物理实验中电阻常用的测量方法及分析

电阻的测量方法有很多，除了常见的欧姆表法、伏安法外，还经常用到等效法、半偏法、电桥法、兆欧表等等各种测量方法都有其特点和适用场合，采用何种方法，必须根据相应的实验条件并遵循一些基本原则：如“安全性”、“精确性”、“方便性”并兼顾到“误差小”、“用仪少”、“耗电少”等，灵活选用，本文对常用的电阻测量力法的原理、应用以及优缺点作具体分析。     

多芯电缆屏蔽效能的脉冲电流注入法测量

屏蔽体的屏蔽效能（屏效）与入射电磁场的频谱直接相关，所以屏效通常是一个频域的概念。如何用时域法即脉冲电流注入法测量电缆的频效是我们感兴趣的，时域法与频域法之间的关系需专题研究。由于脉冲是一个宽带信号，而频域内耦合最强的某个频率在脉冲中所占的份额通常较小，因此由脉冲法计算出来的屏效可能比频域法的大得多。     

用图象法解题

物理解题常用公式法和图象法，高职学生习惯于用公式法解题，图象法解题能力较弱．图像法有数、形结合的特点，能恰当地表达各种现象的物理过程和物理规律；它有简明、清晰、形象的优点，能使物理量之间的函数关系更加明确．解题更加迅速、巧妙．     

雷达前端射频装置效应实验

本报告介绍了雷达前端射频装置的基本组成、特性、工作原理和性能，提出了微波效应实验方法，通过注入法和辐照法的研究，摸索雷达前端射频装置的效应规律和效应阈值。对雷达前端射频装置进行了微波效应实验研究，即采用注入法，将低功率的微波直接注入雷达前端电路和它的单元器件，或采用辐照法近距离辐照雷达前端，模拟微波对它的作用，而摸索雷达前端射频装置的微波效应规律。微波脉冲对射频装置造成损伤，应是在微波脉冲作用下，使射频装置不能完成其正常功能。射频装置的功能受损，体现为系统增益下降。     

测量热导率的热线法及提高精度的措施

测量热导率的热线法及提高精度的措施乔双（东北师范大学物理系，长春１３００２４）一、前言热导率的测量作为热学实验中的基本实验，许多高等院校都已开设．通常采用的测量方法有两种，即稳态法［１］和动态法［２］稳态法实验要求严格，不易测准。相比之下，动态法改善...     

原子吸收光谱法测定桃叶中K,Mg,Sr,Fe,Cu,Mn和Zn等元素

本文采用桃叶作标准样品，讨论了湿法消化法与炭化－灰化法两种样品处理方法对测定结果的影响及方法操作效果比较，并进一步讨论了温度对炭化－灰化法的影响情况。由此建立起该法的适宜条件。在此条件下，用原子吸收光谱法测定桃叶及冷杉树枯枝、叶中多种元素。其精密度和准确度均能满足测定要求。     

等值电流法测电阻

本文提出了伏安法测电阻的新接法——等值电流伏安法。消除了电表内阻影响，简化了线路，得到满意的实验结果．     

逐差法弥补了算术平均法处理数据的不足

本阐述了逐差法弥补算术平均法处理数据的不足，指出逐差法配合作图法组织教学更直观更形象，用逐差法能获得近似最佳直线方程。     

光学投影式三维轮廓测量技术综述

主要用于散射物体的宏观轮廓测量的光学投影式轮廓测量技术可以分为两大类：直接三角法和相位测量法。直接三角法包括激光逐点扫描法、光切法和新近出现的二元编码图样投影法。相位测量法以测量投影到物体上的变形栅像的相位为基础，包括莫尔法、移相法、傅氏变换法等等。本文以基于相位测量和光栅投影法为重点综述了光学投影式轮廓测量技术的几种典型方法，讨论了它们的优缺点，并分析了研究热点和发展方向。     

用伏安法测电阻的讨论

用伏安法测电阻时，待测电阻(Rx)在何值范围内采用内接法，Rx在何值范围内采用外接法。本就此进行讨论。     

用消除夹带溶胀的新液膜法测定汞

夹带溶胀分为包裹溶胀和再液化溶胀,消除液膜操作中的夹带溶胀对液膜的工业化具有重要意义。文章从油膜和水膜的寿命出发,讨论了夹带溶胀形成的过程,结果表明,不论何种表面活性剂,油膜寿命均比水膜寿命高出20～88倍,把油滴分散到水中,上浮聚集后不发生乳化;把乳状液滴分散到水中,上浮聚集后不发生溶胀。这样本法的溶胀率大大低于搅拌池操作法的溶胀率。作者用这种消除夹带溶胀的新液膜法与火焰原子吸收法相结合测定汞,方法的精密度为1.9%～2.3%,回收率为99.8%～101.1%,可富集测定ng·g-1级的汞。本方法已用于废水中汞的分析。     

Waterborne crackle decorative coatings and crack patterns

A preparation method of waterborne crackle decorative coatings was reported in this paper and the factors that influence crack patterns were investigated. The crackle coating consisted of a waterborne basecoat and a waterborne topcoat. The basecoat was made from two-component epoxy emulsion and the topcoat was made from fluorine-containing acrylic emulsion, silicone-acrylic emulsion or styrene-acrylic emulsion. Three junction types of crack patterns were prepared by the three top coatings, which were T-junction, Y-junction and mixed junction. T-junction type with long and straight cracks was prepared from styrene-acrylic emulsion 296DS. Y-junction type with curve and short cracks was prepared from fluorine-containing acrylic emulsion A603C and mixed junctions type was made from silicone-acrylic emulsion. Crack patterns with different spacing were prepared by controlling the thickness of topcoat, dryness of basecoat or conditions of film forming. The characterize methods of type and spacing for crack pattern were developed and properties of coating film including adhesion, water resistance, scrub resistance and so on were tested. The results showed that the crackle coatings possessed satisfactory properties for practical application.     

乳化技术-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定原油中的铁镍

以Triton X-100为乳化剂将样品的甲基异丁基酮－二甲苯溶液乳化成乳浊液，以聚异丁烯空白溶液为参比，用标准加入法测定。建立了乳化技术－火焰原子吸收光谱法测定原油中铁、镍的快速分析方法。提出了配制空白溶液的原理及方法，对溶剂及乳化剂的选择、空白溶液的配制进行了考察，测定结果与灰化法一致。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法中乳浊液的增敏效应

提出了用乳浊液作增敏剂的FAAS增敏方法。研究了由3种有机溶剂（苯、二甲苯、苯-丙酮）、1种有机试剂（邻苯二甲酸二丁酯）、3种乳化剂（Tween-80，TritionX-100，OP）组成的乳浊液对铁、镍、锌、锰、铅的增敏效应。结果表明，增敏效应显著，对以上5种元素最大增敏百分数分别为89%，34%，121%，38i％。     

Characterization of Y<Subscript>2</Subscript>BaCuO<Subscript>5</Subscript> nanoparticles synthesized by nano-emulsion method

Nanoscale yttrium–barium–copper oxide (Y₂BaCuO₅, Y211) particles were synthesized using the emulsion method and the solution method. The basic water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion system consisted of n-octane (continuous oil phase), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (cationic surfactant), butanol (cosurfactant) and water. The composition of the emulsion system was varied and characterized by measuring the conductivity of the solutions and droplet size. The droplet size of emulsion was determined by using the dynamic light scattering method. The water content, cosurfactant content, and surfactant/n-octane ratio affected the droplet size which was in the range of 3–8 nm, and hence the w/o emulsion system was referred to as a nano-emulsion system. A model was used to verify the droplet size. The influence of salt (Y₂(NO₃)₃) content on the droplet size was investigated and the addition of salt reduced the droplet size. The effects of reaction time and temperature on the Y211 particle sizes were also investigated. The particles were characterized using the TEM, SEM, and XRD. Nanoparticles produced by the nano-emulsion method were calcined at 850°C to form the Y211 phase as compared to solid state processing temperature of 1050°C. Based on the TEM analysis, the average diameter of the Y211 particles produced using the nano-emulsion method was in the range of 30–100 nm. The effect of adding 15% Y211 nanoparticles to the superconductor YBCO-123 as flux pinning centers, was investigated, and the transition temperature was reduced by 3 K.     

Semi-automatic measurement of gap–blob sizes along tracks of relativistic ions for computer identification

A method for the identification of relativistic ions with low atomic numbers in nuclear emulsion was proposed for measurements with a semi-automatic microscope-computer system. In this method we used a simultaneous consideration of both blob and gap distributions over their sizes and a comparison of these distributions with Monte Carlo simulation on the basis of fluctuation theory of the photographic action of ionizing particles (Phys.-Math. Sci. Thesis, Moscow State University, 278pp). The applicability of the proposed method was tested for a set of ion tracks in nuclear emulsion of type R2.     

大直径W1/O/W2乳粒的稳定性

在准静态条件和旋转流体场中采用乳液微封装技术制备约2 mm的大直径W1/O/W2乳粒,研究了有机相浓度和水溶性聚合物浓度对W1/O/W2乳粒稳定性的影响。从乳粒受力和变形的角度,探索了旋转流体场对W1/O/W2乳粒动力学稳定性的增强作用机制。研究表明:无论是在准静态条件下还是旋转流场中,乳粒稳定性都随聚苯乙烯浓度单一上升,随聚乙烯醇浓度呈现先上升后下降的趋势;相对于准静态条件,旋转流体场在一定条件下对大直径W1/O/W2乳粒的动力学稳定具有明显增强作用。     

Effect of ultrasonic power on the stability of low-molecular-weight oyster peptides functional-nutrition W1/O/W2 double emulsion

Ultrasonic-assisted treatment is an eco-friendly and cost-effective emulsification method, and the acoustic cavitation effect produced by ultrasonic equipment is conducive to the formation of stable emulsion. However, its effect on the underlying stability of low-molecular-weight oyster peptides (LOPs) functional-nutrition W₁/O/W₂ double emulsion has not been reported. The effects of different ultrasonic power (50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 W) on the stability of double emulsions and the ability to mask the fishy odor of LOPs were investigated. Low ultrasonic power (50 W and 75 W) treatment failed to form a well-stabilized double emulsion, and excessive ultrasound treatment (150 W) destroyed its structure. At an ultrasonic power of 125 W, smaller particle-sized double emulsion was formed with more uniform distribution, more whiteness, and a lower viscosity coefficient. Meanwhile, the cavitation effect generated by 125 W ultrasonic power improved storage, and oxidative stabilities, emulsifying properties of double emulsion by reducing the droplet size and improved sensorial acceptability by masking the undesirable flavor of LOPs. The structure of the double emulsion was further confirmed by optical microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The ultrasonic-assisted treatment is of potential value for the industrial application of double emulsion in functional-nutrition foods.     

Plug-in Spectrometry with Optical Fibers as a Novel Analytical Tool for Nanoparticles Technology: Application to the Investigation of the Emulsion Polymerization of the Alkylcyanoacrylate

This paper advances a simple technique to follow, in situ, the emulsion polymerization of isobutylcyanoacrylate (IBCA) performed in different conditions. The method is based on the monitoring of the optical density of the polymerization medium using a plug-in spectrometer equipped with optical fibers since during polymerization the optical density of the medium increases. The technique is demonstrated using poly(alkylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles developed as carrier for the delivery of drugs in vivo. These nanoparticles are produced by emulsion polymerization of alkylcyanoacrylates (ACA) which are among the highest reactive monomers. The results showed that the spontaneous anionic polymerization of IBCA induced by water could be controlled at pH 1. It was initiated after a delay whereas an immediate and extremely rapid polymerization could be monitored when it was initiated using a combination of cerium IV and dextran allowing the radical polymerization to occur. At higher pH, the spontaneous anionic polymerization could not be controlled. The method developed in this study appeared suitable to monitor emulsion polymerization of ACA and to highlight different mechanisms of polymerization.     

Study of gas-fluidization dynamics with laser-polarized 129Xe

We report initial NMR studies of gas dynamics in a particle bed fluidized by laser-polarized xenon (129Xe) gas. We have made preliminary measurements of two important characteristics: gas exchange between the bubble and emulsion phases and the gas velocity distribution in the bed. We used T2* contrast to differentiate the bubble and emulsion phases by choosing solid particles with large magnetic susceptibility. Experimental tests demonstrated that this method was successful in eliminating 129Xe magnetization in the emulsion phase, which enabled us to observe the time dependence of the bubble magnetization. By employing the pulsed field gradient method, we also measured the gas velocity distribution within the bed. These results clearly show the onset of bubbling and can be used to deduce information about gas and particle motion in the fluidized bed.