Study of Hopficity in Certain Classes of Rings

The main results proved in this paper are:

1. For any non-zero vector space V _Dover a division ring D, the ring R= End(V _D) is hopfian as a ring

2. Let Rbe a reduced π-regular ring &; B(R) the boolean ring of idempotents of R. If B(R) is hopfian so is R.The converse is not true even when Ris strongly regular.

3. Let Xbe a completely regular spaceC(X) (resp. C ^?(X)) the ring of real valued (resp. bounded real valued) continuous functions on X. Let Rbe any one of C(X) or C ^?(X). Then Ris an exchange ring if &; only if Xis zero dimensional in the sense of Katetov. for any infinite compact totally disconnected space X C(X) is an exchange ring which is not von Neumann regular.

4. Let Rbe a reduced commutative exchange ring. If Ris hopfian so is the polynomial ring R[T ₁,…,T _n] in ncommuting indeterminates over Rwhere nis any integer ≥ 1.

5. Let Rbe a reduced exchange ring. If Ris hopfian so is the polynomial ring R[T].     

The ring as a torsion-free cover

LetR be an integral domain andI a non-zero ideal ofR. The canonical mapR→R/I is called atorsion-free cover ofR/I if everyR-homomorphism from a torsion-freeR-module intoR/I can be factored throughR. The main result of this paper is thatR→R/I is a torsion-free cover if and only ifR is complete in theR-topology andI is an ideal of injective dimension 1. In this caseI is contained in the Jacobson radical ofR. And if Λ is the endomorphism ring ofI, then Λ is a quasi-local domain. IfI is a flatR-module, thenQ→Q/Λ is a torsion-free cover, whereQ is the quotient field ofR. And thenQ/Λ is an indecomposable injectiveR (and Λ) module. Special results are obtained ifR is a Noetherian domain or a Prüfer domain.     

Some results on symplectic matrices

The principal results are that if A is an integral matrix such that AA^T is symplectic then A = CQ, where Q is a permutation matrix and C is symplectic; and that if A is a hermitian positive definite matrix which is symplectic, and B is the unique hermitian positive definite pth.root of A, where p is a positive integer, then B is also symplectic.     

Supplement Submodules of Injective Modules

An R-module M is called almost injective if M is a supplement submodule of every module which contains M. The module M is called F-almost injective if every factor module of M is almost injective. It is shown that a ring R is a right H-ring if and only if R is right perfect and every almost injective module is injective. We prove that a ring R is semisimple if and only if the R-module R _R is F-almost injective.     

Restricted Elasticity and Rings of Integer-Valued Polynomials Determined by Finite Subsets

Let D be an integral domain such that Int(D) ≠ K[X] where K is the quotient field of D. There is no known example of such a D so that Int(D) has finite elasticity. If E is a finite nonempty subset of D, then it is known that Int(E, D) = {f(X) ∈ K[X] | f(e) ∈ D for all e ∈ E} is not atomic. In this note, we restrict the notion of elasticity so that it is applicable to nonatomic domains. For each real number r ≥ 1, we produce a ring of integer-valued polynomials with restricted elasticity r. We further show that if D is a unique factorization domain and E is finite with |E| > 1, then the restricted elasticity of Int(E, D) is infinite.     

Partition Complete Boolean Algebras and Almost Compact Cardinals

For an infinite cardinal K a stronger version of K-distributivity for Boolean algebras, called k-partition completeness, is defined and investigated (e. g. every K-Suslin algebra is a K-partition complete Boolean algebra). It is shown that every k-partition complete Boolean algebra is K-weakly representable, and for strongly inaccessible K these concepts coincide. For regular K ≥ u, it is proved that an atomless K-partition complete Boolean algebra is an updirected union of basic K-tree algebras. Using K-partition completeness, the concept of γ-almost compactness is introduced for γ ≥ K. For strongly inaccessible K we show that K is K-almost compact iff K is weakly compact, and if K is 2^K-almost compact, then K is measurable. Further K is strongly compact iff it is γ-almost compact for all γ ≥ K.     

On the generalized Lie structure of associative algebras

We study the structure of Lie algebras in the category ^H MA ofH-comodules for a cotriangular bialgebra (H, 〈|〉) and in particular theH-Lie structure of an algebraA in ^H MA. We show that ifA is a sum of twoH-commutative subrings, then theH-commutator ideal ofA is nilpotent; thus ifA is also semiprime,A isH-commutative. We show an analogous result for arbitraryH-Lie algebras whenH is cocommutative. We next discuss theH-Lie ideal structure ofA. We show that ifA isH-simple andH is cocommutative, then any non-commutativeH-Lie idealU ofA must contain [A, A]. IfU is commutative andH is a group algebra, we show thatU is in the graded center ifA is a graded domain. Dedicated to the memory of S. A. Amitsur Supported by a Fulbright grant. Supported by NSF grant DMS-9203375.     

Multiplication Modules in Which Every Prime Submodule is Contained in a Unique Maximal Submodule

Abstract

Let R be a commutative ring. An R-module M is called a multiplication module if for each submodule N of M, N?=?IM for some ideal I of R. An R-module M is called a pm-module, i.e., M is pm, if every prime submodule of M is contained in a unique maximal submodule of M. In this paper the following results are obtained. (1) If R is pm, then any multiplication R-module M is pm. (2) If M is finitely generated, then M is a multiplication module if and only if Spec(M) is a spectral space if and only if Spec(M)?=?{PM?|?P?∈?Spec(R) and P???M ^⊥}. (3) If M is a finitely generated multiplication R-module, then: (i) M is pm if and only if Max(M) is a retract of Spec(M) if and only if Spec(M) is normal if and only if M is a weakly Gelfand module; (ii) M is a Gelfand module if and only if Mod(M) is normal. (4) If M is a multiplication R-module, then Spec(M) is normal if and only if Mod(M) is weakly normal.     

The rank of sparse random matrices over finite fields

Let M be a random (n×n)-matrix over GF[q] such that for each entry M_ij in M and for each nonzero field element α the probability Pr[M_ij=α] is p/(q−1), where p=(log n−c)/n and c is an arbitrary but fixed positive constant. The probability for a matrix entry to be zero is 1−p. It is shown that the expected rank of M is n−𝒪(1). Furthermore, there is a constant A such that the probability that the rank is less than n−k is less than A/q^k. It is also shown that if c grows depending on n and is unbounded as n goes to infinity, then the expected difference between the rank of M and n is unbounded. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 10 , 407–419, 1997     

Long dominating cycles and paths in graphs with large neighborhood unions

Let G be a graph of order n and define NC(G) = min{|N(u) ∪ N(v)| |uv ? E(G)}. A cycle C of G is called a dominating cycle or D-cycle if V(G) - V(C) is an independent set. A D-path is defined analogously. The following result is proved: if G is 2-connected and contains a D-cycle, then G contains a D-cycle of length at least min{n, 2NC(G)} unless G is the Petersen graph. By combining this result with a known sufficient condition for the existence of a D-cycle, a common generalization of Ore's Theorem and several recent “neighborhood union results” is obtained. An analogous result on long D-paths is also established.     

Reduced multiplication modules

An R-module M is called a multiplication module if for each submodule N of M, N = IM for some ideal I of R. As defined for a commutative ring R, an R-module M is said to be reduced if the intersection of prime submodules of M is zero. The prime spectrum and minimal prime submodules of the reduced module M are studied. Essential submodules of M are characterized via a topological property. It is shown that the Goldie dimension of M is equal to the Souslin number of Spec(M)\mbox{\rm Spec}(M). Also a finitely generated module M is a Baer module if and only if Spec(M)\mbox{\rm Spec}(M) is an extremally disconnected space; if and only if it is a CS-module. It is proved that a prime submodule N is minimal in M if and only if for each x ∈ N, Ann(x) \not í (N:M).\mbox{\rm Ann}(x) \not \subseteq (N:M). When M is finitely generated; it is shown that every prime submodule of M is maximal if and only if M is a von Neumann regular module (VNM); i.e., every principal submodule of M is a summand submodule. Also if M is an injective R-module, then M is a VNM.     

Average-case results on heapsort

A new algorithm for rearranging a heap is presented and analysed in the average case. The average case upper bound for deleting the maximum element of a random heap is improved, and is shown to be less than [logn]+0.299+M(n) comparisons, *) whereM(n) is between 0 and 1. It is also shown that a heap can be constructed using 1.650n+O(logn) comparisons with this algorithm, the best result for any algorithm which does not use any extra space. The expected time to sortn elements is argued to be less thann logn+0.670n+O(logn), while simulation result points at an average case ofn log n+0.4n which will make it the fastest in-place sorting algorithm. The same technique is used to show that the average number of comparisons when deleting the maximum element of a heap using Williams' algorithm for rearrangement is 2([logn]–1.299+L(n)) whereL(n) also is between 0 and 1, and the average cost for Floyd-Williams Heapsort is at least 2nlogn–3.27n, counting only comparisons. An analysis of the number of interchanges when deleting the maximum element of a random heap, which is the same for both algorithms, is also presented.     

Efficient Generation of Prime Ideals in Polynomial Rings up to Radical

We call an ideal I of a ring R radically perfect if among all ideals whose radical is equal to the radical of I, the one with the least number of generators has this number of generators equal to the height of I. Let R be a ring and R[X] be the polynomial ring over R. We prove that if R is a strong S-domain of finite Krull dimension and if each nonzero element of R is contained in finitely many maximal ideals of R, then each maximal ideal of R[X] of maximal height is the J _max-radical of an ideal generated by two elements. We also show that if R is a Prüfer domain of finite Krull dimension with coprimely packed set of maximal ideals, then for each maximal ideal M of R, the prime ideal MR[X] of R[X] is radically perfect if and only if R is of dimension one and each maximal ideal of R is the radical of a principal ideal. We then prove that the above conditions on the Prüfer domain R also imply that a power of each finitely generated maximal ideal of R is principal. This result naturally raises the question whether the same conditions on R imply that the Picard group of R is torsion, and we prove this to be so when either R is an almost Dedekind domain or a Prüfer domain with an extra condition imposed on it.     

A Note on the Infimum of Energy of Unit Vector Fields on a Compact Riemannian Manifold

Our main result in this paper establishes that if G is a compact Lie subgroup of the isometry group of a compact Riemannian manifold M acting with cohomogeneity one in M and either G has no singular orbits or the singular orbits of G have dimension at most n−3, then the unit vector field N orthogonal to the principal orbits of G is weakly smooth and is a critical point of the energy functional acting on the unit normal vector fields of M. A formula for the energy of N in terms of the of integral of the Ricci curvature of M and of the integral of the square of the mean curvature of the principal orbits of G is obtained as well. In the case that M is the sphere and G the orthogonal group it is known that that N is minimizer. It is an open question if N is a minimizer in general.     

Pancyclic and panconnected line graphs

Let G be a graph of order n ? 3. We prove that if G is k-connected (k ? 2) and the degree sum of k + 1 mutually independent vertices of G is greater than 1/3(k + 1)(n + 1), then the line graph L(G) of G is pancyclic. We also prove that if G is such that the degree sum of every 2 adjacent vertices is at least n, then L(G) is panconnected with some exceptions.     

Morse Theory and Evasiveness

M   is a non-contractible subcomplex of a simplex S then M is evasive. In this paper we make this result quantitative, and show that the more non-contractible M is, the more evasive M is. Recall that M is evasive if for every decision tree algorithm A there is a face of S that requires that one examines all vertices of S (in the order determined by A) before one is able to determine whether or not lies in M. We call such faces evaders of A. M is nonevasive if and only if there is a decision tree algorithm A with no evaders. A main result of this paper is that for any decision tree algorithm A, there is a CW complex M', homotopy equivalent to M, such that the number of cells in M' is precisely

Steiner centers in graphs

The Steiner distance of a set S of vertices in a connected graph G is the minimum size among all connected subgraphs of G containing S. For n ≥ 2, the n-eccentricity e_n(ν) of a vertex ν of a graph G is the maximum Steiner distance among all sets S of n vertices of G that contains ν. The n-diameter of G is the maximum n-eccentricity among the vertices of G while the n-radius of G is the minimum n-eccentricity. The n-center of G is the subgraph induced by those vertices of G having minimum n-eccentricity. It is shown that every graph is the n-center of some graph. Several results on the n-center of a tree are established. In particular, it is shown that the n-center of a tree is a tree and those trees that are n-centers of trees are characterized.     

Homotopy Properties of the Space If(X) of Idempotent Probability Measures

A subspace I_f(X) of the space of idempotent probability measures on a given compact space X is constructed. It is proved that if the initial compact space X is contractible, then I_f(X) is a contractible compact space as well. It is shown that the shapes of the compact spaces X and I_f(X) are equal. It is also proved that, given a compact space X, the compact space I_f(X) is an absolute neighborhood retract if and only if so is X.

     

Positive Derivations on Archimedean Almost f-Rings

It is shown by P. Colville, G. Davis and K. Keimel that if R is an Archimedean f-ring then a positive group endomorphism D on R is a derivation if and only if the range of D is contained in N(R) and the kernel of D contains R ², where N(R) is the set of all nilpotent elements in R and R ² is the set of all products uv in R. The main objective of this paper is to establish the result corresponding to the Colville–Davis–Keimel theorem in the almost f-ring case. The result obtained in this regard is that if D is a positive derivation in an Archimedean almost f-ring, then the range of D is contained in N(R) and the kernel of D contains R ³, where R ³ is the set of all products uvw in R. Examples are produced showing that, contrary to the f-ring case, the converse is in general false and the third power is the best possible.     

On Trees with Double Domination Number Equal to the 2-Outer-Independent Domination Number Plus One

A vertex of a graph is said to dominate itself and all of its neighbors.A double dominating set of a graph G is a set D of vertices of G,such that every vertex of G is dominated by at least two vertices of D.The double domination number of a graph G is the minimum cardinality of a double dominating set of G.For a graph G =(V,E),a subset D V(G) is a 2-dominating set if every vertex of V(G) \ D has at least two neighbors in D,while it is a 2-outer-independent dominating set of G if additionally the set V(G)\D is independent.The 2-outer-independent domination number of G is the minimum cardinality of a 2-outer-independent dominating set of G.This paper characterizes all trees with the double domination number equal to the 2-outer-independent domination number plus one.