过渡金属催化的烯烃羰基化反应现状与进展

阐述了烯烃羰基化反应在区域选择性和立体选择性方面的现状与最新进展,同时对羰基化反应新进展－超临界二氧化碳流体作为反应介质也作了综述。     

过渡金属钯催化的炔烃羰基化反应新进展

主要综述了过渡金属钯催化的炔烃羰基化反应最新研究进展     

钯催化烯烃不对称羰基化反应的研究进展

钯催化烯烃不对称羰基化反应是一种合成手性羰基化合物的有效方法之一,综述了近年来钯催化烯烃不对称羰基化反应的最新研究进展,重点讨论了配体、催化体系、反应条件等因素对烯烃羰基化反应的影响,并对烯烃不对称羰基化反应的区域选择性和对映选择性以及可能的反应机理进行了探讨.     

镍催化芳基-芳基交叉偶联反应的配体研究新进展

联芳基结构在天然产物、药物以及各种光电材料中广泛存在,自20世纪70年代以来,各种过渡金属催化的芳基-芳基偶联手段得到普遍应用,配体、底物、辅助手段等的研究也快速发展.从配体类型的角度综述了镍催化的芳基-芳基交叉偶联反应.     

过渡金属催化交叉偶联反应及其在液晶合成中的应用

过渡金属催化交叉偶联反应及其在液晶合成中的应用杜卫红安忠维徐茂梁（西安近代化学研究所西安７１００６１）关键词过渡金属催化交叉偶联反应合成液晶液晶是一类具有特殊物理性能的有机化合物，其分子结构要求长径比大于４，官能团包括芳（杂）环、脂环、烷基、双键、叁...     

荧光染料和镍协同催化的脱羧羰基化反应

在荧光染料与镍协同催化下,以N-苯甲酰基琥珀酰亚胺类化合物为羰基化试剂,实现了α-氨基酸的脱羧羰基化反应.该反应以较好的收率(最高可达78%)合成了16种含α-氨基酮的衍生物,光转化效率最高可达3.25×10^-1mmol/(kW·h).此外,提出了该光催化反应的可能机理:α-氨基羧酸在可见光催化下生成α-氨基烷基自由基,并进入镍催化循环中,经过氧化加成和还原消除过程后生成α-氨基酮类化合物.该反应可以在温和条件下合成不同种类的α-氨基酮类化合物,显示了良好的底物适应性,可能在含有α-氨基酮的药物分子合成及肽的化学修饰等方面具有很广泛的应用价值.     

过渡金属催化氟代烯烃参与的交叉偶联反应进展

过渡金属催化（类）卤化物和不同金属试剂的交叉偶联反应是构建不同类型碳碳键和碳杂原子键的重要方法之一。该类反应一般使用活性较高的氯、溴、碘或类卤化物作为亲电试剂,尽管C—F键的键能较强,利用过渡金属直接活化较为惰性的芳基C—F键并参与实现的交叉偶联反应已有较多报道。此外,近期的研究表明,也可以通过直接活化烯基C—F键并催化实现该类底物参与不同类型的交叉偶联反应,从而进一步拓展了交叉偶联反应的底物适用范围,并应用于具有高附加值精细化学品的选择性合成。本文围绕钯或镍催化活化单氟或者多氟烯烃等底物参与的Negishi、Suzuki-Miyaura、Kumada、Hiyama和Sonogashira等5类交叉偶联反应,通过探讨已有方法的反应机理及其适用范围,综述了该领域的研究进展并进行了展望。     

钯催化胺的羰基化反应

综述了钯催化胺的单，双羰基化反应以及钯催化胺基化反应工业及有机合成中的应用，同时对羰基化反应新进展－超临界二氧化碳流体作为反应介质也作了综述。     

羧基亚胺配体的合成及其促进Suzuki偶联反应的研究

合成了4种羧基亚胺配体并将其用于促进Suzuki偶联反应。通过考察配体结构、溶剂极性、碱强度和温度等因素对反应产率的影响,确定了羧基亚胺配体参与的钯催化Suzuki偶联反应的最佳条件为:催化剂的量为0.001(mol)%的Pd Cl2和0.002(mol)%的配体,以碳酸钾作碱,4m L乙醇水溶液(1∶1,体积比)作溶剂,反应温度为60℃,在空气条件下反应。结果表明,羧基亚胺配体能够有效促进Suzuki偶联反应;在合成的配体L1~L4中,具有适当的位阻和给电子基团的L2的催化活性最高,能够高效催化合成一系列联芳类化合物。     

Nickel-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions of Alkenes

Several reactions of simple, unactivated alkenes with electrophiles under nickel(0) catalysis are discussed. The coupling of olefins with aldehydes and silyl triflates provides allylic or homoallylic alcohol derivatives, depending on the supporting ligands and, to a lesser extent, the substrates employed. Reaction of alkenes with isocyanates yields N-alkyl acrylamides. In these methods, alkenes act as the functional equivalents of alkenyl- and allylmetal reagents.     

Nickel-Catalyzed Asymmetric Reductive 1,2-Carboamination of Unactivated Alkenes

Starting from diverse alkene-tethered aryl iodides and O-benzoyl-hydroxylamines, the enantioselective reductive cross-electrophilic 1,2-carboamination of unactivated alkenes was achieved using a chiral pyrox/nickel complex as the catalyst. This mild, modular, and practical protocol provides rapid access to a variety of β-chiral amines with an enantioenriched aryl-substituted quaternary carbon center in good yields and with excellent enantioselectivities. This process reveals a complementary regioselectivity when compared to Pd and Cu catalysis.     

Ligand-Enabled Nickel-Catalyzed Redox-Relay Migratory Hydroarylation of Alkenes with Arylborons

A redox-relay migratory hydroarylation of isomeric mixtures of olefins with arylboronic acids catalyzed by nickel complexes bearing diamine ligands is described. A range of structurally diverse 1,1-diarylalkanes, including those containing a 1,1-diarylated quaternary carbon, were obtained in excellent yields and with high regioselectivity. Preliminary experimental evidence supports the proposed non-dissociated chainwalking of aryl-nickel(II)-hydride species along the alkyl chain of alkenes before selective reductive elimination at a benzylic position. A catalyst loading as low as 0.5 mol % proved to be sufficient in large-scale synthesis while retaining high reactivity, highlighting the practical value of this transformation.     

Diphosphine Ligand-Enabled Nickel-Catalyzed Chelate-Assisted Inner-Selective Migratory Hydroarylation of Alkenes

The precise control of the regioselectivity in the transition metal-catalyzed migratory hydrofunctionalization of alkenes remains a big challenge. With a transient ketimine directing group, the nickel-catalyzed migratory β-selective hydroarylation and hydroalkenylation of alkenyl ketones has been realized with aryl boronic acids using alkyl halide as the mild hydride source for the first time. The key to this success is the use of a diphosphine ligand, which is capable of the generation of a Ni(II)-H species in the presence of alkyl bromide, and enabling the efficient migratory insertion of alkene into Ni(II)-H species and the sequent rapid chain walking process. The present approach diminishes organosilanes reductant, tolerates a wide array of complex functionalities with excellent regioselective control. Moreover, this catalytic system could also be applied to the migratory hydroarylation of alkenyl azahetereoarenes, thus providing a general approach for the preparation of 1,2-aryl heteroaryl motifs with wide potential applications in pharmaceutical discovery.     

Directed Asymmetric Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive 1,2-Diarylation of Electronically Unactivated Alkenes

Transition-metal catalyzed intermolecular 1,2-diarylation of electronically unactivated alkenes has emerged as an extensive research topic in organic synthesis. However, most examples are mainly limited to terminal alkenes. Furthermore, transition-metal catalyzed asymmetric 1,2-diarylation of unactivated alkenes still remains unsolved and is a formidable challenge. Herein, we describe a highly efficient directed nickel-catalyzed reductive 1,2-diarylation of unactivated internal alkenes with high diastereoselectivities. More importantly, our further effort towards enantioselective 1,2-diarylation of the unactivated terminal and challenging internal alkenes is achieved, furnishing various polyarylalkanes featuring benzylic stereocenters in high yields and with good to high enantioselectivities and high diastereoselectivities. Interestingly, the generation of cationic Ni-catalyst by adding alkali metal fluoride is the key to increased efficiency of this enantioselective reaction.     

Atmospheric Oxygen Mediated Radical Hydrothiolation of Alkenes

A mild, metal-free, atmospheric oxygen-mediated radical hydrothiolation of alkenes (and alkyne) is reported. A variety of sulfur containing motifs including alkanethiols, thiophenols and thioacids undergo an atmospheric oxygen-mediated radical hydrothiolation reaction with a plethora of alkenes in good yield with excellent functional group compatibility, typically with short reaction times to furnish a range of functionalized products. Biomolecules proved tolerant to the conditions and the procedure is robust and easily executable requiring no specialized equipment. Concise mechanistic studies confirm the process proceeds through radical intermediates in a thiol-ene reaction manifold. The methodology offers an efficient “green” approach for thiol-ene mediated “click” ligation and a milder alternative to thermally initiated hydrothiolation processes.     

Carbonylations of Alkenes with CO Surrogates

Alkene carbonylation reactions are important for the production of value‐added bulk and fine chemicals. Nowadays, all industrial carbonylation processes make use of highly toxic and flammable carbon monoxide. In fact, these properties impede the wider use of carbonylation reactions in industry and academia. Hence, performing carbonylations without the use of CO is highly desired and will contribute to the further advancement of sustainable chemistry. Although the use of carbon monoxide surrogates in alkene carbonylation reactions has been reported intermittently in the last 30 years, only recently has this area attracted significant interest. This Minireview summarizes carbonylation reactions of alkenes using different carbon monoxide surrogates.     

Nickel-Catalyzed Kinetic Resolution of Racemic Unactivated Alkenes via Enantio-, Diastereo-, and Regioselective Hydroamination

Kinetic resolution is a powerful strategy for the isolation of enantioenriched compounds from racemic mixtures, and the development of selective catalytic processes is an active area of research. Here, we present a nickel-catalyzed kinetic resolution of racemic α-substituted unconjugated carbonyl alkenes via the enantio-, diastereo-, and regioselective hydroamination. This protocol affords both chiral α-substituted butenamides and syn-β^2,3-amino acid derivatives with high enantiomeric purity (up to 99 % ee) and selectivity factor up to >684. The key to the excellent kinetic resolution efficiency is the distinctive architecture of the chiral nickel complex, which enables successful resolution and enantioselective C−N bond construction. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the unique structure of the chiral ligand facilitates a rapid migratory insertion step with one enantiomer. This strategy provides a practical and versatile approach to prepare a wide range of chiral compounds.     

二氧化碳参与的自由基型烯烃双官能团化反应

二氧化碳(CO₂)是一种理想的C1合成子. 利用其参与化学转化合成羧酸和含羰基杂环等具有高附加值的产品, 具有重要意义. 另一方面, 烯烃的双官能团化反应是有机合成化学中的一类重要反应, 可以将简单易得的烯烃快速高效地转化为结构多样性的重要化合物. 然而, 由于CO₂反应活性较低, 而且烯烃官能团化反应的选择性难以控制, CO₂参与的烯烃双官能团化反应具有较高的挑战性. 近年来, 自由基化学的蓬勃发展为该类反应的开发提供了新的策略, 实现了一些重要转化反应. 基于此, 从CO₂参与烯烃的氧-烷基化反应、碳羧基化反应、硅羧基化反应、硫羧基化反应以及双羧基化反应等反应入手, 全面总结和深入分析了最近几年CO₂参与的自由基型烯烃双官能团化反应进展; 在介绍上述进展的同时, 重点阐述了其可能经历的四类自由基化学历程. 最后对该领域的未来发展方向进行了展望, 希望为该领域的进一步发展提供一些思路.     

Electrochemical Difunctionalization of Alkenes by a Four-Component Reaction Cascade Mumm Rearrangement: Rapid Access to Functionalized Imides

An electrochemical four-component reaction cascade Mumm rearrangement was developed. It is a rare example of in situ generation of O-acyl isoamides for 1,3-(O→N) acyl transfer. Inexpensive, commercially available arylethylenes, aryl or heterocyclic acids, acetonitrile, and alcohols were used as substrates. A wide range of aryl acids and alcohols were tolerated and provided imides in satisfactory yields. Subsequent hydrolysis of imides could be utilized to synthesize valuable amides and β-amino alcohol derivatives.