Isothermal (vapour + liquid) equilibria in the binary and ternary systems composed of 2-propanol, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane,and 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanone

(Vapour + liquid) equilibrium data in the three binary (2-propanol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane), (2-propanol + 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanone), (2,2,4-trimethylpentane + 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanone) systems, and in the ternary (2-propanol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane + 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanone) system are reported. The data were measured isothermally at (330.00 and 340.00) K covering the pressure range (8 to 70) kPa. The binary (vapour + liquid) equilibrium data were correlated using the Wilson and NRTL equations by means of a robust algorithm for processing all isotherms together; resulting parameters were then used for calculation of phase behaviour in the ternary system and for subsequent comparison with experimental data. Azeotropic behaviour of the (2-propanol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane) system was evaluated together with all available published data.     

Isobaric vapor–liquid equilibria for mixtures of acetone,ethanol, and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane at 101.3 kPa

Isobaric vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data were determined at the pressure of 101.3 kPa for binary and ternary systems composed of acetone, ethanol, and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (isooctane). Minimum boiling azeotropes were found in the acetone + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane and ethanol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane systems. Azeotropic behavior was not found for the ternary system. Thermodynamic consistency tests were performed for all VLE data. The activity coefficients of the binary mixtures were satisfactorily correlated as function of the mole fraction using the Wilson, NRTL, and UNIQUAC models. The models with their best-fitted parameters were used to predict the ternary vapor–liquid equilibrium. The Wilson model appears to yield the best prediction in boiling temperatures.     

Density,speed of sound and refractive index of (n-hexane + cyclohexane + 1-hexanol) atT = 298.15 K

Densities, speeds of sound and refractive indices have been measured for (n -hexane  +  cyclohexane  +  1-hexanol) and its corresponding binaries atT =  298.15 K. In addition, ideal isentropic compressibilities were calculated from the speeds of sound, densities, and literature heat capacities and cubic expansion coefficients. The excess molar volumes and excess isentropic compressibilities, and deviations of the speed of sound and refractive index are correlated by polynomials and discussed.The Nitta–Chao model was used to estimate binary and ternary excess molar volumes, and several empirical equations were also used to calculate the excess and deviation properties.     

Densities,surface tensions,and derived surface thermodynamics properties of (trimethylbenzene + propyl acetate,or butyl acetate) from T = 298.15 K to 313.15 K

Densities (ρ) for binary systems of (1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, or 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene + propyl acetate, or butyl acetate) were determined at four temperatures (298.15, 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15) K over the full mole fraction range. The excess molar volumes (V^E) calculated from the density data show that the deviations from ideal behaviour in the systems (all being positive, excepting 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene + butyl acetate system) become more positive with the temperature increasing. Surface tensions (σ) of these binary systems were measured at the same temperatures (298.15, 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15) K by the pendant drop method, the surface tension deviations (δσ) for all system are negative, and decrease with the temperature increasing. The V^E and δσ are fitted to the Redlich–Kister polynomial equation. Surface tensions were also used to estimate surface entropy (S_σ) and surface enthalpy (H_σ).     

Excess molar volumes and deviations of the relative permittivity of the binary mixtures of 2-propoxyethanol with diethylene,triethylene, and tetraethylene glycols at various temperatures

Densities and relative permittivities at T = (293.15, 298.15, and 303.15) K in the binary liquid mixtures of 2-propoxyethanol with diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, and tetraethylene glycol have been measured over the entire mixture compositions. These data have been used to compute the excess molar volumes and deviations of the relative permittivity. The results are discussed in terms of intermolecular interactions in the bulk of studied the binary mixtures.     

Excess molar volume,viscosity, and refractive index study for the ternary mixture {2-methyl-2-butanol (1) + tetrahydrofuran (2) + propylamine (3)} at different temperatures. Application of the ERAS-model and Peng–Robinson–Stryjek–Vera equation of state

Densities, viscosities, and refractive indices of the ternary mixture consist of {2-methyl-2-butanol (1) + tetrahydrofuran (THF) (2) + propylamine (3)} at a temperature of 298.15 K and related binary mixtures were measured at temperatures of (288.15, 298.15, and 308.15) K at ambient pressure. Data were used to calculate the excess molar volumes and the deviations of the viscosity and refractive index. The Redlich–Kister and the Cibulka equations were used for correlating binary and ternary properties, respectively. The ERAS-model has been applied for describing the binary and ternary excess molar volumes and also Peng–Robinson–Stryjek–Vera (PRSV) equation of state (EOS) has been used to predict the binary and ternary excess molar volumes and viscosities.     

Density,viscosity, isothermal (vapour + liquid) equilibrium,excess molar volume,viscosity deviation,and their correlations for chloroform + methyl isobutyl ketone binary system

Density and viscosity measurements for pure chloroform and methyl isobutyl ketone at T = (283.15, 293.15, 303.15, and 313.15) K as well as for the binary system {x₁ chloroform + (1 − x₁) methyl isobutyl ketone} at the same temperatures were made over the whole concentration range. The experimental results were fitted to empirical equations, which permit the calculation of these properties over the whole concentration and temperature ranges studied. Data of the binary mixture were further used to calculate the excess molar volume and viscosity deviation. The (vapour + liquid) equilibrium (VLE) at T = 303.15 K for this binary system was also measured in order to calculate the activity coefficients and the excess molar Gibbs energy. This binary system shows no azeotrope and negative deviations from ideal behaviour. The excess or deviation properties were fitted to the Redlich–Kister polynomial relation to obtain their coefficients and standard deviations.     

Volumetric properties,viscosities and refractive indices of binary liquid mixtures of tetrafluoroborate-based ionic liquids with methanol at several temperatures

Densities, speeds of sound, viscosities and refractive indices of two binary systems 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [bmim][BF₄] + methanol and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [emim][BF₄] + methanol, as well as of all pure components, have been measured covering the whole range of compositions at T = (278.15 to 318.15) K and p = 101 kPa. From this data, excess molar volumes, excess isentropic compressibilities, viscosity deviations and refractive index deviations were calculated and fitted to extended versions of the Redlich–Kister equation. Estimated coefficients of these equations taking into account the dependence on composition and temperature simultaneously were also presented.     

Measurements and modeling for the density of 2-methoxy-2,4,4-trimethylpentane,HE for (methanol + 2-methoxy-2,4,4-trimethylpentane), LLE for (water + 2-methoxy-2,4,4-trimethylpentane) and LLE for (water + methanol + 2-methoxy-2,4,4-trimethylpentane)

Oxygenates are used in gasoline to increase the octane number and reduce carbon monoxide emission. 2-methoxy-2,4,4-trimethylpentane (TOME) is a tertiary ether which can potentially be used in addition with current oxygenates. This compound can be produced by etherification of diisobutylene with methanol. During the etherification, water is formed due to the dehydration of methanol. The appearance of water can cause (liquid + liquid) phase split in the production process. In this work, several physical properties of systems containing water, methanol and TOME are studied for the first time. The liquid density of 2-methoxy-2,4,4-trimethylpentane is presented from T = (298.15 to 408.16) K. Excess enthalpies are reported for the binary system of (methanol + 2-methoxy-2,4,4-trimethylpentane) at (T = 298.15 K). The (liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) for (water + 2-methoxy-2,4,4-trimethylpentane) from T = (283.15 to 318.15) K is determined. The LLE is also reported for the ternary system of (water + methanol + 2-methoxy-2,4,4-trimethylpentane) at T = (283.15 and 298.15) K. The UNIQUAC parameters were regressed to model VLE, excess enthalpy and LLE for the binary and ternary data with one set of parameters.     

Total pressure and excess Gibbs energy for the ternary mixture di-isopropyl ether + 1-propanol + benzene and its corresponding binary systems at 313.15 K

Total pressure measurements are reported for the ternary system ‘di-isopropyl ether + 1-propanol + benzene’ and two of the binary systems involved ‘di-isopropyl ether + 1-propanol’ and ‘1-propanol + benzene’ at 313.15 K. Data reduction by Barker's method provides correlations for G^E using the Margules equation for the binary systems and the Wohl expansion for the ternary system. Wilson, NRTL and UNIQUAC models have been applied successfully to both the binary and the ternary systems.     

Densities,excess molar volumes,and refractive indices of 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane and 1-alkanols binary mixtures

Densities, excess molar volumes, refractive indices, and changes in refractive index on mixing for (1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane + 1-pentanol, or 1-hexanol, or 1-heptanol, or 1-octanol, or 1-decanol) have been determined at T = 293.15 K and at T = 303.15 K. The excess molar volumes and changes in refractive index have been fitted to Redlich–Kister polynomials. The effect of the chain length of the 1-alkanol on the excess molar volume and the change in the refractive index of its mixtures with 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane are discussed. In addition, the refractive indices are compared with calculated values using mixing rules proposed by several authors, and a good agreement is obtained.     

Densities,excess molar volumes,and refractive indices of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane and 1-alkanols binary mixtures

Densities, excess molar volumes, refractive indices, and changes in refractive index on mixing for 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane + 1-pentanol, or 1-hexanol, or 1-heptanol, or 1-octanol, or 1-decanol have been determined at T = (293.15 and 303.15) K. The excess molar volumes and changes in refractive index have been fitted to Redlich–Kister polynomials. The effect of the chain length of the 1-alkanol on the excess molar volume and the change in the refractive index of its mixtures with 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane was discussed. In addition, the refractive indices were compared with calculated values using mixing rules proposed by several authors, and a very good agreement was obtained.     

Density,refractive index on mixing,and speed of sound of the ternary mixtures (dimethyl carbonate or diethyl carbonate + methanol + toluene) and the corresponding binaries atT = 298.15 K

The density, refractive index on mixing, and speed of sound at T =  298.15 K and atmospheric pressure have been measured over the whole composition range for {dimethyl carbonate (DMC), or diethyl carbonate (DEC)  +  methanol  +  toluene}, (diethyl carbonate  +  methanol), (dimethyl carbonate, or diethyl carbonate  +  toluene), and (methanol  +  toluene). Excess molar volumes, changes of refractive index on mixing and deviations in isentropic compressibility for the above systems have been calculated. Redlich–Kister and Cibulka equations have been used to estimate the binary and ternary fitting parameters and standard deviations from the regression lines are shown. Values of derived and excess properties were estimated and compared by different methods.     

Excess enthalpies of ternary mixtures of (oxygenated additives + aromatic hydrocarbon) mixtures in fuels and bio-fuels: (Dibutyl-ether + 1-propanol + benzene), or toluene,at T = (298.15 and 313.15) K

New experimental excess molar enthalpy data of the ternary systems (dibutyl ether + 1-propanol + benzene, or toluene), and the corresponding binary systems at T = (298.15 and 313.15) K at atmospheric pressure are reported. A quasi-isothermal flow calorimeter has been used to make the measurements. All the binary and ternary systems show endothermic character at both temperatures. The experimental data for the systems have been fitted using the Redlich–Kister rational equation. Considerations with respect the intermolecular interactions amongst ether, alcohol and hydrocarbon compounds are presented.     

Isothermal vapour–liquid equilibria in the binary and ternary systems composed of 2-propanol,diisopropyl ether and 4-methyl-2-pentanone

Vapour–liquid equilibrium data in the two binary 2-propanol + 4-methyl-2-pentanone, and diisopropyl ether + 4-methyl-2-pentanone systems, and in the ternary 2-propanol + diisopropyl ether + 4-methyl-2-pentanone system are reported. The data were measured isothermally at 330.00 and 340.00 K covering the pressure range 12–100 kPa. The binary vapour–liquid equilibrium data were correlated using the Wilson, NRTL and Redlich–Kister equations; resulting parameters were then used for calculation of phase behaviour in the ternary system and for subsequent comparison with experimental data.     

Thermodynamic properties of (tetradecane + benzene, + toluene, + chlorobenzene, + bromobenzene, + anisole) binary mixtures at T = (298.15, 303.15, and 308.15) K

Density ρ, viscosity η, and refractive index n_D, values for (tetradecane + benzene, + toluene, + chlorobenzene, + bromobenzene, + anisole) binary mixtures over the entire range of mole fraction have been measured at temperatures (298.15, 303.15, and 308.15) K at atmospheric pressure. The speed of sound u has been measured at T = 298.15 K only. Using these data, excess molar volume V^E, deviations in viscosity Δη, Lorentz–Lorenz molar refraction ΔR, speed of sound Δu, and isentropic compressibility Δk_s have been calculated. These results have been fitted to the Redlich and Kister polynomial equation to estimate the binary interaction parameters and standard deviations. Excess molar volumes have exhibited both positive and negative trends in many mixtures, depending upon the nature of the second component of the mixture. For the (tetradecane + chlorobenzene) binary mixture, an incipient inversion has been observed. Calculated thermodynamic quantities have been discussed in terms of intermolecular interactions between mixing components.     

Excess thermodynamic functions derived from densities and surface tensions of (p- or o-xylene + ethylene glycol dimethyl ether) between the temperatures (298.15 and 308.15) K

Densities (ρ) for binary systems of (p-xylene or o-xylene + ethylene glycol dimethyl ether) were measured over the full mole fraction range at the temperatures of (298.15, 303.15 and 308.15) K along with the densities of the pure components. The excess molar volumes (V^E) calculated from the density data show that the deviations from ideal behaviour in the two binary systems are negative, and they become more negative with the temperature increasing. Surface tensions (σ) of these binary systems were determined at the same temperatures (298.15, 303.15 and 308.15) K by the pendant drop method. The surface tension deviations (δσ) for p-xylene system are negative over the whole composition range, and become less negative with the temperature increasing, but for the o-xylene system, δσ are negative at high o-xylene concentration, and change to positive with the o-xylene concentration decreasing. The V^E and δσ were fitted to the Redlich–Kister polynomial equation. Surface tensions were also used to estimate surface entropy (S_σ) and surface enthalpy (H_σ).     

Isothermal (vapour + liquid) equilibrium and thermophysical properties for (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide + 1-butanol) binary system

Experimental isothermal (vapour + liquid) equilibrium (VLE) data are reported for the binary mixture containing 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide ([bmim]I) + 1-butanol at three temperatures: (353.15, 363.15, and 373.15) K, in the range of 0 to 0.22 liquid mole fraction of [bmim]I. Additionally, refractive index measurements have been performed at three temperatures: (293.15, 298.15 and 308.15) K in the whole composition range. Densities, excess molar volumes, surface tensions and surface tension deviations of the binary mixture were predicted by Lorenz–Lorentz (n_D-ρ) mixing rule. Dielectric permittivities and their deviations were evaluated by known equations. (Vapour + liquid) equilibrium data were correlated with Wilson thermodynamic model while refractive index data with the 3-parameters Redlich–Kister equation by means of maximum likelihood method. For the VLE data, the real vapour phase behaviour by virial equation of state was considered. The studied mixture presents S-shaped abatement from the ideality. Refractive index deviations, surface tension deviations and dielectric permittivity deviations are positive, while excess molar volumes are negative at all temperatures and on whole composition range. The VLE data may be used in separation processes design, and the thermophysical properties as key parameters in specific applications.     

Density,speed of sound,and refractive index measurements for the binary systems (butanoic acid + propanoic acid,or 2-methyl-propanoic acid) at T = (293.15 to 313.15) K

Density, speed of sound, and refractive index for the binary systems (butanoic acid + propanoic acid, or 2-methyl-propanoic acid) were measured over the whole composition range and at T = (293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15) K. The excess molar volumes, isentropic compressibilities, excess isentropic compressibilities, molar refractions, and deviation in refractive indices were also calculated by using the experimental densities, speed of sound, and refractive indices data, respectively. The Redlich–Kister smoothing polynomial equation was used to fit the excess molar volume, excess isentropic compressibility and deviation in refractive index data. The thermodynamic properties have been discussed in terms of intermolecular interactions between the components of the mixtures.     

Dynamic viscosities of the ternary liquid mixtures (dimethyl carbonate + methanol + ethanol) and (dimethyl carbonate + methanol + hexane) at several temperatures

Densities, ρ speeds of sound, u and dynamic viscosities, η of the ternary mixtures {dimethyl carbonate (DMC) + methanol + ethanol} and (dimethyl carbonate + methanol + hexane) were gathered at T = (293.15, 298.15, 308.15, and 313.15) K. From experimental data viscosity deviations, Δη of the ternary mixtures were evaluated. These results have been correlated using the Cibulka equation. The fitting parameters and the standard deviations of the ternary viscosity deviations are given. UNIFAC-VISCO group contribution method was used to predict the dynamic viscosities of the ternary mixtures at several temperatures.