容随含水量升高而增大,与原煤煤焦相比,含水煤制得热解焦中保留了较多小孔,孔隙结构更加发达;水分有利于抑制热解过程孔的阻塞与塌陷,提高煤焦表面的粗糙程度和多孔结构的复杂程度。     

基于氮气吸附-核磁共振分析的煤气化细渣孔隙结构特征

本研究以宁夏地区煤气化细渣为研究对象,通过低温氮气吸附-脱附、扫描电镜以及低场核磁共振对不同粒度级产品孔隙结构进行了表征与分析。孔隙形态以裂缝形为主,各粒级产品BET比表面积较大,为125.78-589.78 m²/g,扫描电镜分析表明,BJH孔径与实际相差较大,仅以低温氮气吸附法分析孔隙结构具有一定的局限性。低场核磁共振法表明,各粒度级产品孔径均含有微孔、过渡孔、中孔和大孔,总孔隙度均在27%左右,以中孔、大孔为主,微孔次之,过渡孔较少。该种孔隙结构表明煤气化细渣不同粒度级产品均具有一定的吸附性能,但中大孔为水分的主要储存空间,导致脱水困难。     

两种萃余煤的双氧水氧化产物的GC/MS分析

煤的氧化是研究煤的组成结构和从煤中获取有机化学品的重要手段 [ 1~4 ],包括过氧化氢氧化、氧化性酸氧化、氧气氧化、空气氧化、风化、干氧化和液相氧化等 [ 5~9 ]。迄今的有关研究基本上对原煤进行氧化,通过分析所得可溶物的量和组成推测煤的组成结构和氧化降解反应的机理。由于原煤本身存在可溶成分,以原煤作为反应物进行氧化反应时难以判断所得可溶成分是原煤固有的还是反应生成的。本研究以双氧水作为氧化剂,在比较温和的条件下对萃余煤进行氧化反应,通过GC/MS分析考察了反应混合物的组成结构。1　实验部分1.1　仪器与试剂　DZF…     

三维全碳多孔结构对亚甲基蓝吸附性能的动力学探究

采用低温-烧结法,以碳纳米管(CNTs)为基本骨架,聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)微球为造孔剂,制备了一种孔径可调的三维全碳多孔结构(ACPs);利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、比表面积及孔结构分析等对ACPs的形貌、组成、结构及比表面积进行了表征;考察了ACPs对模拟污染物亚甲基蓝的吸附效果.结果表明,该ACPs为内部含有大孔、介孔及微孔的三维连通孔隙结构,具有较大的比表面积.ACPs对亚甲基蓝的吸附过程符合伪二级动力学模型,对亚甲基蓝的平衡吸附量qe与亚甲基蓝溶液的平衡浓度ce的关系满足Langmuir等温吸附模型,由Langmuir模型计算得到ACPs对亚甲基蓝的最大吸附容量为151.3 mg/g.     

Molecular Simulation of the Adsorption Characteristics of Methane in Pores of Coal with Different Metamorphic Degrees

In order to study differences in the methane adsorption characteristics of coal pores of different metamorphic degrees, 4 nm pore structure models based on three typical coal structure models with different metamorphic degrees were constructed. Based on the molecular mechanics and dynamics theory, the adsorption characteristics of methane in different coal rank pores were simulated by the grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) and molecular dynamics methods. The isothermal adsorption curve, Van der Waals energy, concentration distribution, and diffusion coefficient of methane under different conditions were analyzed and calculated. The results showed that at the same pore size, the adsorption capacity of CH₄ is positively correlated with pressure and metamorphic degree of coal, and the adsorption capacity of CH₄ in high metamorphic coal is more affected by temperature. The relative concentration of CH₄ in high-order coal pores is low, and the relative concentration at higher temperature and pressure conditions is high. The CH₄ diffusion coefficient in high-rank coal is low, corresponding to the strong Van der Waals interaction between CH₄ and coal. The research results are of great significance for further exploration of the interaction mechanism between CH₄ and coal with different metamorphic degrees and can provide theoretical support for the selection of gas extraction parameters.     

Effects of organic micromolecules in coal on its wettability

Two types of bituminous coal were extracted with tetrahydrofuran solvent using microwave-assisted method at 50°C and atmospheric pressure. Pore structure parameters and wettability of raw coals and their residues were separately tested with nitrogen adsorption and capillary penetration method. Fourier transform infrared spectrometer was employed for analysis of surface functional groups of raw coals and their residues. Results showed remarkably degraded wettability of coal, especially gas coal, after extraction, whereas wetting height of raw coal reached more than twice that of residual coal within the same wetting time. Given the different storage characteristics of organic micromolecules in coal, pore volume of coal increased after extraction, and solvent extraction exerted different effects on pores. Pores of gas coal expanded with reduced specific surface area and improvement in hydrophobicity. Pores of coking coal increased with increasing specific surface area and degrading hydrophobicity. Organic micromolecules in coal and several side-chain groups in macromolecular skeleton structure were dissolved, reducing contents of functional groups in coal, decreasing quantities of groups, such as methyl and carbonyl, on coal surface, and modifying microcosmic surface characteristics of coal and improving hydrophobicity. Through comprehensive analysis, pore structure, and microcosmic surface characteristics of coal jointly determined its wettability.     

Molecular Simulation on Competitive Adsorption Differences of Gas with Different Pore Sizes in Coal

Micropores are the primary sites for methane occurrence in coal. Studying the regularity of methane occurrence in micropores is significant for targeted displacement and other yield-increasing measures in the future. This study used simplified graphene sheets as pore walls to construct coal-structural models with pore sizes of 1 nm, 2 nm, and 4 nm. Based on the Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) and molecular dynamics theory, we simulated the adsorption characteristics of methane in pores of different sizes. The results showed that the adsorption capacity was positively correlated with the pore size for pure gas adsorption. The adsorption capacity increased with pressure and pore size for competitive adsorption of binary mixtures in pores. As the average isosteric heat decreased, the interaction between the gas and the pore wall weakened, and the desorption amount of CH₄ decreased. In ultramicropores, the high concentration of CO₂ (50–70%) is more conducive to CH₄ desorption; however, when the CO₂ concentration is greater than 70%, the corresponding CH₄ adsorption amount is meager, and the selected adsorption coefficient S_CO2/CH4 is small. Therefore, to achieve effective desorption of methane in coal micropores, relatively low pressure (4–6 MPa) and a relatively low CO₂ concentration (50–70%) should be selected in the process of increasing methane production by CO₂ injection in later stages. These research results provide theoretical support for gas injection to promote CH₄ desorption in coal pores and to increase yield.     

甲烷在中孔分子筛MCM-41中吸附的计算机模拟

采用巨正则系综Monte Carlo方法研究了甲烷在两个不同孔径的MCM-41中不同温度下的吸附等温线和其在孔中的相行为和排列方式.模拟结果显示,在较小孔径的MCM-41中,流体分子达到毛细凝聚所需的化学位较小,并且观察到两个孔径下计算机模拟得到的亚稳态区域都非常宽,使得层状转变（如果有的话）被包含在这个区域.通过比较两种孔径下达到毛细凝聚后的构型,可以看出,在3.5 nm的孔中流体的分子结构出现非常有序的排列,而在5.0 nm的孔中则没有.在常温300 K时甲烷的吸附的计算机模拟表明,孔壁对流体分子的作用仅仅影响较靠近壁面附近的流体分子的排列,而对孔中间的分子几乎没有影响.     

萃取反萃取法研究新峪焦精煤中有机硫的赋存规律

以高含有机硫的新裕焦精煤为研究对象,采用萃取反萃取和分级萃取的分离方法及XPS、GC/MS等分析技术,对原煤和各族组分内不同结构的有机硫分布情况进行了研究,重点考察了各类型有机硫在煤有机质本体结构及族组分中的赋存规律。结果表明,组分总硫基赋存分率则与复杂性程度正好相反;可溶性含硫组分在总溶出物中的分布,相对不同族组分而言总体均衡;可溶性的共轭结构类有机硫主要赋存于煤密中质组中,其次是疏中质组中且以噻吩类为主,较少赋存于煤重质组中;而可溶性的脂肪结构类有机硫则主要赋存于煤重质组和密中质组中,较少赋存于疏中质组中;各族组分内有机硫的萃取率随时间的变化规律具有明显的加和性,族组分内可溶含硫组分的溶出行为相互独立,符合煤嵌布结构模型的基本思想;煤中不同形态有机硫的赋存遵循"相似相溶"原理。     

超临界甲烷在活性炭上的吸附平衡分析

为分析由吸附平衡时的热力参数确定吸附量、吸附模型和等量吸附热精度的影响因素,选择在温度268.15~338.15 K和压力0~13.5 MPa测试的甲烷在Ajax活性炭上的吸附平衡数据,通过引入甲烷分子可进入活性炭吸附空间内的容积和可以不考虑甲烷在孔内吸附的临界孔宽的概念,依据甲烷在吸附平衡前后的总量守恒,确定甲烷在吸附池内的总量、绝对吸附量和过剩吸附量三者之间的关系式。结果表明,在引入吸附质分子可进入吸附空间内的容积和临界孔宽后,经由活性炭的孔径分布(PSD),可以准确计算甲烷在活性炭上的过剩吸附量;应用实验数据非线性回归Toth方程参数后,可由Gibbs关于吸附的定义确定甲烷在活性炭上的绝对吸附量。比较结果时发现,由于未考虑本体相中甲烷分子对吸附甲烷分子的影响,采用过剩吸附量的等量吸附线标绘确定的等量吸附热数值偏高,工程应用时应由绝对吸附量来确定等量吸附热。     

Nanoscale pore morphology and distribution of lacustrine shale reservoirs:Examples from the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin

Pore structure plays an important role in the gas storage and flow capacity of shale gas reservoirs. Fieldemission environmental scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM) in combination with low-pressure carbon dioxide gas adsorption(CO2GA),nitrogen gas adsorption(N2GA),and high-pressure mercury intrusion(HPMI) were used to study the nanostructure pore morphology and pore-size distributions(PSDs) of lacustrine shale from the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin. Results show that the pores in the shale reservoirs are generally nanoscale and can be classified into four types: organic,interparticle,intraparticle,and microfracture. The interparticle pores between clay particles and organic-matter pores develop most often,l with pore sizes that vary from several to more than 100 nm. Mercury porosimetry analysis shows total porosities ranging between 1.93 and 7.68%,with a mean value of 5.27%. The BET surface areas as determined by N2 adsorption in the nine samples range from 10 to 20 m2/g and the CO2 equivalent surface areas(2 nm)vary from 18 to 71 m2/g. Together,the HPMI,N2 GA,and CO2 GA curves indicate that the pore volumes are mainly due to pores 100 nm in size. In contrast,however,most of the specific surface areas are provided by the micropores. The total organic carbon(TOC) and clay minerals are the primary controls of the structures of nanoscale pores(especially micropores and mesopores). Micropores are predominantly determined by the content of the TOC,and mesopores are possibly related to the content of clay minerals,particularly the illite-montmorillonite mixed-layer content.     

Mechanochemical phenomena in microporous bodies

Mechanochemical phenomena in microporous bodies, including initial compression in a vacuum, additional compression in the initial gas adsorption stage, and expansion during subsequent adsorption, were analyzed under the constraint of mechanical equilibrium using adsorbate pressure tensor in pores of various shapes. Precise calculation of deformation was performed for cylindrical and spherical pores. Pore surface tension was shown to be responsible for initial compression of adsorbent in a vacuum and its expansion during gas adsorption. Insignificant additional compression of adsorbent in the initial adsorption stage was attributed to specificity of the adsorbate pressure tensor in a pore, effect of temperature, and chemisorption (provided that active centers are present).     

开滦煤洗选过程中稀土元素的迁移和分配特征

以河北开滦矿区晚古生代煤及其洗选产品为研究对象，运用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）和逐级化学提取的方法，对稀土元素的质量分数及其在洗选过程中的迁移和分配特征进行了研究。结果表明，开滦矿区煤中稀土元素没有明显富集；稀土元素在入洗原煤及其洗选产品中，以煤泥中质量分数最高，尾煤次之，在尾煤和煤泥中均相对富集；稀土元素在精煤中的质量分数最低；同原煤相比，中煤的稀土元素质量分数没有明显变化。原煤及其洗选的4种产品中的稀土元素分配模式基本相同，主要差别是质量分数的不同。稀土元素在洗选过程中的分配行为和赋存状态主要受控于黏土矿物，其次是有机质。