Study of TTS for a 20-inch dynode PMT

The neutrino detector for the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory(JUNO) requires a large number of photomultiplier tubes(PMTs), including 15000 MCP PMTs and 5000 dynode PMTs. The TTS(transit time spread) of the PMTs is very important for vertex and track reconstruction of the neutrinos in the detector. In this paper, we study the TTS of a 20-inch dynode PMT(R12860) from Hamamatsu for different high voltage, light intensity, light spot size and different photocathode regions. The impact from Earth's magnetic field is also studied.The results achieved in this paper will be very useful for the JUNO experiment.     

匀加速穆谱系统及穆斯堡尔谱的精确测量

描述穆斯堡尔谱仪系统原理、结构、驱动机制 ,对探测器的选择与 14.4 ke V能量窗口的甄别、放射源匀加速运动、驱动波形与同步问题进行了分析 ,指出谱仪使用和调整时应注意的问题 ,并就其对穆斯堡尔谱精确测量的影响进行了探讨 .     

Highly accurate film thickness measurement based on automatic fringe analysis

This paper describes an automated multiple-beam interferometry for measuring a calibrated step height of (27.00 ± 3.00) nm nominally. The fringes captured from the multiple-beam Fizeau–Tolansky interferometer were thinned by using a written program to obtain accurate measurement. We claim that multiple-beam interferometry based on automatic fringe thinning process can provide a real time solution for calibrating step heights precisely and with high accuracy. The uncertainty budget of the multiple-beam interferometry method due to incomplete parallelism of the incident beam and the inhomogeneity of the reflecting layers was calculated automatically with a written ray tracing program. The uncertainty budget in multiple-beam interferometry was estimated to be of the order of 3.00 nm.     

On the photoelectron spectrum of sulphur trioxide

He(I), He(II) and variable temperature Ne(I) photoelectron spectra of sulphur trioxide are reported. All six of the expected ionic states have been detected and assigned; the assignment differs from a previous one. Ab initio calculations in a medium basis set have been carried out and spectral intensities have been calculated; agreement between the calculations and the spectra is good. The calculations show a substantial S(3d) character in the S-O bond, and the spectra are consistent with this.     

基于样片厚度精确估计的THz吸收系数谱算法

利用太赫兹时域光谱技术(THz-TDS)提取物质在太赫兹波段的吸收系数谱是太赫兹应用的一个重要方面。由于样品的吸收系数与其厚度存在着复杂的非线性关系,而厚度又不便于直接准确测量,往往造成吸收系数谱的失真。根据Duvillaret等用于LiNbO3的厚度估计方法,改进了谷氨酰胺(Gln)与组氨酸(His)在0.3～2.6THz(1THz=1012 Hz)波段的吸收系数谱的测定和计算。为了说明改进后的吸收系数谱的合理性,设计了一系列实验对比了同种氨基酸在不同浓度下吸收系数的线性符合程度。结果表明,改进后计算出的氨基酸吸收系数与浓度之间存在更好的线性关系,符合Lambert-Beer定律的描述,这为进一步的定量分析奠定了基础。     

An experimental and theoretical investigation of the valence shell photoelectron spectrum of cyanogen chloride

The valence shell photoelectron spectrum of cyanogen chloride has been studied using HeI and synchrotron radiation. In the outer valence region the molecular orbital model of ionization holds, and the main bands can be associated with single-hole states. However, in the inner valence region electron correlation effects become important, and these result in complex satellite structure being observed. Vertical ionization energies and spectral intensities have been computed using the Green's function approach, and the results have facilitated an interpretation of the experimental spectra. Photoelectron angular distributions and branching ratios have been measured and have been used to assess the bonding characteristics of the outer valence molecular orbitals. The experimental data for the 8σ orbital display an energy dependence which suggests that photoionization from this orbital may be influenced by the chlorine 3p Cooper minimum. The extent to which the 8σ orbital can be considered as a chlorine atom lone-pair is discussed. Vibrational structure has been observed in the [Xtilde] ²Π, Ã ²Σ⁺ and [Btilde] ²Π photoelectron bands recorded with HeI radiation, and has been assigned to progressions involving the ν⁺ ₁ and ν⁺ ₃ modes.     

X-Ray photoelectron spectrum of methylisocyanide gas

The C and N 1s spectra of methylisocyanide gas have been recorded. Two resolvable peaks of equal intensity are observed in the C 1s spectrum. Using the equivalent-cores approximation and thermochemical data, together with MNDO MO calculations and the point-charge potential model, the lower-binding-energy C 1s line is assigned to photo-emission from the isocyano carbon. The strong satellites which have been observed in the spectra of coordination complexes of alkyl and aryl isocyanides are not observed in the spectra of the free molecule. Comparisons of the point-charge-potential-corrected binding energies for C 1s and N 1s photoemissions from CH₃NC and its isomer CH₃CN with those for a host of other molecules show that photoemissions from the internal atoms in these molecules are accompanied by substantially less than average relaxation energies. These smaller relaxation energies can be understood using valence-bond theory.     

The photoelectron spectrum of CSe2

The He I photoelectron spectrum of CSe₂ has been recorded and four of the bands observed assigned to ionization from valence shell levels that correlate well with those found for CO₂ and CS₂. Weak bands in the spectra of CS₂ and CSe₂ are assigned to shake-up processes in which electronic excitation of the ion accompanies ionization.     

An approach to polyatomic Franck-Condon integrals: Application to the photoelectron spectrum of water

An analytical method, based on harmonic oscillator expansions for each normal coordinate and the neglect of the Duschinsky A matrix, is presented for the prediction of Franck-Condon factors in polyatomic molecules from ab initio electronic wavefunctions. The method is tested against earlier theoretical results for H₂ and LiH and then applied to predict the vibrational structure for the first band of the photoelectron spectrum of water.     

One-shot birefringence dispersion measurement based on channeled spectrum technique

A one-shot method for measuring birefringence dispersion has been proposed that utilizes two retarders having different high-order birefringences. The intensity distribution of a channeled spectrum changes with different frequencies as a function of wavenumber. An intensity distribution is sufficient to determine the birefringence dispersion using the amplitude and phase components obtained by applying the fast Fourier transform. Experimental results demonstrate that this technique can measure the wavelength dependences of both the azimuthal angle and the retardation.     

基于优化电子散斑光谱的三维物体测量研究

用激光光束直接照射到测试表面,再用CCD采其变形前后表面散斑颗粒干涉形成的条纹,条纹图解析为测量点的位移量和变形量,进而得到其离面位移,在优化算法的时候采用π位相技术获取另一个π相移的变形条纹图像,将面内位移与离面位移分离,为了消除零级分量,让投影光栅移动1/2个周期.通过Matlab和四步位相算法给出了三维空间模型,得出变形后物体的离面位移数据.实验仿真数据表明其能够稳定地测量物体变形场三维分量,误差较低.     

An automatic processing technique for accurate surface form measurement

A single shot algorithm using a Fizeau interferometer was used to measure the form profile of a spherical smooth surface by means of fringe thinning process, which plays an important role in fringe patterns analysis. In this paper, an automatic processing technique based on the fringe thinning process is presented. The circular interference fringe pattern of the spherical smooth surface captured by the Fizeau interferometer was corrected by using the flat fielding method and then processed. Based on the fringe thinning and the assignment of the fringe orders, the information on the fringe feature was recovered automatically and the interference wavefront was reconstructed by the Zernike polynomial fitting method. The results were compared with the results measured by Bünnagel method, and the results were in good agreement. This means that the single shot algorithm is reliable, fast, and less sensitive to vibration and turbulence in surface form measurements. Simulation fringes with the ray tracing technique were obtained to match the practical fringes.     

基于X射线光谱测定法分析氚深度的模拟研究

氚是一种重要的聚变材料,在军事和民用方面都有广泛的用途,氚在薄膜靶中的浓度和深度研究是一项重要的课题.文章建立了氚β射线诱发X射线光谱的模拟方法,分析了氚β射线诱发X射线光谱与氚的浓度和深度分布的关系,研究表明氚在薄膜靶中浓度和深度分布与测定光谱存在对应关系,这为利用X光谱反解氚含最和深度分布奠定了基础.     

基于多孔硅反射谱的农药浓度测量研究

根据多孔硅内浸入液体后其有效折射率发生变化,使其光致发光反射谱峰位发生变化的特性,提出了一种利用多孔硅Bragg反射镜的反射谱来测量克百威溶液浓度的新方法.阐述了多孔硅Bragg反射镜测量农药浓度的原理,利用脉冲腐蚀法制备了多孔硅Bragg反射镜,对多孔硅反射镜和它在不同浓度的克百威溶液中进行了实验,获取了它们的反射光...