Triaxial-in-a-plane soil stress gage for vehicle mobility applications

The approach used here consists of an axisymmetric gage with a tapered exterior. Raw outputs are normal stress in three directions in the plane perpendicular to the gage axis of symmetry. From these outputs, the time history of the complete state of stress in this plane can be determined. Of special interest is the plane of symmetry which is the vertical plane centered on one side of a wheeled or tracked vehicle proceeding in a straight line. The gage was placed from a berm on the side of the vehicle path, approximately 4 ft horizontally and at approximately 9 in. below the ground surface. Test vehicles were a 4 × 4 wheeled vehicle and a M113A2 armored personnel carrier. The measured stress results are largely consistent with expectations.     

探地雷达技术在古城墙修缮中的应用

平遥古城墙是我国珍贵的文化遗产。由于古城墙经历年代久远以及近代人为破坏,其内部结构发生了很大改变,目前已有部分马面和墙体出现裂缝,甚至发生了严重的跨塌事故。本文以探地雷达技术的应用为基础,简述了探地雷达在古城墙修缮中的基本原理及应用。通过讨论探地雷达技术对目标体的检测,分析古城墙雷达剖面,得出了城墙内部存在松软土体、孔洞、裂缝等结构缺陷,并给出危险等级,为制定修缮计划提供了可靠的依据。     

软土基坑变形失稳形态模拟试验研究

通过不同土性、地下水条件下软土基坑开挖变形失稳的模拟试验, 研究了软土基坑开挖变形发展直至失稳破坏的全过程。通过试验研究, 初步认为软土基坑坑壁在无支护或支护刚度较小的情况下, 其坑壁破坏形态呈抛物线型; 在基坑开挖范围内若存在有砂性土, 且地下水位较高时, 易于发生流砂渗透破坏, 并导致了地表沉陷, 但侧向变形相对较小; 而对于因承压水引起的坑底土体隆起变形, 若不考虑土体的强度特性, 计算结果是偏于安全的。     

硬壳层非饱和软基路堤的填土高度研究

硬壳层在软土路堤工程中具有很好的承载传递特性,应充分发挥其有利作用以优化路堤填土高度设计与施工管理.考虑硬壳层的应力扩散作用和自重反压护道作用,基于非饱和土平面应变抗剪强度统一解与吸力角双曲线模型,推导了实际地应力状态下硬壳层非饱和软土地基的临塑/临界载荷计算公式,进而建立了路堤临塑/临界填土高度的解析解,并给出解析公式的适用条件与应用步骤,最后探讨了各因素对路堤临界填土高度的影响规律.所得解析公式能综合反映4种因素的影响,具有很好的可比性,且对比验证了解析公式的正确性及给定公式适用条件的必要性与合理性.研究结果表明:硬壳层的影响具有整体性,应同时考虑其厚度和弹性模量的变化,可忽略路堤等效宽度的影响;侧压力系数的影响明显,侧压力系数为1.0对应的路堤填土高度明显偏大,应原位测试确定地基土的真实侧压力系数;采用不同强度准则的计算结果差异显著,应充分考虑中间主应力对公式适用范围及路堤填土高度的影响;高、低基质吸力的影响特性不同,低吸力时路堤填土高度线性增加且与截距无关,高吸力时路堤填土高度受双重作用相对大小的控制,或先逐渐减小后缓慢增大、或逐渐增大,并与截距密切相关.      

山西地堑系一类特殊的剪切-挤压型地裂缝

阐述了山西地堑系的构造背景及现今应力场状态,对该地区发育的地裂缝特点进行了概括性描述。根据实际调查,在该地区发现了一类特殊的剪切-挤压型地裂缝——万荣县城关变电所地裂缝,该地裂缝地貌上位于山西地堑系峨嵋台地,发育特征表现为强烈的剪切、挤压变形,地面、墙体拱曲、翘起,并出现明显的水平位错现象。与该区发育的其他地裂缝有明显的不同。根据地裂缝发育的特征,并结合区域构造应力场分析,讨论了该地裂缝的力学成因机制。     

浅埋高压输气管道爆炸地面振动的原型试验与数值模拟研究

针对浅埋高压输气管道爆炸产生的地面振动效应,采用现场试验结合数值模拟的方法展开研究。组织实施了全尺寸天然气管道爆炸试验,掌握了高压输气管道爆炸地面振动的量级范围以及衰减规律。经试验数据分析得到,埋地高压天然气管道爆炸造成的地面振动主要产生于物理爆炸过程中,随后发生的天然气爆燃过程并未产生明显的地面振动。基于非线性有限元程序 LS-Dyna建立了高压输气管道爆炸试验计算模型,计算结果与试验现象吻合较好,验证了模型参数设计的合理性。进一步分析了管道爆炸瞬间管内气体-管壁-土体的相互作用机理、应力分布以及裂纹扩展规律。由计算结果分析得到,管道开裂是由于内部高压气体推动管壁向两侧扩展在裂纹尖端处形成了应力集中,管壁冲击土体的速度可达50 m/s,冲击产生的塑性状态向远处传播逐渐衰减为弹性应力波,即形成了地面振动效应。研究成果揭示了高压气体管道爆炸地面振动的主要成因,可为爆炸事故振动预防提供理论参考和技术支持。     

异质双材料粘接梁的界面端部应力及端部龟裂破坏的实验应力分析

本文采用了高灵敏度的云纹干涉法对异质双材料粘接梁在弯曲载荷作用下的位移进行了测量，用局部杂交法对界面端部区域的应变和应力进行了计算。通过对该区域内的实验应力分析发现：拉应力σｘ是影响结构强度的关键因素。本文还对在基体材料表面近角点区域可能出现的龟裂破坏的原因进行了分析。     

Heaving and pitching oscillating foil propulsion in ground effect

A detailed series of experiments is performed to investigate the ‘ground effect’ experienced by propulsive flapping foils operating near a solid boundary. A high aspect ratio foil is towed at constant speed and oscillated in pitch and heave at varying distances from a rigid wall. It is shown that this distance has a significant impact on the lift and thrust forces generated by the foil, both in the time averaged mean forces and the phase averaged periodic forces. For some thrust producing kinematics, the instantaneous force profile may change significantly without altering the time averaged mean force; thus, mean force measurements alone are not sufficient to indicate the proximity, or the effect, of the solid boundary. Results are presented across a wide range of thrust generating kinematics, showing that the strength of the ground effect can be modulated, for any achievable level of thrust, through appropriate selection of kinematics. This finding in particular has significance for underwater vehicles propelled by oscillating foil thrusters, as it follows that the sensitivity of the thrusters to ground effect can be controlled independently of the desired thrust. While propulsive efficiency is increased slightly near the wall for some kinematics, in general this does not occur for kinematics where a strong ground cushion (repulsion) effect is observed. Finally, the results suggest that span-wise flow around the tip of the foil is important in determining whether the foil is repelled from or pulled into the wall.     

Coupled rocking and sliding vibration response of a structure to harmonic horizontal ground motion

For a strip wall erected on a rigid strip foundation and supported by the surface of the ground, the dynamic soil-structure interaction under the action of the horizontal ground motion is investigated. The ground motion is idealized as vertically propagating, horizontal steady-state motion. Because the horizontal ground motion brings about the sliding vibration of the foundation as well as the rocking vibration, the coupled rocking and sliding vibration of the soil-structure system is considered in the present paper. For the contact between the ground and foundation, the following assumptions are made: 1) the contact is assumed to be welded, that is to say, the motion of the foundation is consistent with the ground; 2) the horizontal translation at each point on the bottom surface of the foundation is equal to a constant; 3) the distribution of the normal displacements under the foundation remains to be linear in the rocking vibration. For comparison, the case of uncoupled vibration is considered also. The use of Fourier transform method yields dual integral equations (for the case without coupling effect) or simultaneous dual integral equations (for the case with coupling effect). Both of them are solved by means of infinite series of orthogonal functions, the Jacobi polynomials. The numerical results show that there is a significant difference between the displacements of the foundation, the relative displacements of the top of the wall with respect to its base, and the distribution of contact stresses beneath the foundation, for the cases with and without coupling effect.     

山西清徐县地裂缝灾害现状及类型分析

研究了山西省清徐县平泉村—武家坡村地裂缝地质灾害的现状和主要特征。清徐县平泉村至武家坡村等7个村庄自2002年春天出现地裂缝以来,其灾害呈现日趋加重的趋势,给当地村民的生产及生活带来了极大影响。经过对平泉村至武家坡村地裂缝的现场实地调查,认为清徐县平泉村-武家坡村地裂缝的分布情况复杂,影响带的宽度从3m左右到100多米不等,凡位于地裂缝带内的大部分建筑物都遭到了破坏。地裂缝带内的地面变形形式有陡降型和缓降型两类,其中位于陡降型变形带上的建筑物破坏最为严重。地裂缝引起建筑物的破坏主要有墙体开裂、地面倾斜、地基下沉、楼梯断裂、门窗变形等多种形式。清徐地裂缝目前仍处于活动阶段,这种活动趋势还将持续一段时间,建议地裂缝带内的村民应尽快搬迁,并限制其在地裂缝带内的工程活动,以免造成更大的损失。     

Turbulence measurements in a flow generated by the collision of radially flowing wall jets

Early results of an experimental investigation of the abnormally high turbulence level and mixing layer growth rate characteristics found in the upwash regions of aircraft with vertical short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) flows in ground effect are presented. The upwash flow is formed from the collision of two opposing radially flowing wall jets. The wall jets are created in a unique way that allows the upwash to form without any interference due to the source jets. The objective of this work is to systematically characterize the development and structure of the flow. The upwash flow exhibits very large mixing rates compared to turbulent free or wall jet flows. A unique set of two component velocity profiles was taken in the upwash flow field. These measurements include several higher moment terms that appear in the turbulent kinetic energy equations, as well as length scales and intermittency determinations. Measurements were taken' along the axis connecting the two source jets as well as off this axis at six measurement stations above ground. The results provide detailed data on an important class of flows where none existed, and they are expected to significantly improve the computational empirical tools available for predicting V/STOL behavior near the ground.A version of this paper was presented at the 10th Symposium on Turbulence, University of Missouri-Rolla, September 22–24, 1986     

热毛细对流温度场ESPI检测研究

在地面上用二维液体盒研究了热壁下气泡周围液体中的热毛细对流现象,并应用电子散斑干涉技术（ESP）对热毛细对流温度场进行了实时检测研究,给出了部分典型的实验结果。     

提高电化学法测试壁面剪应力精度的方法

应用电化学方法对流场壁面剪应力进行测试在生物力学中有着广泛的用途,静止极限电流在存在将影响壁面剪应力测试的精度,在测试时应根据具体的实验条件进行现场测试,实验表明在测试较低壁面剪应力时,静止极限电流的影响较大;在测试较高壁面剪应力时,则可忽略静止极限电流的影响,极化电压条件下测得极限电流是测试壁面剪应力的基础。为了测试的准确可靠,需对产生极化的外加电压进行实地测试,在测试时,对每个电极都需根据相应的测试条件进行系统标定。     

Computation of normal impinging jets in cross-flow and comparison with experiment

The PHOENICS code has been used to model the flow field surrounding subsonic and underexpanded jets impinging on a ground plane in the presence of a cross-flow, for cases with both a fixed ground plane and a ‘rolling road’. The standard k-ε turbulence model is used, without correction factors. It is confirmed that this overpredicts the free jet entrainment rate; the wall jet spreading rate is slightly underpredicted but the initial thickness is too high. Agreement with experiment is, nevertheless, much better than for previous calculations, showing the importance of the extent of the grid used. The ground vortex formed in cross-flow is shown to move with varying effective velocity ratio and with rolling road operation in the same manner as experimentally observed. Ground vortex self-similarity is also accurately predicted with the numerical modelling.     

Ground effects on separated laminar flows past an inclined flat plate

The appearance of a ground surface can play an important role in the flow structures for the flows past a flat plate. We conduct two-dimensional numerical simulations on viscous flows past a flat plate inclined at an angle of attack of \(20^\circ \) with ground effects using a finite-volume method. Results show that the effects on the separated flow from the ground are highly dependent on the gap (G) between the plate and the ground. As the gap decreases, the strength of vortices generated from the trailing edge is restrained, which is consistent with experimental observations. Further decrease in the gap even eliminates the vortex shedding and yields a steady flow. It is also found that the flow between the gap can either be accelerated at large gap ratios (\({G/L >1}\), G is the gap, L is the plate length), or be decelerated at small gap ratios (\({G/L <1}\)). Furthermore, the numerical results show that the wake flow behind the plate can significantly change the distribution of surface shear stress on the ground. Specifically, the mean shear stress on the ground in the downstream region at a gap ratio \(G/L = 2.0\) is one order of magnitude larger than that at a small gap ratio \(G/L = 0.3\), and the length of the downstream region where the shear stress can be effectively changed is much larger than the plate length, which provides a guideline to manipulate the ground wall surface shear stress using an inclined plate in the vicinity of the wall.     

15×10~4m~3超大型油罐应力测试与数值模拟分析

兰州原油末站大型油罐群,是我国首次在饱和黄土地基修建的大型储油设施。依托其中一座15×104 m3超大型非锚固油罐,开展了现场充水测试罐壁静态应力的试验研究。通过粘贴在油罐罐壁的应变计,测试充水过程中罐壁应力的变化规律,并采用有限元对15×104 m3超大型油罐进行应力分析。测试结果表明:罐壁的环向应力随充水水位的增加基本呈线性关系。数值模拟计算表明,罐壁环向应力最大值发生在第二圈罐壁和第三圈罐壁相连接的位置。由于罐壁上部设置了抗风圈和加强圈,有效地控制了罐壁的径向位移,使罐壁环向应力和竖向轴向应力在加强圈和抗风圈附近发生波动。将有限元数值模拟计算的罐壁环向应力分布情况与实测应力进行比较,两者总体吻合较好。上述研究结果可为超大型储罐在黄土地基的设计和建造提供技术依据和设计参数验证。     

近断层地震动作用下地铁车站中柱减震效果研究

为研究近断层地震动作用下地铁车站中柱减震效果,本文首先从PEER强震数据库中选取我国台湾集集大地震中典型近断层地震动记录,进行了近断层地震动频谱特性分析。然后,以某地铁车站为背景,分别建立中柱安装橡胶隔振支座和没有安装橡胶隔振支座的土-地铁车站结构相互作用体系有限元模型。在此基础上,选取4条具有明显脉冲特性的近断层地震动记录和El Centro波作为输入,对土-地铁车站结构相互作用体系进行了地震反应分析,对比分析了减震模型和原型结构的位移响应和应力响应等结果,探讨了近断层地震动作用下地铁车站中柱的减震效果。结果表明:近断层脉冲型地震动具有较大的加速度、速度和位移时程幅值,并有明显的速度脉冲效应,0.1～1Hz的低频成分丰富;在地铁车站中柱柱端安装橡胶支座后,改变了车站结构的传力机制,使得顶板的内力及变形不能有效的传递到中柱上,起到了非常明显的减震效果;中柱增设橡胶支座后结构整体刚度变小,车站结构侧墙内力和水平变形较原型结构有明显增大。     

圆形地下连续墙场地地震反应的简化计算方法

首先将水平地震荷载作用沿环向展开为傅立叶级数,利用沿圆周法向和切向两个方向的正交性,再将水平地震荷载转化为一致横向荷载组合,使三维求解问题转变为一系列旋转子午面上二维问题的叠加,进而提出圆形地下连续墙场地地震反应的简化计算方法。之后,采用等效线性化方法来考虑土体非线性性质,进一步将非线性地震反应问题转化为线性问题求解。...     

Experimental study of the gravity influence on the periodic thermocapillary convection around a bubble

The 3D periodic state, following the steady thermocapillary convection state, around an air bubble immersed in a low-Prandtl-number silicone oil layer under a heated wall was experimentally investigated on the ground and during parabolic flights. This oscillation was observed under reduced gravity conditions for the first time. Consequently, the initiation of this oscillation seems to be independent of gravity and so of buoyancy convection. The reduced and increased gravity conditions showed that the gravity level modifies the oscillation. Its frequency increases with the gravity level. The comparison with the results obtained on the ground shows the bubble aspect ratio is not a relevant parameter when the gravity varies. Received: 27 November 2000/Accepted: 25 May 2001