On the origin of the integral representations in quantum optics

In Abelian subalgebras of observables it is shown that the integral representations of states in terms of coherent states result from the indistinguishability of the quanta of the harmonic oscillator under consideration. It is argued that these integral representations contain a quantum de Finetti theorem on Bose-Fock space.     

On the nonlinear optics of few-cycle pulses

A brief review of the development of the nonlinear optics of few-cycle optical laser pulses is presented. Emphasis is placed on analyzing the soliton propagation modes of such pulses in the context of possible applications in optical data transmission systems.     

On optics of human meridians

A new concept and its methodology for studying human meridians are presented based on rigorous and scientific observation on the objective existence of human meridians in view of biomedical optics. According to this methodology, the infrared radiant characteristics of acupuncture meridians over human body and the optical transport properties of light propagating along the meridian are reported. This study, thus, confirms the existence of acupuncture meridians, sheds new light on an approach to investigation of human meridians and offers a new perspective in understanding the potential meridian functions such as energy and information transfer and physiological regulation. Supported by the National Key Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2006CB504505), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 60578056 and 30572309), the Science Research Foundation of Ministry of Health & United Fujian Provincial Health and Education Project for Tackling the Key Research of China (Grant No. WKJ2005-2-004), the Young Scientists and Technicians Innovation Project of Fujian Province (Grant No. 2007F3026), and the Fund from Fujian Normal University (Grant No. 2008100218)     

On the energy balance in the optics of metals

On the basis of the boundary conditions of the electromagnetic theory an explicit calculation of the absorption in a thin metallic film was carried out with the result that transport and interference components were found to exist. By applying the method to a simple metal-dielectric boundary the physical interpretation was given of the energy balance, which had hitherto been regarded as unclear. It was also explained why the reversibility principle fails when applied to a metal-dielectric boundary.

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On the origin of structures

In the framework of the urn model (where different numbers of particles are allowed to be created or annihilated) modified by the presence of the forces which need not lead to the creations or annihilations (they influence the results considerably in another way), the appearance of the structure of several probability distributions is clearly demonstrated in the present paper. This structure appears due to the different values of the force parameters which characterize the aforementioned modifying forces. The explicit expressions for the corresponding probability distributions can be obtained in a relatively simple and constructive way. The connection with the structure of several cross sections (considered as probability distributions) as well as with the selforganization is briefly mentioned, too.Presented at the International Symposium Selected Topics in Quantum Field Theory and Mathematical Physics, Bechyn, Czechoslovakia, June 14–19, 1981.     

On the origin of space

Within the framework of fractional calculus with variable order the evolution of space in the adiabatic limit is investigated. Based on the Caputo definition of a fractional derivative using the fractional quantum harmonic oscillator a model is presented, which describes space generation as a dynamic process, where the dimension d of space evolves smoothly with time in the range 0 ≤ d(t) ≤ 3, where the lower and upper boundaries of dimension are derived from first principles. It is demonstrated, that a minimum threshold for the space dimension is necessary to establish an interaction with external probe particles. A possible application in cosmology is suggested.     

On negative refraction in electron optics

Negative refraction is investigated within the context of both relativistic and non-relativistic electron optics. In fact, starting from the de Broglie wave-particle dualism, the negative refractive index as a function of wavelength is determined for both relativistic and non-relativistic electrons. Comparison with photon optics is done. Negative refractive index averaged over both sufficiently small and sufficiently large wavelength ranges is found to be tending to minus unity and minus infinity, respectively. In addition, the sensitivity to wavelength of the negative refractive index is evaluated.     

On the origin of laser coherence

It is shown that the light created in the process of the “emission of many photons by many atoms”, as treated recently by Ernst and Stehle, has extreme coherence properties. In particular, it leads to spatial interference effects between radiation from two distinct sources of this type. Under certain conditions this interference even can become optimal in the sense that the intensity minima vanish. Furthermore, in the sense of the definition of Glauber, the light field produced in this process is practically coherent to the ordern～N, whereN is the the number of emitted photons. One arrives at a natural and simple interpretation of two-laser interference experiments of Magyar and Mandel, and Pfleegor and Mandel, if one assumes that the mentioned process constitutes the primary creation mechanism of laser light. It is shown that and how the physically important features of laser activity can be understood on the base of this assumption.     

On the origin of the Epps effect

The Epps effect, the decrease of correlations between stock returns for short time windows, was traced back to the trading asynchronicity and to the occasional lead-lag relation between the prices. We study pairs of stocks where the latter is negligible and confirm the importance of asynchronicity but point out that alone these aspects are insufficient to give account for the whole effect.     

On the origin of the heavy nuclei

Nuclear formation processes and the conditions of their physical environment are investigated on the basis of the empirical abundance distribution of the nuclei. Three different abundance components of the heavy nuclei require very different physical conditions for their formation but appear genetically correlated. The component formed in a slow neutron capture chain indicates the pre-existence of the neutron-rich component, and of an iron abundance peak considerably smaller than found in the solar system. The neutron-rich and the proton-rich components seem to have been formed byβ-decay from progenitors which were produced at conditions of matter densityρ≈2×10¹⁰g/cm³ and of temperaturekT≈500keV, respectively.     

On the origin of the Wigner energy

Surfaces of experimental masses of even-even and odd-odd nuclei exhibit a sharp slope discontinuity at N = Z. This cusp (Wigner energy), reflecting an additional binding in nuclei with neutrons and protons occupying the same shell model orbitals, is usually attributed to neutron-proton pairing correlations. A method is developed to extract the Wigner term from experimental data. Both empirical arguments and shell-model calculations suggest that the Wigner term can be traced back to the isospin T = 0 part of nuclear interaction. The structure of the Wigner energy is analyzed in terms of neutron-proton pairs of a given angular momentum and isospin. In particular, we find that the Wigner term cannot be solely explained in terms of correlations between the neutron-proton J = 1, T = 0 (deuteron-like) pairs.     

On the generalized principle of reversibility in the optics of thin films

A system of thin films can be regarded as a relatively isolated system with two inputs and two outputs. In order to obtain the identities between the amplitude coefficients we use the theorem of duality of a prospective and retrospective relatively isolated system. Apart fromT transformation, this theorem also requires the exchange of the inputs and outputs of the system.     

On the modelling of non-linear guided-wave optics for all-optical signal processing

The application of a reduced variational formalism, to model guided-wave optical signal processing devices is reviewed. The focus is mainly on second-order non-linearities. First, approximate analytical solutions (solitary waves) are derived for propagation in second-order non-linear media. Next, these analytical results are validated through numerical simulation of the governing equations. To show the potential of this formalism by means of a practical example, the analytical results are applied to a soliton-based LiNbO3 non-linear directional coupler exploiting second-order non-linear effects. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

On the boundary conditions in crystal optics with spatial dispersion

The non-homogeneous boundary conditions in the theory of spatial dispersion are considered. It is shown that non-homogeneity in the boundary condition for polarization causes a discontinuity in the tangential components of the magnetic field at the boundary. Separate boundary conditions do not contradict the Energy Conservation Law only if they are connected in a certain way. The values of parameters introduced in the theory are obtained with the help of numerical methods. The theoretical spectra of reflectivity obtained with such parameters coincide with the experimental ones.     

On the extension of geometric optics from Riemannian to Riemann-Cartan spacetime

In the extension to Riemann-Cartan spacetime, the optical properties of electromagnetic waves are found to depend strongly on the nature of the Lorentz gauge condition. If the Lorentz gauge condition is treated similar to the non-minimal extension of the electromagnetic field to Riemann-Cartan spacetime, then the optical properties of waves are identical to those in riemannian spacetime. If the gauge is treated as an intrinsically Riemann-Cartan condition, then, to the same order of approximation, the optical properties of waves remain the same, except that the polarization vector is no longer parallel propagated along the wave vector.     

On the spontaneous origin of newtons constant

We speculate on a modification of Einstein's equations at distances related to the Planck length $\text{(G}{}_{\mathrm{N}}\text{)}\text{1}\text{2}\text{(}\text{h}\text{?}\text{)}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{(c)}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>-3</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{= l}{}_{\mathrm{Pl}}\text{= 1.61 X 10}{}^{-33}$ cm, m_Pl = ?c^-1 (l_Pl)^-1 = 2.18 X 10^-5 g = 1.22 X 10¹⁹ GeV. The Planck mass arises spontaneously through the coupling of gravity to a system of scalar fields, in a scale invariant way.The same scalars generate all masses of leptons, quarks and vector bosons responsible for the matter interactions in the limit of weak gravitational fields.     

On the origin of sonoluminescence and sonochemistry

Recent experimental results on the origins of sonoluminescence and sonochemistry are reviewed and the conclusion reached that most observed effects originate from thermal processes associated with a localized hot-spot created by acoustic cavitation. Sonoluminescence is definitively due to chemiluminescence from species produced thermally during cavitational collapse and is not attributable to electric microdischarge. Homogenous sonochemistry follows the behaviour expected for high temperature thermal reactions. Ultrasonic irradiation of liquids containing solid powders dramatically increases their chemical reactivity and improves chemical yields for a wide range of synthetically useful heterogenous reactions. Shock waves generated from the cavitational hot-spot cause high velocity interparticle collisions in such slurries. Brittle solids are shock fragmented, which increases surface area. This increase in reactive surface provides for substantial increases in chemical reactivity. For malleable metal powders, these collisions are sufficiently violent to remove surface oxide coatings and to induce local melting at the site of impact for most metals.