近红外消偏振分光膜设计近红外消偏振分光膜设计

大角度倾斜入射时,光学薄膜表现出强烈的偏振效应。入射光S分量和P分量的反射率和透射率曲线,以及反射或透射引起的两个分量的相位变化都不再相同,彼此有一定的偏振分离。通过对产生偏振效应内在原因的分析,采用一个在近红外波段对于45倾斜入射光的S分量和P分量等效导纳非常接近的膜系结构,结合单纯形法优化算法,设计得到一个1 500～1 600 nm范围内反射率都是50％的近红外消偏振分光膜。结果显示,在45入射时,S分量和P分量的反射率曲线偏振分离小,反射和透射引起的相位变化也控制在很小范围。     

利用等效层的消偏振宽带减反膜设计

分析了倾斜入射条件下导致光学薄膜产生偏振的原因,针对不同偏振态的等效导纳与等效相位进行了分析,并计算了对称膜层在45°入射条件下不同偏振态的等效折射率与等效相位厚度,采用等效层方法设计了光学性能良好的600～900 nm波段消偏振宽带减反膜。最后利用电子束蒸发技术制备了薄膜样品,样品的光谱性能完全能够满足使用要求。其中在600～900 nm波段范围内,平均反射率均小于1．38%,反射率的偏振度均低于0．89%。另外,通过对其理论及实验光学性能、角度敏感性、膜层厚度误差敏感性等方面的分析结果可知,对称膜层组合法是设计消除倾斜入射下宽带减反膜偏振效应的一种行之有效的方法。     

真空紫外铝+氟化镁膜偏振特性的研究

研究了铝＋氟化镁膜在真空紫外波段的偏振特性。理论上数值模拟计算了铝＋氟化镁膜在真空紫外波段的反射率及其与入射平面平行和垂直两方面的分量，分析了铝＋氟化镁膜反射率的两分量随入射条件和氟化镁膜厚度的变化规律，在此基础上研究了铝＋氟化镁膜的偏振特性，并与单层铝膜的相应特性作了比较，以氟化锂堆作偏振器，在Seya-Namioka真空紫外反射率计上实验研究了铝＋氟化镁膜的偏振特性。研究结果表明，铝＋氟化镁膜的偏振特性由于受到氟化镁厚度的调制，存在反射率的垂直分量小于平行分量的情形，从而使铝＋氟化镁膜的消光比在非正入射的条件下接近1。理论计算结果与实验结果一致。     

投影光学系统中的偏振像差分析

当光束斜入射时,光学薄膜存在一定的偏振效应。在飞利浦棱镜系统中,当一定大小孔径角的照明光束斜入射到分色合色薄膜后,S偏振分量和P偏振分量存在一定的相位差,使得线偏振光变成椭圆偏振光。利用琼斯矩阵偏振光线追迹的方法,分析了投影光学系统中由于两偏振分量相位差引起的偏振像差,以及它与暗态泄漏光强和系统衬比度的关系。得出了系统出瞳面上的光波偏振特性,以及在不同大小孔径角的照明光束入射下偏振像差的变化。分析了膜厚监控误差对光学系统偏振像差的影响,发现膜厚监控误差对偏振像差和系统衬比度有很大的影响。所使用的分析方法可以应用于其他大口径光学系统。     

工作波段覆盖近紫外到近红外波的消偏振分色片的设计与研制

介绍了宽波段成像光谱仪系统中一种工作波段为0.35~1.7μm的消偏振分色片的设计与研制。根据成像光谱仪的工作特点,利用分色片将近紫外、可见波段和近红外波段光谱进行高效分离,分别进入各自焦面,并被不同探测器接收。选择两种光学薄膜材料,利用四个反射堆实现了近紫外到可见光波段的高效反射;通过调整反射堆的次序,解决了近紫外波段材料吸收造成的偏振灵敏度高的难题;通过非规整膜层的匹配平滑了透射波段的光谱。分色片反射波段和透射波段的光学效率分别达到了97%和91%以上,反射波段的偏振灵敏度控制在1.5%以内。     

双折射消偏振膜的设计和制备

基于倾斜沉积薄膜材料的双折射特性,采用单一TiO2设计和制备了中心波长为632 nm的双折射消偏振膜。首先以60°和70°的沉积角度镀制了TiO2单层膜,通过单层膜的透射光谱分别拟合出两种沉积角度下薄膜对s和p偏振光的等效折射率nPH,nSH和nPL,nSL。通过对折射率的组合,实现正入射时s偏振光透射率大于p偏振光,而入射角度增大会使两者透射率差值减小,基于这一思想设计并制备了消偏振膜。分别测量了消偏振薄膜在400~800 nm波段范围内正入射及倾斜入射条件下s和p偏振光的透射光谱。入射角为60°时,s偏振光反射带宽基本与p偏振光反射带宽重合,在波长632 nm左右基本实现消偏振。结果表明,利用材料的双折射特性,可以设计和制备出倾斜入射条件下消偏振薄膜。     

旋转入射面法的进一步研究与推广

光学薄膜的反射率和透射率是其主要光学特性。透射率易于测量且精度较高,常用于光学薄膜光学常数和膜厚的拟合。许多光学薄膜工作在倾斜入射条件下,常需要测量其倾斜入射透射率(Ts和Tp)。在测量过程中,需要使用起偏器产生高偏振度的线偏振光。对于小型分光光度计来说,为其提供一个满足要求的起偏器,无疑将增加相当的成本。为解决这一问题,对旋转入射面法进行了进一步的研究和推广。考虑到旋转入射面法可使用具有一定偏振度的部分偏振光进行倾斜入射透射率的测量,且分光光度计的输出光束通常为具有一定偏振度的部分偏振光,旋转入射面法在满足一定条件的前提下可以不使用起偏器测量光学薄膜的倾斜入射透射率。研究表明:当偏振因子绝对值大于0.167时,旋转起偏器可以精确测量光学薄膜的倾斜入射透射率,且偏振因子绝对值越大测量精度越高。该方法所测平均透射率在整个测量波段内都具有很高的精度;而Ts和Tp在透射率对入射角较不敏感或随波长变化较平坦的波段具有较高的测量精度。     

双折射器件对机载激光雷达偏振探测影响的研究

根据膜层理论给出了机载激光雷达回波信号垂直入射偏振棱镜时偏振平行分量透过率的数学解析表达式,定量分析了偏振棱镜对机载激光雷达回波信号平行分量透过率的影响,理论计算表明：棱镜晶体厚度、空气膜层厚度及棱镜结构角共同影响回波信号通过偏振棱镜的透过率;当回波信号波长为532 nm,利用1/2石英波片测得的偏振平行通道和偏振垂直通道的增益比k为1.2时,机载激光雷达偏振通道增益比k的真实值在1.003～1.463之间,若不考虑1/2波片对k值的影响,会给退偏振比反演带来较大的系统误差.     

光学薄膜特性的锥角效应数值分析

建立非平行光入射多层膜的模型,给出了在圆形光束锥角入射时的薄膜特性表达式,对三类典型光学薄膜即多腔滤光片、非偏振分光薄膜和非偏振截止滤光薄膜的特性进行了数值实验。研究结果表明:随着光束入射锥角的增加,多腔滤光片的影响是中心波长向短波方向移动,透射率下降和通带形状退化;非偏振分光薄膜的s和p偏振透射率增加,宽带波纹度增加;非偏振截止滤光薄膜的通带透射率出现周期振荡,s偏振的通带波纹度大于p偏振,通带波纹度总体具有增加的趋势,过渡区的陡度具有变大的趋势。     

宽波段波状多层膜结构偏振分束器的设计与优化

本文基于二维光子晶体波状多层膜结构,提出了叠加两种不同膜厚的周期膜堆来拓宽偏振分束器有效带宽的方法.采用粒子群优化算法,建立偏振分束特性的评价函数,优化结构和薄膜厚度等参数,获得了中心波长565 nm,带宽220 nm,平均消光比大于30 dB的宽波段偏振分束器.采用时域有限差分方法分析了膜层顶角的角度敏感性和波状结构的电场分布.结果表明,两个周期膜堆组合的结构解决了禁带不连续的情况,而粒子群优化算法的使用加快了结果收敛,有效地扩展了偏振分束带宽.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.