镍基单晶合金多轴非比例加载低周疲劳研究

基于正交设计, 分别在680℃和850℃下进行DD3镍基单晶合金薄壁圆管试样([001]取向)拉/扭非比例加载低周疲劳试验, 研究等效应变范围、应变路径角、拉/扭载荷相位角、循环特性和温度诸因素对镍基单晶合金多轴低周疲劳寿命的影响作用. 疲劳试验数据的极差分析表明, 应变路径角、拉/扭载荷相位角和等效应变范围是影响疲劳寿命的主要因素. 将菱形应变加载路径区分为比例加载段和非比例加载段, 提出了表征非比例加载效应的等效应变参量, 并通过引入单晶应变三轴性因子反映拉/扭应变路径角对多轴疲劳寿命的影响. 用考虑非比例加载效应的等效应变范围和单晶应变三轴性因子构造循环塑性应变能损伤参量, 进行多元线性回归分析, 疲劳寿命回归模型与试验寿命具有很好的相关性, 所有试验数据都落在2.0倍的偏差分布带之内.      

加载历史对循环硬化的影响

本文研究了45#钢和LY-12CZ铝合金在室温条件下拉扭复合比例及非比例加载时的循环硬化特性,其结果表明不同加载路径循环硬化程度不同,纯扭硬化程度最小,圆形路径硬化程度最大。着重研究了不同循环历史对后面循环稳定应力幅值的影响。     

基于顺序雨流法和临界平面法的多轴变幅低周疲劳寿命评价

在多轴变幅疲劳寿命预测过程中,合适的雨流计数法对复杂加载历程分析非常重要,但是大多数雨流计数过程往往无法保持原始的加载顺序特性,进而会导致非保守的疲劳损伤和寿命预测.本文提出一种考虑加载顺序效应并基于临界面概念的多轴实时顺序雨流法,该方法既具有实时顺序计数特点,同时与Bannantine-Socie多轴雨流法结合,可以实现对主要通道内的载荷历程实时的雨流计数.基于Morrow模型,提出一种新的考虑加载顺序的线性损伤累积方法.相对于传统雨流计数法需要得到完整的载荷数据后才能进行分析的特点,新方法计算效率更高,实用性更强.通过对316L不锈钢的多轴疲劳试验数据的分析,验证了该方法在多轴疲劳寿命预测过程中的有效性.     

Strength of damaged polycarbonate after fatigue

A fatigue damage model is proposed to establish a predictive formula for the fatigue service life of polycarbonate (PC) materials. A damage variable is introduced in terms of remaining fracture strain, and a new fatigue damage evolution relation is derived to characterize the extent of fatigue damage after a certain number of loading cycles. Fatigue tests were conducted to construct the stress amplitude versus the fatigue life curve. After different numbers of cycles of fatigue, the new damage variable for PC materials was measured by pulling damaged specimens to fracture under monotonic loading. Experimental results on damage evolution and fatigue life have a good agreement with those predicted by the proposed damage model.     

基于能量法的多轴疲劳寿命预测方法

摘 要：有效的疲劳寿命预测方法是确保处于多轴循环载荷作用下的工程构件安全性的关键。结合临界平面思想,提出了一种基于能量法的多轴疲劳寿命预测模型;该模型针对不同的疲劳失效形式采用不同的临界面上能量参数作为损伤参量,可体现多轴加载条件下的平均应力效应以及临界面上各方向参量对材料疲劳损伤的影响。通过六种材料的多轴疲劳试验数据对所提出的模型及其它三种经典能量模型进行了评估与验证,结果显示所提出的模型相较于其他模型具有更好的寿命预测精度及工程适用性。     

Modeling stress state dependent damage evolution in a cast Al–Si–Mg aluminum alloy

Internal state variable rate equations are cast in a continuum framework to model void nucleation, growth, and coalescence in a cast Al–Si–Mg aluminum alloy. The kinematics and constitutive relations for damage resulting from void nucleation, growth, and coalescence are discussed. Because damage evolution is intimately coupled with the stress state, internal state variable hardening rate equations are developed to distinguish between compression, tension, and torsion straining conditions. The scalar isotropic hardening equation and second rank tensorial kinematic hardening equation from the Bammann–Chiesa–Johnson (BCJ) Plasticity model are modified to account for hardening rate differences under tension, compression, and torsion. A method for determining the material constants for the plasticity and damage equations is presented. Parameter determination for the proposed phenomenological nucleation rate equation, motivated from fracture mechanics and microscale physical observations, involves counting nucleation sites as a function of strain from optical micrographs. Although different void growth models can be included, the McClintock void growth model is used in this study. A coalescence model is also introduced. The damage framework is then evaluated with respect to experimental tensile data of notched Al–Si–Mg cast aluminum alloy specimens. Finite element results employing the damage framework are shown to illustrate its usefulness.     

粉末冶金涡轮盘简单模拟件低周疲劳寿命研究

采用光滑圆棒试样和带孔平板试样,对不同温度下的镍基粉末高温合金(FGH95)的低周疲劳(LCF)寿命进行了试验研究和有限元分析。在详细分析试验和有限元计算结果的基础上,提出了复杂应力状态下的低周疲劳寿命模型。模型寿命表达为真实应力幅的函数,模型参数由不同应力水平加载作用下的光滑圆棒试样试验结果给定,进一步采用涡轮盘简单模拟件即带孔平板试样对比验证LCF寿命模型的有效性。有限元计算结果显示,理论预测寿命与试验结果能很好地吻合。     

A micro-mechanically based continuum damage model for fatigue life prediction of filled rubbers

This paper presents a continuum damage model based on two mechanisms: decohesion between fillers and matrix at a micro-scale followed by a crack nucleation at a macro-scale. That scenario was developed considering SEM observations and an original experimental procedure based on simple shear and tension specimens. Damage accumulation is related to fatigue life using the continuum damage mechanics (CDM). The material behavior is investigated using the statistical framework introduced by Martinez et al. (2011). A Finite Element implementation is proposed and some numerical examples are provided.     

STUDY ON THE SURFACE CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOR IN 14MnNbq BRIDGE STEEL

Three-dimensional crack closure correction methods are investigated in this paper.The fatigue crack growth tests of surface cracks in 14MnNbq steel for bridge plate subjected to tensile and bending loadings are systematically conducted.The experimentally measured fatigue crack growth rates of surface cracks are compared with those of through-thickness cracks in detail.It is found that the crack growth rates of surface cracks are lower than those of through-thickness cracks.In order to correct their differences in fatigue crack growth rates, a dimensionless crack closure correction model is proposed.Although this correction model is determined only by the experimental data of surface cracks under tensile loading with a constant ratio R=0.05, it can correlate the surface crack growth rates with reasonable accuracy under tensile and bending loadings with various stress ratios ranging from 0 to 0.5.Furthermore, predictions of fatigue life and crack aspect ratio for surface cracks are discussed, and the predicted results are also compared with those obtained from other prediction approaches.Comparison results show that the proposed crack closure correction model gives better prediction of fatigue life than other models.     

Frequency-dependent random fatigue of panel-type structures made of ceramic matrix composites

The panel-type structures used in aerospace engineering can be subjected to severe highfrequency acoustic loadings in service. This paper evaluates the frequency-dependent random fatigue of panel-type structures made of ceramic matrix composites(CMCs) under acoustic loadings. Firstly, the high-frequency random responses from the broadband random excitation will result in more stress cycles in a deinite period of time. The probability density distributions of stress amplitudes will be different in different frequency bandwidths, though the peak stress estimations are identical. Secondly, the fatigue properties of CMCs can be highly frequency-dependent. The fatigue evaluation method for the random vibration case is adopted to evaluate the fatigue damage of a representative stiffened panel structure. The frequency effect through S-N curves on random fatigue damage is numerically veriied. Finally, a parameter is demonstrated to characterize the mean vibration frequency of a random process, and hence this parameter can further be considered as a reasonable loading frequency in the fatigue tests of CMCs to obtain more reliable S-N curves.Therefore, the inluence of vibration frequency can be incorporated in the random fatigue model from the two perspectives.     

Fatigue of polycrystalline copper with different grain sizes and texture

Fatigue experiments of polycrystalline copper with different grain sizes and texture were conducted under tension–compression, torsion, and non-proportional loading. The grain sizes ranged from 10 μm to 2 mm. The stress–strain response was found to be a strong function of the grain size and texture. A plasticity-based critical plane multiaxial fatigue criterion was used to predict the fatigue lives of the polycrystalline copper. It was found that the criterion was able to correlate all the experimental results with one single set of material constants. This indicates that the fatigue failure of the material under consideration is dominated by the fatigue resistance of the grains with an insignificant influence of the grain boundaries on the fatigue of the polycrystalline material. It was found that the fatigue model with the material constants obtained from fatigue experiments can be applied to predict failure under monotonic torsion.     

A damage function used for prediction of low cyclic fatigue life

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多轴随机载荷下的疲劳寿命估算方法

现代工业的发展使得更多的构件承受着复杂的载荷形式, 将单轴疲劳模型应用到多轴载荷情况已不能满足现代工业的设计要求, 多轴随机载荷下的疲劳寿命计算日益引起人们的重视. 多轴随机载荷的寿命预测中, 如何计算载荷循环次数是其基础,目前广泛使用的是雨流计数方法, 现在已能成功的应用于多轴载荷的情况. 累积的疲劳损伤分析在各种构件和结构的载荷历史中都起着重要的作用. 自从线性损伤律提出以来已发展了数十种损伤律, 变幅载荷引起的疲劳损伤可以由许多不同的累积损伤律来计算, 虽然发展了许多损伤模型, 由于问题的复杂性, 每个模型的应用范围也是随具体情况而定. 线性损伤律方法尽管有很多不足之处, 但在设计使用中仍占有重要的位置. 两载荷水平及模式下的损伤累积以及损伤与物理机制的关系在本文中也做了介绍. 针对近年来提出的描述多轴随机载荷下疲劳寿命估算方法进行了详细的评述, 对各模型的应用范围和预测能力进行了讨论, 并对今后的工作提出了建议.      

Loi d'évolution de l'endommagement pour la prise en compte de l'adoucissement dans les milieux élastomères chargésDamage evolution law for the study of stress-softening in reinforced rubber-like materials

An experimental study on oligo-cyclic fatigue of rubber-like materials submitted to tension test in large deformation, to constant amplitude of loadings, brings to the fore that the stress during the loading, at a given cycle, is always smaller than during the previous cycle. These tests highlight that this phenomenom, called stress-softening, depends on the maximal stretch and on the number of cycles to which the materials has been submitted. A model, taking into account these two parameters is proposed and experimental validations are proposed. To cite this article: M. Brieu et al., C. R. Mecanique 332 (2004).     

复杂应力状态镍基单晶合金低周疲劳损伤模型

根据连续介质损伤力学理论,采用应变能释放率作为热力学广义力描述正交异性材料的疲劳损伤过程,引入取向函数考虑镍基单晶合金晶体取向对疲劳损伤的非线性影响,提出了一个各向异性疲劳损伤模型。应用多元线性回归分析方法,拟合疲劳试验数据可确定模型参数。从应变能释放率的应变空间表达式出发,导出了含有3个弹性常数的单晶合金应变三轴性因子,它既反映了材料性能的晶体取向相关性,又反映了正应力和剪应力的相互作用,并可退化为各向同性材料的应变三轴性因子。利用该模型对CMSX-2镍基单晶合金在应力控制对称循环拉-扭载荷作用下的低周疲劳寿命进行预测,预测值与试验值吻合的相当好,试验所得数据均落在2.2倍偏差的分布带内。     

焊接结构长寿命区疲劳累积损伤的概率模型

根据焊接结构在各种随机谱载荷下长寿命区疲劳试验的有关资料,对变幅载荷下焊接结构在长寿命区疲劳累积损伤的分布规律进行了统计分析,根据长寿命区疲劳高度离散性的特点,提出了一种变标准差的概率设计模型。     

Revised damage evolution equation for high cycle fatigue life prediction of aluminum alloy LC4 under uniaxial loading

The fatigue life prediction for components is a difficult task since many factors can affect the final fatigue life. Based on the damage evolution equation of Lemaitre and Desmorat, a revised two-scale damage evolution equation for high cycle fatigue is presented according to the experimental data, in which factors such as the stress amplitude and mean stress are taken into account. Then, a method is proposed to obtain the material parameters of the revised equation from the present fatigue experimental data. Finally, with the utilization of the ANSYS parametric design language (APDL) on the ANSYS platform, the coupling effect between the fatigue damage of materials and the stress distribution in structures is taken into account, and the fatigue life of specimens is predicted. The outcome shows that the numerical prediction is in accord with the experimental results, indicating that the revised two-scale damage evolution model can be well applied for the high cycle fatigue life prediction under uniaxial loading.     

Experimental Analysis and Damage Modeling of High-Density Polyethylene under Fatigue Loading

In this study,an experimental analysis for determining the fatigue strength of HDPE-100 under cyclic loading is presented.The curve of cumulative fatigue damage versus number of cycles(D-N) was deduced from stiffness degradation.Based on the three stage damage trend,the remaining fatigue life is numerically predicted by considering a double term power damage accumulation model.This model is found to be accurate,both in modeling the rapid damage growth in the early life and near the end of the fatigue life.Numerical results illustrate that the proposed model is capable of accurately fitting several different sets of experimental data.     

谐振载荷作用下工程结构振动疲劳寿命预估的损伤力学-有限元法

建立了预估谐振载荷作用下结构振动疲劳寿命的损伤力学-有限元方法。首先根据损伤热力学原理,构建了损伤演化方程,建立光滑试件在恒幅应变交变载荷作用下寿命预估方法;进一步由损伤力学守恒积分原理,得到恒幅重复载荷作用下应力与寿命的关系式;然后根据标准件疲劳试验结果,拟合得到损伤演化方程中的材质参数;最后利用APDL语言编程对ANSYS软件进行了二次开发,借助ANSYS软件对谐振载荷作用下结构振动疲劳裂纹萌生寿命进行预估。作为算例,本文利用该方法预估了LC9CgS1铝合金梁谐振载荷作用下疲劳裂纹萌生寿命。