基于稳定同位素的5种蔬菜产地真实性判别

为保护蔬菜产地真实性,以上海市场5种常见蔬菜(生菜、茼蒿、辣椒、番茄和黄瓜)为研究对象,应用单因素方差分析上海和其他产地蔬菜的 δ13 C、δ15 N、δ2 H和 δ18 O值差异,并通过主成分分析(PCA)和偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)建立上海地产蔬菜真实性判别模型.结果表明,上海地产5种蔬菜总的δ15 N、δ...     

稳定同位素法测定大豆水溶性蛋白质中碳、氮、氧、氢稳定同位素比值及其在产地溯源鉴定中的应用

利用元素分析-同位素比质谱仪(EA-IRMS)测定了来自美国、巴西、阿根廷和加拿大产的60份大豆样品中水溶性蛋白质的δ^(13)C、δ^(15)N、δ^(18)O和δ^(2)H值,采用OPLS-DA统计分析方法构建大豆产地溯源模型。大豆水溶性蛋白质δ^(13)C、δ^(15)N、δ^(18)O和δ^(2)H值分别为-24.675‰~-29.490‰,-1.595‰~2.537‰,15.749‰~25.127‰,-33.504‰~-118.697‰。比较PCA和OPLS-DA两种统计分析方法显示,OPLS-DA统计分析方法建立的大豆产地溯源鉴别模型识别准确率更高,δ^(15)N、δ^(2)H、δ^(18)O和δ^(13)C在溯源模型中对产地识别的贡献度VIP值分别为1.069,1.045,1.035,0.834。大豆水溶性蛋白质δ^(13)C、δ^(15)N、δ^(18)O和δ^(2)H产地溯源OPLS-DA模型可鉴别美国、加拿大、巴西和阿根廷四个国家生产的大豆样品,在此基础上构建美国与其他3个国家的两两产地识别模型,可准确鉴别美国产大豆,识别准确率为100%。该研究方法和所构建的模型可应用于美国、巴西、阿根廷和加拿大产大豆的产地溯源。     

稳定同位素碳、氮、硫、氢在鸡肉产地溯源中的应用研究

利用同位素比值质谱仪测定了来自北京、山东、湖南、广东4省9个不同地区鸡肉粗蛋白中的δ^13C、δ^15N、δ^34S、δ^2H值和相应各地饮水中的δ^180值。多元方差分析结果表明,δ^13C、δ^15N、δ^34S、δ^2H 4种稳定同位素在不同地区的鸡肉中均有显著差异（p〈0．05）;4参数同时对鸡肉产地的正确判别率达到了100％;各地饮水中的δ^18O值和鸡肉中的δ^2H值呈现显著正相关性（p〈0．01）。碳、氮同位素受饲料、气候等因素的影响,硫同位素依赖于地理位置和产地表面的地质特点。     

牛奶中碳、氮、氢和氧稳定同位素比的测定及其在产地溯源分析中的应用

应用元素分析-同位素质谱仪(EA-IRMS)和多用途气体制备-连续流稳定同位素质谱仪(GasBench-IRMS)分别测定了来自国内外7个不同国家(澳大利亚、新西兰、西班牙、德国、奥地利、意大利和中国)的83件牛奶样品中碳、氮、氢、氧的稳定同位素比值(δ13 C、δ15 N、δ2 H和δ18 O)。对所测得的数据用SPSS 20.0软件分别进行了方差分析、聚类分析以及牛奶产地的判别分析。从所得结果可见,上述4项稳定同位素比值中的每一项都可获得相关牛奶样品产地来源的若干信息,但还不足以作为相关牛奶样品的溯源地判别的充分依据。而将测试结果进行组合后,对δ13 C、δ15 N和δ2 H三项指标组合交叉检验整体判别正确率达到84.3%,据此采用3项组合指标对牛奶产地进行判别分析,并在此项组合指标的基础上建立了产自7个国家的牛奶的判别模型。对自来这7个不同国家的牛奶盲样进行判别时,可将所测得样品中上述3项稳定同位素的δ值代入所建立的模型中,并比较各模型所得的Y值的大小,其中Y值最大的,即归属于此模型所代表的国家。     

北京地区降水中的氘、氧-18、氚含量

用量雨器收集北京地区1979、1980年每月降水平均样,测定氚含量和δD,δ~(18)O值。测定结果表明,北京地区降水中的δD,δ~(18)O值的季节变化和气温的关系不很明显。降水中的D、~(18)O高含量出现在蒸发量最大的4,5月,降水形成过程伴随的蒸发作用有可能使氢、氧重同位素含量增高。气温最高的6,7,8月,δD,δ~(18)O值偏低而氚含量偏高,很可能是受陆地效应的影响。北京地区降水中的δD—δ~(18)O相关关系为δD=7.3 δ~(18)+9.7.估算氘在大气中的平均停留时间为1.3—1.4年。     

鸡肉中稳定同位素组成与饲料和饮水关系的研究

通过稳定同位素质谱技术分析了鸡肉中的稳定同位素1δ3C和2δH值、饲料中的1δ3C值,及饮水中的1δ8O值,研究鸡肉中稳定同位素组成与肉鸡的饲料和饮水的关系,从而为动物产品的溯源技术奠定基础。分别从不同地区采集鸡肉、饲料及饮水样品,测定其1δ3C、2δH及1δ8O值。结果表明:鸡肉和饲料中的1δ3C值呈极显著的正相关(相关系数达0.782,P<0.01),鸡肉中的2δH值和饮水中的1δ8O值呈高度正相关(相关系数达0.816,P<0.01)。说明可以根据鸡肉中的1δ3C、2δH值推断肉鸡的饲料和产地。     

渤、黄海海水的氧同位素组成研究

本文根据测得的608个水样δ~(18)O数据,论述了渤、黄海海水的氧同位素组成及其分布特点。并运用其示踪原子特性讨论了黄河冲淡水的混合作用和影响范围、黄海暖流及其余脉运移的δ~(18)O值显示。文中还着重研究了现代黄河影响水域δ~(18)O值的区域变化、垂向变化、季节变化和潮时变化。     

花岗岩类岩石H-O同位素体系的纬度和高度效应

中国东部沿海和西藏南部广泛分布有中、新生代的花岗岩类岩石。为了研究它们H-O同位素体系的纬度和高度效应,我们首先研究了现代大气降水δD,δ~(18)O值的高度和纬度效应。在此基础上,我们研究了西藏拉萨-亚东地带花岗岩类岩石中羟基矿物的δD值。它们具有明显的高度效应。根据黑云母δD值计算出来的西藏高原在20—40Ma期间的年平均隆起速度为0.1mm。中国东部沿海燕山晚期晶洞花岗岩全岩δ~(18)O,δD值具有明显的纬度效应。每个岩体中δ~(18)O-δD值之间的负相关关系代表在热水-岩石相互作用体系中ω/r比相同条件下温度与岩石δ~(18)_O,δD值的关系。     

黑龙江碾子山晶洞碱性花岗岩δ~(18)O等值线与古化石热水体系研究

本文分析了碾子山晶洞碱性花岗岩体41个全岩、24个单矿物及当地大气降水的H,O同位素组成,所得结果说明该岩体明显经历过大气降水-岩石相互作用。将全岩样品的δ~(18)O值全部投在地质图上,可画出δ~(18)O内高外低的等值线。计算的水/岩比(W/R)构成形状一致但呈内低外高现象的等值线图,这一现象可能具有普遍意义。     

同位素质谱仪测定小麦植株各器官δ15N值的考察

建立了15N标记的小麦植株各器官中δ~(15)N值的元素分析仪-同位素比质谱仪联用技术(EA-IRMS)的测定方法.对仪器的稳定性和线性进行了条件优化,标准气N_2的同位素比值的标准偏差为0.03‰,在同位素信号值1e~(-9)~1e~(-8)A范围内,总体线性为0.009‰/n A.称取不同量的小麦粉标准物质(OAS/Isotope)测定δ~(15)N值,进样量为4 mg时标准偏差最小,为最佳称样量.对硫酸铵标准物质(IAEA-N2-6)、小麦粉标准物质和~(15)N标记小麦植株样品各器官进行测定,δ~(15)N值的标准偏差均小于5%,测定精度和准确度较好.方法为研究氮素在小麦体内运转及利用效率提供了有效的技术手段.     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。