转让定价视角下的我国企业对外投资战略博弈

我国企业通过对外投资可以拥有在分处国内外的两个实体间开展转让定价的机会,以此来对抗跨国公司在华通过转让定价谋求战略竞争优势,获取公平竞争机会.以单市场双寡头古诺竞争下的转让定价决策模型为基础,构建了我国企业对外投资后在国内和国外两个市场与跨国公司进行战略性转让定价博弈模型,发现无论我国企业与跨国公司相比是否具有成本优势,都应该通过对外投资获取开展战略性转让定价机会,与跨国公司进行公平竞争.     

FDI企业选址与东道国环境规制博弈

建立了高进入壁垒和低进入壁垒下双寡头博弈模型,应用逆向求解法,得到了引资国环境政策是否改变和FDI流出国企业是否迁址的临界条件.结果表明:在高进入壁垒的产业中,由于东道国较高的进入壁垒,外国企业可能不迁址;但如果考虑FDI产生的正外部性且溢出效应较高,引资国可能降低环境规制水平以吸引FDI企业进入,但从环境的角度考虑,此时全球环境损害更大.在低进入壁垒产业中,东道国政府选择提高环境规制水平是其占优策略,对引资国和全球都是帕累托改善的.     

跨国公司国际转移定价问题研究——基于古诺博弈模型的策略分析

跨国公司作为世界各国或地区开展国际贸易和海外投资的重要载体在国际舞台上的作用逐渐凸显,成为连接世界主要经济体的重要纽带。随着海外投资活动兴起和跨国公司全球营销网络的拓展,国际转移定价策略逐渐成为跨国公司全球经营战略的组成部分之一,在优化生产资源国际调配、降低内部交易成本和提高公司整体利润等方面的作用不容忽视。为此,本文从跨国公司转移定价策略出发,运用古诺博弈模型推理并探讨了跨国公司采取转移定价的策略选择可能性,提出了引导我国企业合理制定转移定价的策略启示,以期规避海外经营风险,提高我国企业海外投资效率,增加经营利润。     

基于两阶段动态博弈的服务外包定价分析

本文通过引入动态博弈模型,从完全竞争市场博弈定价、税收减免下博弈定价、人才补贴下博弈定价三个角度定量研究了服务外包企业的最优定价策略及其影响因素。研究表明,服务外包均衡价格受企业需求函数和竞争对手决策等因素影响,并得出了在政府行业扶持政策下的服务外包均衡价格与各参数之间的关系。依据研究结果,本文对政府给予服务外包行业的相关扶持政策提出了若干合理性建议。     

医疗服务市场质量竞争博弈模型

以社会福利最大化为目标,建立双寡头垄断下医疗机构质量价格序贯博弈模型,以及在医疗服务价格和财政补偿双重规制下的政府和医疗机构之间的两阶段博弈模型.研究发现:由于医疗服务市场价格竞争削弱了质量竞争效应,序贯博弈的纳什均衡质量低于以社会福利最大化为目标的社会均衡质量.当医疗机构的固定成本控制在某个范围时,政府双重规制下的均衡质量优于医疗机构质量价格序贯博弈下的均衡质量,从而从理论上证明了政府双重规制的有效性.     

买方抗衡势力对上游企业定价形式决策的影响——基于讨价还价博弈的分析

基于上游垄断、下游双寡头竞争的纵向市场结构,在讨价还价博弈的框架下,构建了下游零售商均无买方抗衡势力和单个零售商具有买方抗衡势力两种情况下的,上游供应商最优定价形式决策模型,分析了买方抗衡势力对供应商定价形式决策的影响。研究发现:从供应商利润角度来说,当零售商均无买方抗衡势力时,两部收费制和RPM(转售价格维持)是等价的,且都优于线性定价;当单个零售商具有买方抗衡势力时,RPM优于两部收费制,同时也优于线性定价,但是两部收费制与线性定价之间的关系不确定。在此结论之上,本文还讨论了政府对RPM采用不同规制政策时,供应商最优的定价形式选择。     

环境规制中地方政府与中央政府的演化博弈分析

针对环境规制中地方政府与中央政府之间的行为互动,从演化博弈论的研究视角探讨了地方政府与中央政府的决策演化过程。通过建立地方政府与中央政府的非对称演化博弈模型,考察了环境规制中参与者的行为特征。根据复制动态方程得到了参与者的行为演化规律、分析了参与者的演化稳定策略及其影响因素。研究表明,环境规制系统的初始状态、地方政府的环境规制成本和环境规制收益、中央政府的监查成本以及中央政府对地方政府的处罚额都会影响地方政府与中央政府的演化稳定策略。降低中央政府的监查成本、加强中央政府对地方政府的监查力度和违规处罚力度,降低环境规制成本、提高环境规制收益,将有利于促使地方政府执行环境规制,从而达到改善环境质量的目的。     

基于多层委托—代理关系的环境规制研究

环境规制中企业、政府和环境规制机构三者之间的博弈关系是影响环境污染治理的重要因素。本文运用博弈论原理,分析了信息不对称下规制机构与企业合谋的可能与政府监管的必要,将环境规制划分为规制合约的设计与选择、执行与监管两个阶段,构建了多阶段的委托代理模型,考察了政府合约设计和监管、环境规制机构与企业合谋的因素,得到了环境规制中影响行为主体的关键政策变量,并提出了相应的政策建议。     

中国式分权下地方政府环境规制执行研究——以排污收费为例

在中国式分权的制度背景下,以排污收费为例,对地方政府环境规制执行问题进行研究。通过建立地方政府与企业的动态博弈模型,刻画了环境规制的约束性本质特征。以此为基础,通过对政府规制利益集团理论Peltzman模型进行修正和拓展,构建了地方政府的环境规制执行均衡模型,阐述了环境规制执行均衡的形成机制。基于环境规制执行均衡模型,分析了制度因素、环境规制政策标准、治污成本和污染削减技术对地方政府环境规制执行的影响。研究结果表明,地方政府通过调节环境规制执行强度实现自身效用的最大化,从而达到环境规制执行的均衡状态。中央政府制定的更为严格的环境规制政策标准尽管在理论上能够提高企业的治污投入,但却有可能对地方政府的环境规制执行产生负面影响。降低企业治污成本能够促进地方政府严格执行环境规制,而污染削减技术创新则会在不同条件下对地方政府的环境规制执行产生不同的影响。     

绿色信贷、政府规制与企业绿色技术创新的演化及仿真研究

通过建立由重污染企业、银行业金融机构和地方政府构成的三方演化博弈模型,分析了博弈系统的动态演化过程,并利用Matlab 2018a仿真分析进一步研究了各主体初始意愿和政府规制措施等相关因素对三方博弈演化行为的影响。研究结果表明：地方政府进行规制的初始意愿提高对重污染企业绿色技术创新和银行业金融机构开展绿色信贷有促进作用,且重污染企业策略的演化速度快于银行业金融机构,重污染企业绿色技术创新和银行业金融机构开展绿色信贷的初始意愿提高会减慢地方政府策略的演化速度;地方政府规制的奖惩力度显著促进重污染企业绿色技术创新,补贴力度对推动银行业金融机构开展绿色信贷作用较小;重污染企业创新反馈力度不改变地方政府策略稳定性,寻租成本增大有利于企业向绿色技术创新方向演化。     

Entry strategies for multinational enterprises and host countries

A multinational enterprise (MNE) has a number of investment strategies to enter into a foreign market, such as foreign direct investment (FDI), joint venture (JV), exclusive licensing (EL), and others. In contrast, a host government also has the choice to introduce a suitable entry strategy into its local market, with the objective of maximizing its tax revenue or national social welfare. In this paper, we explore the optimal strategies for not only a MNE but also a host country.     

Formation of a strategic manufacturing and distribution network with transfer prices

We propose a profit maximization model for the decision support system of a firm that wishes to establish or rationalize a multinational manufacturing and distribution network to produce and deliver finished goods from sources to consumers. The model simultaneously evaluates all traditional location factors in a manufacturing and distribution network design problem and sets intra-firm transfer prices that take account of tax and exchange rate differentials between countries. Utilizing the generalized Benders decomposition approach, we exploit the partition between the product flow and the cash allocation (i.e., the pricing and revenue assignment) decisions in the supply chain to find near optimal model solutions. Our proposed profit maximizing strategic planning model produces intuitive results. We offer computational experiments to illustrate the potential valuable guidance the model can provide to a firm's supply chain design strategic planning process.     

Impact of taxation on international transfer pricing and offshoring decisions

A multinational company may move production to a foreign country to take advantage of low manufacturing cost, and/or experience tax savings. Transfer prices play an important and strategic role on income shifting by multinational companies. In this paper, we construct a framework for optimal decision making in global supply chains with uncertain and price-dependent demand, propose methods to improve global supply chain parties’ performance, and explore schemes to integrate global supply chains. The optimal pricing and offshoring decisions are investigated for different situations where the low foreign production cost and low foreign tax rate exist or only one of them is available. The case of low foreign tax rate without the advantage of low foreign production cost provides the most interesting findings that partial offshoring dominates when a certain threshold is met. In addition, the double marginalization is examined in decentralized global supply chains similar to the mechanism in newsvendor problems. Due to the existence of the tax jurisdiction, the double marginalization cannot be completely eliminated by coordinating schemes. Finally, the traditional buy back contract is found to be unable to coordinate global supply chains, while a modified sales sharing contract can improve the performance of the global supply chain.     

Determining the Impact of Nigeria's Economic Crisis on the Multinational Oil Companies: A Goal Programming Approach

Traditionally, regression analysis has frequently been used in quantitative policy-impact analysis, but this paper utilizes goal programming methodology to examine the impact of Nigeria's economic crisis on the multinational oil companies in Nigeria. The results obtained indicate that, as the multinational oil companies are paid prices far below the world oil market prices, the current economic crisis in the country imposes losses on the companies and discourages large capital investment. In particular, the huge losses call for negotiation between the government and the multinational oil companies for better policy measures, such as a relaxation of the existing pricing policy, to reduce the losses resulting from the current economic crisis.     

Exact and heuristic solutions of the global supply chain problem with transfer pricing

We examine the example of a multinational corporation that attempts to maximize its global after tax profits by determining the flow of goods, the transfer prices, and the transportation cost allocation between each of its subsidiaries. Vidal and Goetschalckx [Vidal, C.J., Goetschalckx, M., 2001. A global supply chain model with transfer pricing and transportation cost allocation. European Journal of Operational Research 129 (1), 134–158] proposed a bilinear model of this problem and solved it by an Alternate heuristic. We propose a reformulation of this model reducing the number of bilinear terms and accelerating considerably the exact solution. We also present three other solution methods: an implementation of Variable Neighborhood Search (VNS) designed for any bilinear model, an implementation of VNS specifically designed for the problem considered here and an exact method based on a branch and cut algorithm. The solution methods are tested on artificial instances. These results show that our implementation of VNS outperforms the two other heuristics. The exact method found the optimal solution of all small instances and of 26% of medium instances.     

A global supply chain model with transfer pricing and transportation cost allocation

We present a model for the optimization of a global supply that maximizes the after tax profits of a multinational corporation and that includes transfer prices and the allocation of transportation costs as explicit decision variables. The resulting mathematical formulation is a non-convex optimization problem with a linear objective function, a set of linear constraints, and a set of bilinear constraints. We develop a heuristic solution algorithm that applies successive linear programming based on the reformulation and the relaxation of the original problem. Our computational experiments investigate the impact of using different starting points. The algorithm produces feasible solutions with very small gaps between the solutions and their upper bound (UB).     

A general unconstrained model for transfer pricing in multinational supply chains

Multinational supply chains operate in more than one country or tax jurisdiction and face decision problems concerned with trade flows of resources, products and services, transfer prices, and allocation of transport costs between their divisions. These decisions must consider, for the sake of optimality, corporate and governmental parameters such as the payment of dividends and royalties, ownership of and control over subsidiaries, income taxes differentials, duties and quotas, etc. In this paper, we generalize and extend the Theory of the Multinational Firm to the case of multinational supply chains. We propose a model that is more general and comprehensive than the previous ones proposed in the literature. To be more specific, our model integrates many of the previous research factors and includes new ones, such as transport costs and duty drawbacks, which are critical for supply chains that operate under international trade regulations. Under the maximization of the repatriated earnings objective, we study the optimality conditions of the corporate decision variables to derive managerial guidelines and to determine how decisions regarding trade quantities, transfer prices, and transport cost allocations affect the amount of taxes to be paid to host governments as well as the total after tax repatriated earnings of the corporation.     

Cost-based pricing model with value-added tax and corporate income tax for a supply chain network

This article aims to propose the short-term cost-based pricing method of supply chain network with the consideration of value-added tax (VAT) and corporate income tax. First, the average cost function of each business unit in supply chain network is given, and the average cost function is taken as the monotone mapping in n-dimensional space. According to Kantorovich theorem, the existence and uniqueness of equilibrium point where the cost equals the income is discussed. When the demand function satisfies certain conditions, there generally exist many equilibrium points for cost-based pricing. Moreover, the iteration method for finding one of the equilibrium solutions is given. Then, tax burden of producers and consumers is described and illustrated with an example.     

基于政府政策规制的众包物流定价策略研究

考虑政府对众包物流市场采取激励性政策和约束性政策,基于不同的市场结构,以众包物流平台利润最大化为目标,构建政府政策规制的平台最优定价模型,运用最优化方法求解平台最优定价,最后利用数值分析对相关结论进行验证。研究结果表明：在垄断型市场结构下,当政府采取激励性政策时,平台定价随用户间交叉网络外部性的增加而增加;当政府采取约束性政策时,平台定价与政府限制力度负相关,平台定价随政府限制力度的增强而降低。在竞争型市场结构下,当政府采取激励性政策时,平台定价随平台服务差异化系数的增加而降低;当政府采取约束性政策时,平台定价随政府限制力度的增强呈先增后降的趋势。