磁场特性与作用方式对HCFC-141b气体水合物生成过程的影响

通过实验研究考察了静态磁场和旋转磁场下磁场特性与作用方式对低压制冷剂HCFC-141b气体水合物生成过程特性影响, 重点研究在不同磁场条件下的气体水合物结晶形态、生成温度和引导时间三个重要因素. 试验结果发现, 适当的旋转磁场对提高水合物生成温度、降低过冷度、减少引导时间、提高生成速度有显著的作用, 使结晶形态混杂致密; 而适当的静态磁场则使水合物形态规整, 有利于提高传热性能.     

燃料电池用质子交换膜的研究进展

质子交换膜燃料电池 (PEMFC)以质子交换膜 (PEM )作为电解质和隔膜 ,其性能强烈地依靠PEM的性质 .本文分析了PEMFC对PEM的要求 ,对全氟化、部分氟化和非氟化的PEM进行了分类介绍 ,着重讨论了膜的结构、制备、性质以及它们在PEMFC中的应用     

旋转磁场作用下磁流变液颗粒运动及结构演化的模拟

通过对旋转磁场作用下磁流变液一定数目颗粒运动的数值模拟,在旋转平面内得到盘状聚集结构,在垂直于旋转平面的平面内得到层状结构,得出旋转磁场作用下磁流变液的结构特点.在模拟过程中颗粒受到的磁场作用力简化为磁偶极子间相互作用.     

羰基和砜基共交联磺化聚酰亚胺质子交换膜的制备及燃料电池性能

为提高磺化聚酰亚胺质子交换膜(SPI PEM)的高温耐水解稳定性及电池性能,用3,5-双(4-氨基苯氧基)苯甲酸(BAPBa)制备了一系列六元环型SPI PEM,利用甲磺酸/五氧化二磷溶液(PPMA)制备了羰基和砜基共交联的SPI PEM.测定了SPI PEM的质子传导率、耐水解稳定性、机械性能及电池性能.结果表明,羰基和砜基共交联提高膜交联度的同时减少了磺酸基的消耗,使SPI PEM保持较高的质子传导率.在相对湿度为50%RH时,羰基和砜基共交联SPI PEM的质子传导率为7.8 m S/cm,比同样条件下砜基交联的SPI PEM提高28%.羰基和砜基共交联的SPI PEM在130℃水中老化500 h后断裂伸长率为18%,质子传导率未明显降低.羰基和砜基共交联SPI PEM作为电池时,最大功率密度达到0.85 W/cm2,是砜基交联PEM的1.3倍.     

燃料电池用聚合物质子交换膜的研究进展

质子交换膜（PEM）是质子交换膜燃料电池的核心组件之一,具有隔绝阴阳极、提供质子传递通道和阻止燃料渗透的作用. 商业化应用的全氟磺酸PEM存在燃料渗透严重、高温条件下导电性差和成本高的问题,开发性能优良的聚合物PEM显得很有必要. 本文讨论了近年来聚合物PEM的研究进展,分别从聚合物的主链、支链和交联结构角度介绍了分子结构对薄膜相分离、质子导电性、稳定性和电池性能等性能的影响,并讨论了聚合物分子结构设计方面存在的问题,最后对燃料电池用聚合物PEM在未来的发展方向进行了展望.     

平整层对PEM燃料电池自增湿性能的影响

制备了不同聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)含量与不同碳载量的电极平整层,经过相同的膜电极成型工艺处理后,组装成单电池进行极化曲线与交流阻抗分析,发现平整层中的聚四氟乙烯含量从24%增到35%时,H₂/O₂型燃料电池自增湿发电最高功率密度增长了0.1W/cm²,但当聚四氟乙烯含量增大到42%时,电性能略有下降;然而H₂/Air型燃料电池自增湿发电性能却随着聚四氟乙烯含量增大而提高.平整层载量对自增湿发电影响较大,平整层载量为4.0mg/cm²的膜电极与无平整层的膜电极在H₂/O₂自增湿操作下相比,最高功率密度提高约0.27W/cm².通过压汞仪与扫描电镜(SEM)对平整层的物化性能进行了结构分析.     

微生物阳极燃料电池极性反转现象研究

本文在构建出微生物阳极燃料电池系统的基础上,研究了微生物燃料电池极性反转现象. 实验表明,由活性污泥混合菌源接种的微生物阳极在电极表面形成电化学生物膜,但平行构建的微生物阳极燃料电池系统在内阻、输出电压和放电时长等方面存在着不同程度差异. 在串联微生物燃料电池组中,放电操作会导致性能较差的微生物单电池首先出现极性反转. 电极电势测量表明,较高的放电电流使微生物阳极电势迅速正移,导致电池系统出现极性反转. 在室温范围内,温度升高可使MFC承受较高的放电电流,不易发生极化. 燃料物质缺乏时,MFC易发生极性反转,但过高的电流仍能使燃料物质充分的MFC出现极性反转. MFC极性反转会对微生物阳极性能造成影响. 极性反转时间较短(<5 min),对微生物阳极影响不大,但延长极性反转时间,会导致微生物阳极性能下降.     

阴极催化剂对微生物燃料电池性能的影响

以不同载量的MnO_2/rGO和Pt/C修饰阴极电极构建了生物阴极型双室微生物燃料电池(MFC),考察了不同阴极催化剂修饰MFC对其产电性能以及老龄垃圾渗滤液主要污染物去除效果的影响。结果表明,以MnO_2/rGO修饰MFC阴极电极材料,能显著提高MFC产电性能及对老龄垃圾渗滤液中污染物去除效果;输出电压为372 mV,功率密度为194 mW/m~3(是未经催化剂修饰MFC的两倍),内阻为264Ω,化学需氧量(COD)和氨氮(NH_3-N)去除率分别为58.68%和76.64%。当MnO_2/rGO载量为.0 mg/cm~2时,MFC性能与负载Pt/C的MFC性能接近,但构建成本却明显降低。     

燃料电池用跨温区质子交换膜材料研究进展

质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)是一种电化学能量转换器件，能将燃料中的化学能转换为电能，具有高效、清洁、寿命长等优点，可应用于动力电池、固定式和便携式电源等领域。质子交换膜(PEM)是其中的关键部件，主要用于隔离阴阳两极和传递质子等。但当前质子交换膜燃料电池的发展面临着成本高、寿命不足等挑战。本文结合近年的研究热点，从质子传输机制出发将质子交换膜燃料电池分为磺酸功能化PEM和磷酸掺杂型PEM两大类，从主链结构的差异以及改性方法等方面综述近年来的研究进展，详细介绍了材料的化学结构、膜材料性能、电化学性能等，并针对现存的一些问题和不足对质子交换膜燃料电池今后的发展方向进行了展望。     

直接氨固体氧化物燃料电池

塑性挤压成型阳极支撑管,采用真空浸涂法在阳极表面制备了均一、致密的氧化钇稳定的氧化锆电解质层,然后在电解质表面刷涂上阴极层,成功制备了阳极支撑型管状固体氧化物燃料电池.分别以氢气和氨气为燃料,考察了该管状固体氧化物燃料电池的电池性能.在800℃操作时,以氢气和氨气为燃料的电池最大输出功率密度分别为202和200 mW/cm2.表明氨气可以作为固体氧化物燃料电池的替代燃料.     

Permanent magnet assembly producing a strong tilted homogeneous magnetic field: towards magic angle field spinning NMR and MRI

We introduce a cylindrical permanent magnet design that generates a homogeneous and strong magnetic field having an arbitrary inclination with respect to the axis of the cylinder. The analytical theory of 3 D magnetostatics has been applied to this problem, and a hybrid magnet structure has been designed. This structure contains two magnets producing a longitudinal and transverse component for the magnetic field, whose amplitudes and homogeneities can be fully controlled by design. A simple prototype has been constructed using inexpensive small cube magnets, and its magnetic field has been mapped using Hall and NMR probe sensors. This magnet can, in principle, be used for magic angle field spinning NMR and MRI experiments allowing for metabolic chemical shift profiling in small living animals.     

Numerical simulation of a new water management for PEM fuel cell using magnet particles deposited in the cathode side catalyst layer

Cathode flooding caused by excessive liquid water is generally recognized as the primary reason for poor cell performance. Recently, when some magnet particles are deposited in the catalyst layer of a cathode and magnetized, the cell performance has been improved compared with that of non-magnetized case. Numerical simulation to explain this phenomenon shows (1) the repulsive Kelvin force caused by the magnet particles manages the liquid water flow in the porous electrode layer; (2) the saturation level of liquid water (s) near the catalyst interface decreases with increasing the residual magnetic flux density of the magnet particle (B_r); (3) the magnet particles improves the fuel cell performance by decreasing the value of s and making more pore space for oxygen gas, and the cell performance of a proton-exchange-membrane (PEM) fuel is improved in the current limited region.     

Performance of new 400‐MHz HTS power‐driven magnet NMR technology on typical pharmaceutical API,cinacalcet HCl

After years towards higher field strength magnets, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology in commercial instruments in the past decade has expanded at low and high magnetic fields to take advantage of new opportunities. At lower field strengths, permanent magnets are well established, whereas for midrange and high field, developments utilize superconducting magnets cooled with cryogenic liquids. Recently, the desire to locate NMR spectrometers in nontypical NMR laboratories has created interest in the development of cryogen‐free magnets. These magnets require no cryogenic maintenance, eliminating routine filling and large cryogen dewars in the facility. Risks of spontaneous quenches and safety concerns when working with cryogenic liquids are eliminated. The highest field commercially available cryogen‐free NMR magnet previously reported was at 4.7 T in 2013. Here we tested a prototype cryogen‐free 9.4‐T power‐driven high‐temperature‐superconducting (HTS) magnet mated to commercial NMR spectrometer electronics. We chose cinacalcet HCl, a typical active pharmaceutical ingredient, to evaluate its performance towards structure elucidation. Satisfactory standard 1D and 2D homonuclear and heteronuclear NMR results were obtained and compared with those from a standard 9.4‐T cryogenically cooled superconducting NMR instrument. The results were similar between both systems with minor differences. Further comparison with different shims and probes in the HTS magnet system confirmed that the magnet homogeneity profile could be matched with commercially available NMR equipment for optimal results. We conclude that HTS magnet technology works well providing results comparable with those of standard instruments, leading us to investigate additional applications for this magnet technology outside a traditional NMR facility.     

Zero-CO2 emission and low-crossover 'rechargeable' PEM fuel cells using cyclohexane as an organic hydrogen reservoir

High performance (open circuit voltage = 920 mV, maximum power density = 14-15 mW cm(-2)) of the PEM fuel cell was achieved by using cyclohexane as a fuel with zero-CO2 emission and lower-crossover through PEM than with a methanol-based fuel cell.     

The influence of membrane electrode assembly water content on the performance of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell as investigated by 1H NMR microscopy

The relation between the performance of a self-humidifying H(2)/O(2) polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell and the amount and distribution of water as observed using (1)H NMR microscopy was investigated. The integrated (1)H NMR image signal intensity (proportional to water content) from the region of the polymer electrolyte membrane between the catalyst layers was found to correlate well with the power output of the fuel cell. Several examples are provided which demonstrate the sensitivity of the (1)H NMR image intensity to the operating conditions of the fuel cell. Changes in the O(2)(g) flow rate cause predictable trends in both the power density and the image intensity. Higher power densities, achieved by decreasing the resistance of the external circuit, were found to increase the water in the PEM. An observed plateau of both the power density and the integrated (1)H NMR image signal intensity from the membrane electrode assembly and subsequent decline of the power density is postulated to result from the accumulation of H(2)O(l) in the gas diffusion layer and cathode flow field. The potential of using (1)H NMR microscopy to obtain the absolute water content of the polymer electrolyte membrane is discussed and several recommendations for future research are provided.     

Spectroscopic Determination of the Electronic Structure of a Uranium Single-Ion Magnet

Early actinide ions have large spin-orbit couplings and crystal field interactions, leading to large anisotropies. The success in using actinides as single-molecule magnets has so far been modest, underlining the need for rational strategies. Indeed, the electronic structure of actinide single-molecule magnets and its relation to their magnetic properties remains largely unexplored. A uranium(III) single-molecule magnet, [U^III{SiMe₂NPh}₃-tacn)(OPPh₃)] (tacn=1,4,7-triazacyclononane), has been investigated by means of a combination of magnetic, spectroscopic and theoretical methods to elucidate the origin of its static and dynamic magnetic properties.     

Performance improvement of air-breathing proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) with a condensing-tower-like curved flow field

Air-breathing proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are very promising portable energy with many advantages. However, its power density is low and many additional supporting parts affect its specific power. In this paper, we aim to improve the air diffusion and fuel cell performance by employing a novel condensing-tower-like curved flow field rather than an additional fan, making the fuel cell more compact and has less internal power consumption. Polarization curve test and galvanostatic discharge test are carried out and proved that curved flow field can strengthen the air diffusion into the PEMFC and improve its performance. With appropriate curved flow field, the fuel cell peak power can be 55.2% higher than that of planar flow field in our study. A four-layer stack with curved cathode flow field is fabricated and has a peak power of 2.35 W (120 W/kg).     

Uniaxial alignment of the smallest diamagnetic susceptibility axis using time-dependent magnetic fields

A diamagnetic particle with magnetic susceptibilities chi3 < chi2 = chi1 < 0 was subjected to a rotating magnetic field to obtain an alignment of the chi3 axis (the smallest susceptibility axis) in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the rotating magnetic field. A polymer short fiber, whose fiber axis coincides with the chi3 axis, was suspended in a fluid with the same density, and then a rotating magnetic field generated by a rotation of a pair of permanent magnets was applied. The fiber axis, rotating following the applied field, finally ended up with an alignment perpendicular to the plane of the rotating magnetic field. The experimental data on the time course of the alignment was in good agreement with the numerical calculation based on the equation of rotation.     

Development of a Novel Meso-Scale Electromagnetic pump for Biomedical Applications

This work introduces a novel electromagnetic pump (EMP) that depends on rotating two hard magnets placed in an annular channel in opposing polarity through simultaneous energization of a set of solenoids. The magnetic field in each winding is energized to move one magnet (pumping) while the other is attracted between the inlet and the outlet ports (valving). At the end of each pumping cycle, magnets change their function between pumping and valving. The pump concept was tested for pumping water, where a flow rate of 13.7 ml/min at 200 rpm and a pressure of 785 Pa at 136 rpm are obtained.     

Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry in a high homogeneity 25 tesla resistive magnet

Many performance parameters of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry improve dramatically with increasing magnetic field. Our prior results from a 20 tesla resistive magnet showed that performance was limited by the large spatial inhomogeneity in spite of the high field. In this paper, we compare matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectra at the same magnetic field for two resistive magnets with different field spatial homogeneity. In addition, we report MALDI spectra at 25 tesla—the highest magnetic field for FT-ICR to date. The first broadband FT-ICR mass spectrum [poly(ethylene glycol) 2000] from a resistive magnet is accurately fitted by the standard ICR mass calibration function.